Janitors and Cleaners, Except Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners
Building and Grounds Cleaning and Maintenance Occupations- O*NET-SOC code
- 37-2011.00
Keep buildings in clean and orderly condition. Perform heavy cleaning duties, such as cleaning floors, shampooing rugs, washing walls and glass, and removing rubbish. Duties may include tending furnace and boiler, performing routine maintenance activities, notifying management of need for repairs, and cleaning snow or debris from sidewalk.
- Data source: BLSPublished: 2026-08
Low· relative
LowFour relative bandsVery highGroup-level value
Scale, basis and source
Four relative bands (Low / Moderate / High / Very high)
831 detailed occupations in the BLS Employment Projections table. Assigned per National Employment Matrix (NEM) code, so occupations sharing a NEM code carry the same band
- Data source: AnthropicPublished: 2026-03
0.000
0.000Range of values carried here0.745Scale, basis and source
Observed exposure index, 0–1 as published
Mapped onto O*NET tasks
Published per SOC 2018 occupation; every O*NET occupation with the same SOC 2018 code carries this value
- Data source: ILOPublished: 2025
0.11–0.27· 3 ISCO-08 groups
Scale, basis and source
Generative AI exposure index, 0–1 as published
Published per ISCO-08 unit group. Linked to this occupation, wholly or in part, by applying U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (ISCO-08 to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to 2018 SOC) as published
What kind of figure this source publishes
The BLS category is a relative rank, not an absolute level, and it is not a first-hand measurement: it groups an occupation's percentile ranks across several published studies into four bands. It is not an employment or wage forecast, not a probability of adoption, and it does not separate automation from augmentation.
ILO value for each linked ISCO-08 group
- ISCO-08 5153Building Caretakers0.27
- ISCO-08 9112Cleaners and Helpers in Offices, Hotels and Other Establishments0.12
- ISCO-08 9123Window Cleaners0.11
Task-level exposure
23 rated tasks · 0 tasks with β ≥ 0.5 (0.0%)
β = direct exposure (E1) + 0.5 × exposure when tools are available (E2), per the source repository's definition.
- Source unit: O*NET 27.2 tasks → O*NET 31.0 occupation code
- 2 rated tasks are not in the O*NET 31.0 task list; their scores are kept as published for O*NET 27.2.
- Source
- OpenAI "GPTs are GPTs" exposure rubric
- Release
- gh-main-0471612
- License
- MIT License, Copyright (c) 2024 OpenAI
Values in this tab are predicted labels, not observations. Eloundou et al. (2023) published two rating regimes — human raters and GPT-4 — and the β shown here is derived from the GPT-4 rater basis alone; the same task can take a different value under the other regime.
| Task (O*NET 27.2) | βE1 + 0.5 × E2 |
|---|---|
Service, clean, or supply restrooms.O*NET Task ID 9538 | 0.0 |
Gather and empty trash.O*NET Task ID 9539 | 0.0 |
Clean building floors by sweeping, mopping, scrubbing, or vacuuming.O*NET Task ID 9540 | 0.0 |
Follow procedures for the use of chemical cleaners and power equipment to prevent damage to floors and fixtures.O*NET Task ID 9541 | 0.0 |
Mix water and detergents or acids in containers to prepare cleaning solutions, according to specifications.O*NET Task ID 9542 | 0.0 |
Strip, seal, finish, and polish floors.O*NET Task ID 9543 | 0.0 |
Notify managers concerning the need for major repairs or additions to building operating systems.O*NET Task ID 9544 | 0.0 |
Requisition supplies or equipment needed for cleaning and maintenance duties.O*NET Task ID 9545 | 0.0 |
Clean windows, glass partitions, or mirrors, using soapy water or other cleaners, sponges, or squeegees.O*NET Task ID 9546 | 0.0 |
Steam-clean or shampoo carpets.O*NET Task ID 9547 | 0.0 |
Set up, arrange, or remove decorations, tables, chairs, ladders, or scaffolding to prepare facilities for events, such as banquets or meetings.O*NET Task ID 9548 | 0.0 |
Clean and polish furniture and fixtures.O*NET Task ID 9549 | 0.0 |
Dust furniture, walls, machines, or equipment.O*NET Task ID 9550 | 0.0 |
Move heavy furniture, equipment, or supplies, either manually or with hand trucks.O*NET Task ID 9551 | 0.0 |
Remove snow from sidewalks, driveways, or parking areas, using snowplows, snow blowers, or snow shovels, or spread snow-melting chemicals.O*NET Task ID 9552 | 0.0 |
Clean laboratory equipment, such as glassware or metal instruments, using solvents, brushes, rags, or power cleaning equipment.O*NET Task ID 9553 | 0.0 |
Spray insecticides or fumigants to prevent insect or rodent infestation.O*NET Task ID 9554 | 0.0 |
Make adjustments or minor repairs to heating, cooling, ventilating, plumbing, or electrical systems.O*NET Task ID 9555 | 0.0 |
Clean and restore building interiors damaged by fire, smoke, or water, using commercial cleaning equipment.O*NET Task ID 9558 | 0.0 |
Clean chimneys, flues, and connecting pipes, using power or hand tools.O*NET Task ID 9559 | 0.0 |
Monitor building security and safety by performing tasks such as locking doors after operating hours or checking electrical appliance use to ensure that hazards are not created.O*NET Task ID 20590 | 0.0 |
Mow or trim lawns or shrubbery, using mowers or hand or power trimmers, and clear debris from grounds.O*NET Task ID 20591 | 0.0 |
Drive vans, industrial trucks, or other vehicles required to travel to, or to perform, cleaning work.O*NET Task ID 20592 | 0.0 |
β = E1 + 0.5 × E2 · E1 = tasks where direct LLM access alone cuts time by at least 50%, E2 = tasks where software built on top of an LLM cuts time by at least 50%. Values take only 0 / 0.5 / 1.0.
Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page
All O*NET 31.0 task statements (21)
All O*NET 31.0 task statements for this occupation (English, as published; task type core or supplemental). Exposure values are not listed here; they are in the table above, next to each task statement as worded in the O*NET version each source used.
| Task (O*NET 31.0) | Type |
|---|---|
| Service, clean, or supply restrooms. | Core |
| Gather and empty trash. | Core |
| Clean building floors by sweeping, mopping, scrubbing, or vacuuming. | Core |
| Follow procedures for the use of chemical cleaners and power equipment to prevent damage to floors and fixtures. | Core |
| Mix water and detergents or acids in containers to prepare cleaning solutions, according to specifications. | Core |
| Notify managers concerning the need for major repairs or additions to building operating systems. | Core |
| Requisition supplies or equipment needed for cleaning and maintenance duties. | Core |
| Clean windows, glass partitions, or mirrors, using soapy water or other cleaners, sponges, or squeegees. | Core |
| Clean and polish furniture and fixtures. | Core |
| Dust furniture, walls, machines, or equipment. | Core |
| Move heavy furniture, equipment, or supplies, either manually or with hand trucks. | Core |
| Monitor building security and safety by performing tasks such as locking doors after operating hours or checking electrical appliance use to ensure that hazards are not created. | Core |
| Strip, seal, finish, and polish floors. | Supplemental |
| Steam-clean or shampoo carpets. | Supplemental |
| Set up, arrange, or remove decorations, tables, chairs, ladders, or scaffolding to prepare facilities for events, such as banquets or meetings. | Supplemental |
| Remove snow from sidewalks, driveways, or parking areas, using snowplows, snow blowers, or snow shovels, or spread snow-melting chemicals. | Supplemental |
| Spray insecticides or fumigants to prevent insect or rodent infestation. | Supplemental |
| Make adjustments or minor repairs to heating, cooling, ventilating, plumbing, or electrical systems. | Supplemental |
| Clean chimneys, flues, and connecting pipes, using power or hand tools. | Supplemental |
| Mow or trim lawns or shrubbery, using mowers or hand or power trimmers, and clear debris from grounds. | Supplemental |
| Drive vans, industrial trucks, or other vehicles required to travel to, or to perform, cleaning work. | Supplemental |
1.08/ 3· Robot exposure index
Scale, basis and source
Each physical task is graded 0–3 by the setting in which robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated could do it (0 none · 1 purpose-built robot settings such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line · 2 structured facilities such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port · 3 unstructured settings such as a private home or a construction site), and the grades are averaged by share of working time
Physical tasks among this occupation's O*NET 29.3 tasks
Anthropic estimated the grades and time shares with Claude Opus 5 using web search, as of 2026.
The robot exposure index is a different measure from the AI exposure figures on this site and cannot be added to or compared with them. It does not measure actual adoption or cost, and 0 also covers occupations with no physical tasks.
Tier of each physical task
Robot environment tiers (E0–E3)
E0 noneDetails
Rated not doable by robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated, even in a purpose-built setting
E1 purpose-built robot settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting built around the machine, such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line
E2 structured facilitiesDetails
Rated doable in a human work facility that an institution keeps to a working standard, such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port
E3 unstructured settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting that no institution keeps to a working standard, such as a private home or a construction site
Only tasks classified as physical are listed; other tasks have no tier in the source.
| Task (O*NET 29.3) | Robot environment tier |
|---|---|
| Service, clean, or supply restrooms. | E0 none |
| Gather and empty trash. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Clean building floors by sweeping, mopping, scrubbing, or vacuuming. | E2 structured facilities |
| Follow procedures for the use of chemical cleaners and power equipment to prevent damage to floors and fixtures. | E2 structured facilities |
| Mix water and detergents or acids in containers to prepare cleaning solutions, according to specifications. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Clean windows, glass partitions, or mirrors, using soapy water or other cleaners, sponges, or squeegees. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Clean and polish furniture and fixtures. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Dust furniture, walls, machines, or equipment. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Move heavy furniture, equipment, or supplies, either manually or with hand trucks. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Monitor building security and safety by performing tasks such as locking doors after operating hours or checking electrical appliance use to ensure that hazards are not created. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Strip, seal, finish, and polish floors. | E0 none |
| Steam-clean or shampoo carpets. | E0 none |
| Set up, arrange, or remove decorations, tables, chairs, ladders, or scaffolding to prepare facilities for events, such as banquets or meetings. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Remove snow from sidewalks, driveways, or parking areas, using snowplows, snow blowers, or snow shovels, or spread snow-melting chemicals. | E3 unstructured settings |
| Spray insecticides or fumigants to prevent insect or rodent infestation. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Make adjustments or minor repairs to heating, cooling, ventilating, plumbing, or electrical systems. | E0 none |
| Clean chimneys, flues, and connecting pipes, using power or hand tools. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Mow or trim lawns or shrubbery, using mowers or hand or power trimmers, and clear debris from grounds. | E2 structured facilities |
| Drive vans, industrial trucks, or other vehicles required to travel to, or to perform, cleaning work. | E2 structured facilities |
Occupation information
Employment outlook (BLS)
- Employment, 2025
- 2.4M
- Projected employment, 2035
- 2.5M
- Change (2025–35)
- +2.2%
- Median annual wage, 2025
- $36,840
- Typical education needed for entry
- No formal educational credential
Korea classification links (KSCO)
Links from the current release of the Korea Occupation Direct Crosswalk v1.1, made by AI Changing Work. Relation values are read from the O*NET-SOC occupation side.
| KSCO code | KSCO title | Relation | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| 94110 | 건물 청소원 | Same scope | confirmed |
| 94130 | 거리 및 공공장소 청소원 | Overlapping, not the same | confirmed |
| 79912 | 건물 외벽 세정원 | Related, not a match | confirmed |
Relation and status definitions(kr-direct v1.1)
ILO occupational description
AI Changing Work links the ISCO-08 unit groups below to this occupation by applying the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (2018 SOC to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to ISCO-08) as published, without case-by-case selection; each link may be whole or partial.
- ISCO-08 5153Building Caretakers
- ISCO-08 9112Cleaners and Helpers in Offices, Hotels and Other Establishments
- ISCO-08 9123Window Cleaners
Sources: ILO ISCO-08 — details: Credits
ESCO occupational vocabulary
Each entry below is matched to this occupation in the published ESCO-O*NET Crosswalk (version 1, 2022). The match types are that crosswalk's; the wording is AI Changing Work's.
- building cleanerESCO 9112.2Same scope
Building cleaners maintain the cleanliness and overall functionality of various types of buildings such as offices, hospitals and public institutions. They perform cleaning duties like sweeping, vacuuming and mopping floors, empty trash and check security systems, locks and windows. Building cleaners check air conditioning systems and notify the appropriate persons in case of malfunctions or problems.
- amusement park cleanerESCO 5153.1.1This occupation is broader
Amusement park cleaners work to keep the amusement park clean and take on small repairs. Amusement park cleaners usually work at night, when the park is closed, but urgent maintenance and cleaning is done during the day.
- building caretakerESCO 5153.1This occupation is broader
Building caretakers maintain and monitor the condition and security of buildings. They clean, assist with minor repairs and ensure that amenities such as heating and hot water are available to the residents. Building caretakers are responsible for the quality of buildings and also serve as a contact person for residents.
- building exterior cleanerESCO 7133.2This occupation is broader
Building exterior cleaners remove dirt and litter from a building's exterior, as well as perform restoration tasks. They ensure the cleaning methods are compliant with safety regulations, and monitor the exteriors to ensure they are in proper condition.
- toilet attendantESCO 9112.5This occupation is broader
Toilet attendants clean and maintain toilet facilities in accordance with company standards and policies. They use cleaning equipment to clean mirrors, floors, toilets and sinks. They perform the cleaning activities before, during and after operational service hours. Toilet attendants refill the facility with supplies as needed and maintain records of their daily operations.
- train cleanerESCO 9112.6This occupation is broader
Train cleaners keep the interiors of trains tidy and clean. They clean out the bins in the different compartments, and perform other cleaning activities such as hoovering, mopping and deep cleaning.
- window cleanerESCO 9123.1This occupation is broader
Window cleaners use cleaning tools such as sponges and detergents to clean windows, mirrors and other glass surfaces of buildings, both on the interior and exterior. They use specific ladders to clean taller buildings, using safety belts for support.
- domestic cleanerESCO 9111.1Overlapping, not the same
Domestic cleaners perform all necessary cleaning activities in order to clean their clients' houses. They vacuum and sweep floors, wash dishes, launder clothes, dust, scrub and polish surfaces and disinfect equipment and materials.
Source: European Commission, DG EMPL — ESCO API 2026-08-08 (bridge v1.2.1)
License: CC BY 4.0 (EU Reuse Notice)
ESCO reuse terms and the modification notice are in Credits.
France classification links (ROME)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and ROME 4.0 job profiles, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side. Links marked “provisional” were adopted on the judgments of two judges from the same model family (Claude) alone, or by an operator rule applied to their judgments, so they rest on weaker evidence than confirmed links.
| ROME code | ROME title (French) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| K2205 | Agent / Agente de propreté de locaux | Same scopeprovisional |
| K2202 | Laveur / Laveuse de vitres | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| K2204 | Agent / Agente de nettoyage industriel | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| K2307 | Agent / Agente de propreté urbaine | Related, not a match |
| K2501 | Gardien / Gardienne d'immeuble | Related, not a match |
| I1203 | Agent / Agente d'entretien du bâtiment | Related, not a matchprovisional |
| I1207 | Agent / Agente de maintenance de mobilier urbain et publicitaire | Related, not a matchprovisional |
Source: France Travail — Répertoire Opérationnel des Métiers et des Emplois (ROME 4.0), version 61, last updated 15 June 2026 (https://www.data.gouv.fr/datasets/repertoire-operationnel-des-metiers-et-des-emplois-rome). Licence Ouverte 2.0.
ROME codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET-SOC occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a France Travail correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: fr-direct v1)
Spain classification links (CNO-11)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and CNO-11 occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| CNO-11 code | CNO-11 title (Spanish) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 9210 | Personal de limpieza de oficinas, hoteles y otros establecimientos similares | This occupation is narrower |
| 5833 | Conserjes de edificios | Related, not a match |
| 9229 | Otro personal de limpieza | Related, not a match |
| 9223 | Limpiadores de ventanas | Related, not a matchprovisional |
| 9443 | Barrenderos y afines | Related, not a matchprovisional |
Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), National Classification of Occupations 2011 (CNO-11, Royal Decree 1591/2010) — www.ine.es · Licensed CC BY 4.0. CNO-11 codes and Spanish titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not an INE correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: es-direct v1)
Germany classification links (KldB)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and KldB occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| KldB code | KldB title (German) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 54101 | Berufe in der Reinigung (ohne Spezialisierung) - Helfer-/Anlerntätigkeiten | This occupation is narrower |
| 54112 | Berufe in der Gebäudereinigung - fachlich ausgerichtete Tätigkeiten | Overlapping, not the same |
| 34102 | Berufe in der Gebäudetechnik (ohne Spezialisierung) - fachlich ausgerichtete Tätigkeiten | Related, not a match |
| 34112 | Platz- und Gerätewarte/-wartinnen - fachlich ausgerichtete Tätigkeiten | Related, not a matchprovisional |
| 54122 | Berufe in der Glas- und Fensterreinigung - fachlich ausgerichtete Tätigkeiten | Related, not a matchprovisional |
| 54182 | Berufe in der Reinigung (sonstige spezifische Tätigkeitsangabe) - fachlich ausgerichtete Tätigkeiten | Related, not a matchprovisional |
Source: © Statistik der Bundesagentur für Arbeit — Klassifikation der Berufe 2010 – überarbeitete Fassung 2020, https://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de. KldB codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own mapping (eigene Zuordnung) and are not a Bundesagentur für Arbeit correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: de-direct v1)
Japan classification links (JSCO)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and JSCO occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| JSCO code | JSCO title (Japanese) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 711 | ビル・建物清掃員 | Same scopeprovisional |
| 713 | 道路・公園清掃員 | Related, not a matchprovisional |
| 739 | その他の運搬・清掃・包装等従事者 | Related, not a matchprovisional |
Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC), Japan Standard Occupational Classification (Dec. 2009, MIC Notification No. 555). JSCO codes and Japanese titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a MIC correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: jp-direct v1)
Sources, licenses and AI Changing Work's modification and translation notices for this page: Credits & sources