Landscaping and Groundskeeping Workers
Building and Grounds Cleaning and Maintenance Occupations- O*NET-SOC code
- 37-3011.00
Landscape or maintain grounds of property using hand or power tools or equipment. Workers typically perform a variety of tasks, which may include any combination of the following: sod laying, mowing, trimming, planting, watering, fertilizing, digging, raking, sprinkler installation, and installation of mortarless segmental concrete masonry wall units.
- Data source: BLSPublished: 2026-08
Low· relative
LowFour relative bandsVery highGroup-level value
Scale, basis and source
Four relative bands (Low / Moderate / High / Very high)
831 detailed occupations in the BLS Employment Projections table. Assigned per National Employment Matrix (NEM) code, so occupations sharing a NEM code carry the same band
- Data source: AnthropicPublished: 2026-03
0.000
0.000Range of values carried here0.745Scale, basis and source
Observed exposure index, 0–1 as published
Mapped onto O*NET tasks
Published per SOC 2018 occupation; every O*NET occupation with the same SOC 2018 code carries this value
- Data source: ILOPublished: 2025
0.12
0.09Range of values carried here0.70Group-level value
Scale, basis and source
Generative AI exposure index, 0–1 as published
Published per ISCO-08 unit group. Linked to this occupation, wholly or in part, by applying U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (ISCO-08 to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to 2018 SOC) as published
What kind of figure this source publishes
The BLS category is a relative rank, not an absolute level, and it is not a first-hand measurement: it groups an occupation's percentile ranks across several published studies into four bands. It is not an employment or wage forecast, not a probability of adoption, and it does not separate automation from augmentation.
Task-level exposure
Show 26 hidden tasks27 rated tasks · 2 tasks with β ≥ 0.5 (7.4%)
β = direct exposure (E1) + 0.5 × exposure when tools are available (E2), per the source repository's definition.
- Source unit: O*NET 27.2 tasks → O*NET 31.0 occupation code
- 8 rated tasks are not in the O*NET 31.0 task list; their scores are kept as published for O*NET 27.2.
- Source
- OpenAI "GPTs are GPTs" exposure rubric
- Release
- gh-main-0471612
- License
- MIT License, Copyright (c) 2024 OpenAI
| Task (O*NET 20.1) | Claude.aiRaw / share % |
|---|---|
Advise customers on plant selection or care.37-3011.00 | 0.0117100.0 |
Values in this tab are predicted labels, not observations. Eloundou et al. (2023) published two rating regimes — human raters and GPT-4 — and the β shown here is derived from the GPT-4 rater basis alone; the same task can take a different value under the other regime. The unit and the meaning differ from the observed shares (%) in the other tabs, so do not place them on the same axis.
| Task (O*NET 27.2) | βE1 + 0.5 × E2 |
|---|---|
Advise customers on plant selection or care.O*NET Task ID 9608 | 0.5 |
Mark design boundaries, and paint natural or artificial turf fields with team logos or names before events.O*NET Task ID 9613 | 0.5 |
β = E1 + 0.5 × E2 · E1 = tasks where direct LLM access alone cuts time by at least 50%, E2 = tasks where software built on top of an LLM cuts time by at least 50%. Values take only 0 / 0.5 / 1.0.
Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Anthropic Economic Index, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page
All O*NET 31.0 task statements (19)
All O*NET 31.0 task statements for this occupation (English, as published; task type core or supplemental). Exposure values are not listed here; they are in the table above, next to each task statement as worded in the O*NET version each source used.
| Task (O*NET 31.0) | Type |
|---|---|
| Mow or edge lawns, using power mowers or edgers. | Core |
| Use hand tools, such as shovels, rakes, pruning saws, saws, hedge or brush trimmers, or axes. | Core |
| Prune or trim trees, shrubs, or hedges, using shears, pruners, or chain saws. | Core |
| Gather and remove litter. | Core |
| Trim or pick flowers and clean flower beds. | Core |
| Operate vehicles or powered equipment, such as mowers, tractors, twin-axle vehicles, snow blowers, chainsaws, electric clippers, sod cutters, or pruning saws. | Core |
| Shovel snow from walks, driveways, or parking lots, and spread salt in those areas. | Supplemental |
| Care for established lawns by mulching, aerating, weeding, grubbing, removing thatch, or trimming or edging around flower beds, walks, or walls. | Supplemental |
| Maintain or repair tools, equipment, or structures, such as buildings, greenhouses, fences, or benches, using hand or power tools. | Supplemental |
| Mix and spray or spread fertilizers, herbicides, or insecticides onto grass, shrubs, or trees, using hand or automatic sprayers or spreaders. | Supplemental |
| Provide proper upkeep of sidewalks, driveways, parking lots, fountains, planters, burial sites, or other grounds features. | Supplemental |
| Water lawns, trees, or plants, using portable sprinkler systems, hoses, or watering cans. | Supplemental |
| Rake, mulch, and compost leaves. | Supplemental |
| Follow planned landscaping designs to determine where to lay sod, sow grass, or plant flowers or foliage. | Supplemental |
| Plant seeds, bulbs, foliage, flowering plants, grass, ground covers, trees, or shrubs, and apply mulch for protection, using gardening tools. | Supplemental |
| Care for natural turf fields, making sure the underlying soil has the required composition to allow proper drainage and to support the grasses. | Supplemental |
| Haul or spread topsoil, or spread straw over seeded soil to hold soil in place. | Supplemental |
| Plan or cultivate lawns or gardens. | Supplemental |
| Attach wires from planted trees to support stakes. | Supplemental |
1.26/ 3· Robot exposure index
Scale, basis and source
Each physical task is graded 0–3 by the setting in which robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated could do it (0 none · 1 purpose-built robot settings such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line · 2 structured facilities such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port · 3 unstructured settings such as a private home or a construction site), and the grades are averaged by share of working time
Physical tasks among this occupation's O*NET 29.3 tasks
Anthropic estimated the grades and time shares with Claude Opus 5 using web search, as of 2026.
The robot exposure index is a different measure from the AI exposure figures on this site and cannot be added to or compared with them. It does not measure actual adoption or cost, and 0 also covers occupations with no physical tasks.
Tier of each physical task
Robot environment tiers (E0–E3)
E0 noneDetails
Rated not doable by robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated, even in a purpose-built setting
E1 purpose-built robot settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting built around the machine, such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line
E2 structured facilitiesDetails
Rated doable in a human work facility that an institution keeps to a working standard, such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port
E3 unstructured settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting that no institution keeps to a working standard, such as a private home or a construction site
Only tasks classified as physical are listed; other tasks have no tier in the source.
| Task (O*NET 29.3) | Robot environment tier |
|---|---|
| Mow or edge lawns, using power mowers or edgers. | E2 structured facilities |
| Care for established lawns by mulching, aerating, weeding, grubbing, removing thatch, or trimming or edging around flower beds, walks, or walls. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Use hand tools, such as shovels, rakes, pruning saws, saws, hedge or brush trimmers, or axes. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Prune or trim trees, shrubs, or hedges, using shears, pruners, or chain saws. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Gather and remove litter. | E0 none |
| Mix and spray or spread fertilizers, herbicides, or insecticides onto grass, shrubs, or trees, using hand or automatic sprayers or spreaders. | E2 structured facilities |
| Water lawns, trees, or plants, using portable sprinkler systems, hoses, or watering cans. | E2 structured facilities |
| Trim or pick flowers and clean flower beds. | E0 none |
| Rake, mulch, and compost leaves. | E0 none |
| Follow planned landscaping designs to determine where to lay sod, sow grass, or plant flowers or foliage. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Plant seeds, bulbs, foliage, flowering plants, grass, ground covers, trees, or shrubs, and apply mulch for protection, using gardening tools. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Decorate gardens with stones or plants. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Attach wires from planted trees to support stakes. | E0 none |
| Operate vehicles or powered equipment, such as mowers, tractors, twin-axle vehicles, snow blowers, chainsaws, electric clippers, sod cutters, or pruning saws. | E2 structured facilities |
| Shovel snow from walks, driveways, or parking lots, and spread salt in those areas. | E2 structured facilities |
| Maintain or repair tools, equipment, or structures, such as buildings, greenhouses, fences, or benches, using hand or power tools. | E0 none |
| Provide proper upkeep of sidewalks, driveways, parking lots, fountains, planters, burial sites, or other grounds features. | E2 structured facilities |
| Maintain irrigation systems, including winterizing the systems and starting them up in spring. | E0 none |
| Care for natural turf fields, making sure the underlying soil has the required composition to allow proper drainage and to support the grasses. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Use irrigation methods to adjust the amount of water consumption and to prevent waste. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Haul or spread topsoil, or spread straw over seeded soil to hold soil in place. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Care for artificial turf fields, periodically removing the turf and replacing cushioning pads or vacuuming and disinfecting the turf after use to prevent the growth of harmful bacteria. | E2 structured facilities |
| Plan or cultivate lawns or gardens. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Install rock gardens, ponds, decks, drainage systems, irrigation systems, retaining walls, fences, planters, or playground equipment. | E0 none |
| Build forms and mix and pour cement to form garden borders. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
Occupation information
Employment outlook (BLS)
- Employment, 2025
- 1.2M
- Projected employment, 2035
- 1.2M
- Change (2025–35)
- +4.7%
- Median annual wage, 2025
- $39,150
- Typical education needed for entry
- No formal educational credential
Korea classification links (KSCO)
Links from the current release of the Korea Occupation Direct Crosswalk v1.1, made by AI Changing Work. Relation values are read from the O*NET-SOC occupation side.
| KSCO code | KSCO title | Relation | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| 61220 | 조경원 | Same scope | confirmed |
| 61212 | 화훼작물 재배원 | Related, not a match | confirmed |
Relation and status definitions(kr-direct v1.1)
ILO occupational description
AI Changing Work links the ISCO-08 unit groups below to this occupation by applying the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (2018 SOC to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to ISCO-08) as published, without case-by-case selection; each link may be whole or partial.
- ISCO-08 9214Garden and Horticultural Labourers
The definition, tasks and examples below are the ILO's description of that unit group, not of this occupation.
Garden and horticultural labourers perform simple and routine tasks in operations to cultivate and maintain trees, shrubs, flowers and other plants in parks and private gardens, to produce saplings, bulbs and seeds, or grow vegetables and flowers by intensive cultivation techniques.
Tasks
- (a) loading, unloading and moving supplies, produce and equipment;
- (b) preparing garden sites and plots using hand tools and simple machines;
- (c) assisting with planting and transplanting flowers, shrubs, trees and lawns;
- (d) maintaining gardens by watering, weeding and mowing lawns;
- (e) cleaning gardens and removing rubbish;
- (f) assisting with propagating, planting and potting seeds, bulbs and cuttings;
- (g) tending plants by hand watering and weeding;
- (h) harvesting and packaging plants for sale and transport;
- (i) performing minor repairs on fixtures, buildings, equipment and fences.
Example occupations
Garden labourer · Horticultural labourer · Lawn mower · Nursery labourer
Sources: ILO ISCO-08 — details: Credits
ESCO occupational vocabulary
Each entry below is matched to this occupation in the published ESCO-O*NET Crosswalk (version 1, 2022). The match types are that crosswalk's; the wording is AI Changing Work's.
- groundsman/groundswomanESCO 6113.1Same scope
Groundsmen/groundswomen provide landscape and lawn services and maintain grounds for private households, commercial and public facilities, schools, hotels, botanical gardens, golf courses, parks and athletic fields.\
- garden labourerESCO 9214.1This occupation is broader
Garden labourers perform simple tasks in cultivating and maintaining flowers, trees and shrubs. This work can take place in either parks or private gardens.
- landscape gardenerESCO 6113.6This occupation is broader
Landscape gardeners plan, construct, renovate and maintain parks, gardens and public green spaces.
- curator of horticultureESCO 2131.4.6.1Overlapping, not the same
Curators of horticulture develop and maintain the botanical collections, exhibits and landscapes of a botanical garden.
- horticulture workerESCO 6113.4Overlapping, not the same
Horticulture workers carry out practical activities and assist in nurseries or greenhouses for the production of horticultural crops.
- land-based machinery operatorESCO 8341.2Overlapping, not the same
Land-based machinery operators operate specialised equipment and machinery for agricultural production and maintenance of landscape.
Source: European Commission, DG EMPL — ESCO API 2026-08-08 (bridge v1.2.1)
License: CC BY 4.0 (EU Reuse Notice)
ESCO reuse terms and the modification notice are in Credits.
France classification links (ROME)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and ROME 4.0 job profiles, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side. Links marked “provisional” were adopted on the judgments of two judges from the same model family (Claude) alone, or by an operator rule applied to their judgments, so they rest on weaker evidence than confirmed links.
| ROME code | ROME title (French) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| A1203 | Agent / Agente d'entretien des espaces verts | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| A1208 | Jardinier / Jardinière paysagiste | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| A1220 | Jardinier / Jardinière paysagiste en terrain de sport | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| K2314 | Technicien / Technicienne de maintenance de systèmes d'irrigation | Related, not a match |
Source: France Travail — Répertoire Opérationnel des Métiers et des Emplois (ROME 4.0), version 61, last updated 15 June 2026 (https://www.data.gouv.fr/datasets/repertoire-operationnel-des-metiers-et-des-emplois-rome). Licence Ouverte 2.0.
ROME codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET-SOC occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a France Travail correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: fr-direct v1)
Spain classification links (CNO-11)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and CNO-11 occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| CNO-11 code | CNO-11 title (Spanish) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 6120 | Trabajadores cualificados en huertas, invernaderos, viveros y jardines | Overlapping, not the same |
| 9512 | Peones agrícolas en huertas, invernaderos, viveros y jardines | Overlapping, not the same |
Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), National Classification of Occupations 2011 (CNO-11, Royal Decree 1591/2010) — www.ine.es · Licensed CC BY 4.0. CNO-11 codes and Spanish titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not an INE correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: es-direct v1)
Germany classification links (KldB)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and KldB occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| KldB code | KldB title (German) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 12101 | Berufe im Gartenbau (ohne Spezialisierung) - Helfer-/Anlerntätigkeiten | This occupation is broader |
| 12142 | Berufe im Garten-, Landschafts- und Sportplatzbau - fachlich ausgerichtete Tätigkeiten | This occupation is broader |
| 12132 | Berufe in der Friedhofsgärtnerei - fachlich ausgerichtete Tätigkeiten | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| 12102 | Berufe im Gartenbau (ohne Spezialisierung) - fachlich ausgerichtete Tätigkeiten | Related, not a matchprovisional |
| 34112 | Platz- und Gerätewarte/-wartinnen - fachlich ausgerichtete Tätigkeiten | Related, not a matchprovisional |
Source: © Statistik der Bundesagentur für Arbeit — Klassifikation der Berufe 2010 – überarbeitete Fassung 2020, https://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de. KldB codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own mapping (eigene Zuordnung) and are not a Bundesagentur für Arbeit correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: de-direct v1)
Japan classification links (JSCO)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and JSCO occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| JSCO code | JSCO title (Japanese) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 463 | 植木職，造園師 | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| 713 | 道路・公園清掃員 | Related, not a matchprovisional |
| 739 | その他の運搬・清掃・包装等従事者 | Related, not a matchprovisional |
Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC), Japan Standard Occupational Classification (Dec. 2009, MIC Notification No. 555). JSCO codes and Japanese titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a MIC correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: jp-direct v1)
Sources, licenses and AI Changing Work's modification and translation notices for this page: Credits & sources