First-Line Supervisors of Personal Service Workers
Personal Care and Service Occupations- O*NET-SOC code
- 39-1022.00
Supervise and coordinate activities of personal service workers.
- Data source: BLSPublished: 2026-08
High· relative
LowFour relative bandsVery highGroup-level value
Scale, basis and source
Four relative bands (Low / Moderate / High / Very high)
831 detailed occupations in the BLS Employment Projections table. Assigned per National Employment Matrix (NEM) code, so occupations sharing a NEM code carry the same band
- Data source: AnthropicPublished: 2026-03
0.041
0.000Range of values carried here0.745Scale, basis and source
Observed exposure index, 0–1 as published
Mapped onto O*NET tasks
Published per SOC 2018 occupation; every O*NET occupation with the same SOC 2018 code carries this value
- Data source: ILOPublished: 2025
0.14–0.58· 10 ISCO-08 groups
Scale, basis and source
Generative AI exposure index, 0–1 as published
Published per ISCO-08 unit group. Linked to this occupation, wholly or in part, by applying U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (ISCO-08 to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to 2018 SOC) as published
What kind of figure this source publishes
The BLS category is a relative rank, not an absolute level, and it is not a first-hand measurement: it groups an occupation's percentile ranks across several published studies into four bands. It is not an employment or wage forecast, not a probability of adoption, and it does not separate automation from augmentation.
ILO value for each linked ISCO-08 group
- ISCO-08 3423Fitness and Recreation Instructors and Programme Leaders0.25
- ISCO-08 4414Scribes and Related Workers0.58
- ISCO-08 5113Travel Guides0.32
- ISCO-08 5141Hairdressers0.17
- ISCO-08 5142Beauticians and Related Workers0.18
- ISCO-08 5162Companions and Valets0.22
- ISCO-08 5164Pet Groomers and Animal Care Workers0.14
- ISCO-08 5169Personal Services Workers Not Elsewhere Classified0.21
- ISCO-08 5311Child Care Workers0.19
- ISCO-08 5322Home-based Personal Care Workers0.25
Task-level exposure
Show 13 hidden tasks17 rated tasks · 13 tasks with β ≥ 0.5 (76.5%)
β = direct exposure (E1) + 0.5 × exposure when tools are available (E2), per the source repository's definition.
- Source unit: O*NET 27.2 tasks → O*NET 31.0 occupation code
- All rated tasks are in the O*NET 31.0 task list.
- Source
- OpenAI "GPTs are GPTs" exposure rubric
- Release
- gh-main-0471612
- License
- MIT License, Copyright (c) 2024 OpenAI
Tasks of O*NET-SOC 2010 occupation 39-1021.00 First-Line Supervisors of Personal Service Workers, linked to this occupation by the O*NET-SOC 2010 to 2019 crosswalk
| Task (O*NET 20.1) | Claude.aiRaw / share % | APIRaw / share % |
|---|---|---|
Furnish customers with information on events or activities.39-1021.00 | 0.007647.2 | 0.003217.3 |
Resolve customer complaints regarding worker performance or services rendered.39-1021.00 | 0.003119.3 | 0.003921.1 |
Apply customer feedback to service improvement efforts.39-1021.00 | 0.002817.4 | 0.011461.6 |
Inform workers about interests or special needs of specific groups.39-1021.00 | 0.002616.1 | —0 |
Values in this tab are predicted labels, not observations. Eloundou et al. (2023) published two rating regimes — human raters and GPT-4 — and the β shown here is derived from the GPT-4 rater basis alone; the same task can take a different value under the other regime. The unit and the meaning differ from the observed shares (%) in the other tabs, so do not place them on the same axis.
| Task (O*NET 27.2) | βE1 + 0.5 × E2 |
|---|---|
Participate in continuing education to stay abreast of industry trends and developments.O*NET Task ID 13152 | 1.0 |
Inform management about problems, such as employee disputes.O*NET Task ID 23178 | 1.0 |
Assign work schedules, following work requirements, to ensure quality and timely delivery of service.O*NET Task ID 13138 | 0.5 |
Observe and evaluate workers' appearance and performance to ensure quality service and compliance with specifications.O*NET Task ID 13141 | 0.5 |
Inform workers about interests or special needs of specific groups.O*NET Task ID 13143 | 0.5 |
Resolve customer complaints regarding worker performance or services rendered.O*NET Task ID 13145 | 0.5 |
Requisition necessary supplies, equipment, or services.O*NET Task ID 13146 | 0.5 |
Recruit and hire staff members.O*NET Task ID 13151 | 0.5 |
Direct marketing, advertising, or other customer recruitment efforts.O*NET Task ID 13154 | 0.5 |
Apply customer feedback to service improvement efforts.O*NET Task ID 20763 | 0.5 |
Arrange worker breaks to ensure services are adequately staffed throughout each shift.O*NET Task ID 23176 | 0.5 |
Direct or coordinate the activities of workers, such as hotel staff or hair stylists.O*NET Task ID 23177 | 0.5 |
Investigate employee complaints and resolve problems following management rules and regulations.O*NET Task ID 23179 | 0.5 |
β = E1 + 0.5 × E2 · E1 = tasks where direct LLM access alone cuts time by at least 50%, E2 = tasks where software built on top of an LLM cuts time by at least 50%. Values take only 0 / 0.5 / 1.0.
Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Anthropic Economic Index, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page
All O*NET 31.0 task statements (17)
All O*NET 31.0 task statements for this occupation (English, as published; task type core or supplemental). Exposure values are not listed here; they are in the table above, next to each task statement as worded in the O*NET version each source used.
| Task (O*NET 31.0) | Type |
|---|---|
| Assign work schedules, following work requirements, to ensure quality and timely delivery of service. | Core |
| Inspect work areas or operating equipment to ensure conformance to established standards in areas such as cleanliness or maintenance. | Core |
| Train workers in proper operational procedures and functions and explain company policies. | Core |
| Observe and evaluate workers' appearance and performance to ensure quality service and compliance with specifications. | Core |
| Meet with managers or other supervisors to stay informed of changes affecting operations. | Core |
| Inform workers about interests or special needs of specific groups. | Core |
| Resolve customer complaints regarding worker performance or services rendered. | Core |
| Requisition necessary supplies, equipment, or services. | Core |
| Take disciplinary action to address performance problems. | Core |
| Recruit and hire staff members. | Core |
| Participate in continuing education to stay abreast of industry trends and developments. | Core |
| Apply customer feedback to service improvement efforts. | Core |
| Arrange worker breaks to ensure services are adequately staffed throughout each shift. | Core |
| Direct or coordinate the activities of workers, such as hotel staff or hair stylists. | Core |
| Inform management about problems, such as employee disputes. | Core |
| Investigate employee complaints and resolve problems following management rules and regulations. | Core |
| Direct marketing, advertising, or other customer recruitment efforts. | Supplemental |
0.14/ 3· Robot exposure index
Scale, basis and source
Each physical task is graded 0–3 by the setting in which robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated could do it (0 none · 1 purpose-built robot settings such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line · 2 structured facilities such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port · 3 unstructured settings such as a private home or a construction site), and the grades are averaged by share of working time
Physical tasks among this occupation's O*NET 29.3 tasks
Anthropic estimated the grades and time shares with Claude Opus 5 using web search, as of 2026.
The robot exposure index is a different measure from the AI exposure figures on this site and cannot be added to or compared with them. It does not measure actual adoption or cost, and 0 also covers occupations with no physical tasks.
Tier of each physical task
Robot environment tiers (E0–E3)
E0 noneDetails
Rated not doable by robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated, even in a purpose-built setting
E1 purpose-built robot settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting built around the machine, such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line
E2 structured facilitiesDetails
Rated doable in a human work facility that an institution keeps to a working standard, such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port
E3 unstructured settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting that no institution keeps to a working standard, such as a private home or a construction site
Only tasks classified as physical are listed; other tasks have no tier in the source.
| Task (O*NET 29.3) | Robot environment tier |
|---|---|
| Inspect work areas or operating equipment to ensure conformance to established standards in areas such as cleanliness or maintenance. | E2 structured facilities |
Occupation information
Employment outlook (BLS)
- Employment, 2025
- 123K
- Projected employment, 2035
- 130K
- Change (2025–35)
- +6.3%
- Median annual wage, 2025
- $48,590
- Typical education needed for entry
- High school diploma or equivalent
Korea classification links (KSCO)
Links from the current release of the Korea Occupation Direct Crosswalk v1.1, made by AI Changing Work. Relation values are read from the O*NET-SOC occupation side.
| KSCO code | KSCO title | Relation | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| 15909 | 그 외 판매 및 고객 서비스 관리자 | Related, not a match | confirmed |
Relation and status definitions(kr-direct v1.1)
ILO occupational description
AI Changing Work links the ISCO-08 unit groups below to this occupation by applying the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (2018 SOC to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to ISCO-08) as published, without case-by-case selection; each link may be whole or partial.
- ISCO-08 3423Fitness and Recreation Instructors and Programme Leaders
- ISCO-08 4414Scribes and Related Workers
- ISCO-08 5113Travel Guides
- ISCO-08 5141Hairdressers
- ISCO-08 5142Beauticians and Related Workers
- ISCO-08 5162Companions and Valets
- ISCO-08 5164Pet Groomers and Animal Care Workers
- ISCO-08 5169Personal Services Workers Not Elsewhere Classified
- ISCO-08 5311Child Care Workers
- ISCO-08 5322Home-based Personal Care Workers
Sources: ILO ISCO-08 — details: Credits
ESCO occupational vocabulary
ISCO-08 3423
- horse riding instructorESCO 3423.3
Horse riding instructors advise and guide individuals and groups on riding horses. They conduct lessons and teach the techniques of horse riding including stopping, making turns, show-riding and jumping. They motivate their clients and help improve their performance.
+13 more
ISCO-08 5113
- environmental education officerESCO 5113.1.1
Environmental education officers are responsible for promoting environmental conservation and development. They visit schools and businesses to give talks, they produce educational resources and websites, they lead guided nature walks, they provide relevant training courses, and they help with volunteer activities and conservation projects. Many gardens employ an environmental education officer to offer guidance during school visits.
+3 more
ISCO-08 5141
- hairdresserESCO 5141.1
Hairdressers offer beauty services such as cutting, colouring, bleaching, permanent waving and styling clients' hair. They ask their clients about their hairstyle preferences in order to provide customised services. Hairdressers use clippers, scissors and razors. They provide hair and scalp treatments and shampoo, condition and rinse hair.
+4 more
ISCO-08 5142
- masseur/masseuseESCO 5142.7
Masseurs/masseuses perform massages to help their clients relax and de-stress according to their preferences. They use appropriate massages, equipment and oils and also instruct their clients on techniques to improve relaxation.
+11 more
ISCO-08 5162
- companionESCO 5162.1
Companions perform housekeeping duties and meal preparation for the people they assist on their own premises such as elderly people or people with special needs or who suffer from an illness. They also provide entertainment activities such as playing cards or reading stories. They may do shopping activities as well as punctual transportation to doctor's appointments, etc.
ISCO-08 5164
- animal care attendantESCO 5164.1
Animal care attendants provide routine care for non-production animals, which may include feeding, watering, cleaning, exercise and enrichment, grooming, training and monitoring of the health and welfare, in accordance with national legislation.
+14 more
ISCO-08 5169
- club host/club hostessESCO 5169.1
Club host/hostess welcome customers to the club. They ensure that clients are well looked after and satisfied.
+2 more
ISCO-08 5311
- nannyESCO 5311.1.4
Nannies provide qualified care services to children on the premises of the employer. They organise play activities and entertain children with games and other cultural and educative activities according to their respective age, prepare meals, give them bathes, transport them from and to school and assist them with homework on a punctual basis.
+5 more
ISCO-08 5322
- home care aideESCO 5322.1
Home care aides provide personal assistance and promote autonomy, on a daily basis to individuals who are unable to take care of themselves due to illness, ageing or disability. They assist them with personal hygiene, feeding, communication or medication according to the health care professional's instructions.
ESCO occupations that ESCO classifies under the ISCO-08 unit groups linked above; they are not matched to this occupation one by one.
Source: European Commission, DG EMPL — ESCO API 2026-08-08 (bridge v1.2.1)
License: CC BY 4.0 (EU Reuse Notice)
ESCO reuse terms and the modification notice are in Credits.
France classification links (ROME)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and ROME 4.0 job profiles, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side. Links marked “provisional” were adopted on the judgments of two judges from the same model family (Claude) alone, or by an operator rule applied to their judgments, so they rest on weaker evidence than confirmed links.
| ROME code | ROME title (French) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| D1220 | Gérant / Gérante salon de coiffure | Related, not a match |
| K1408 | Responsable de secteur d'aide à domicile | Related, not a match |
Source: France Travail — Répertoire Opérationnel des Métiers et des Emplois (ROME 4.0), version 61, last updated 15 June 2026 (https://www.data.gouv.fr/datasets/repertoire-operationnel-des-metiers-et-des-emplois-rome). Licence Ouverte 2.0.
ROME codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET-SOC occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a France Travail correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: fr-direct v1)
Spain classification links (CNO-11)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and CNO-11 occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| CNO-11 code | CNO-11 title (Spanish) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 5831 | Supervisores de mantenimiento y limpieza en oficinas, hoteles y otros establecimientos | Related, not a match |
Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), National Classification of Occupations 2011 (CNO-11, Royal Decree 1591/2010) — www.ine.es · Licensed CC BY 4.0. CNO-11 codes and Spanish titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not an INE correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: es-direct v1)
Germany classification links (KldB)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and KldB occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| KldB code | KldB title (German) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 82393 | Aufsichtskräfte - Körperpflege | Overlapping, not the same |
| 83293 | Aufsichtskräfte - Hauswirtschaft und Verbraucherberatung | Related, not a match |
| 11593 | Aufsichtskräfte - Tierpflege | Related, not a matchprovisional |
Source: © Statistik der Bundesagentur für Arbeit — Klassifikation der Berufe 2010 – überarbeitete Fassung 2020, https://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de. KldB codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own mapping (eigene Zuordnung) and are not a Bundesagentur für Arbeit correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: de-direct v1)
Japan classification links (JSCO)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and JSCO occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| JSCO code | JSCO title (Japanese) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 361 | 介護職員（医療・福祉施設等） | Related, not a match |
| 382 | 美容師 | Related, not a match |
| 404 | 身の回り世話従事者 | Related, not a match |
Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC), Japan Standard Occupational Classification (Dec. 2009, MIC Notification No. 555). JSCO codes and Japanese titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a MIC correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: jp-direct v1)
Sources, licenses and AI Changing Work's modification and translation notices for this page: Credits & sources