Word Processors and Typists
Office and Administrative Support Occupations- O*NET-SOC code
- 43-9022.00
Use word processor, computer, or typewriter to type letters, reports, forms, or other material from rough draft, corrected copy, or voice recording. May perform other clerical duties as assigned.
- Data source: BLSPublished: 2026-08
Very high· relative
LowFour relative bandsVery highGroup-level value
Scale, basis and source
Four relative bands (Low / Moderate / High / Very high)
831 detailed occupations in the BLS Employment Projections table. Assigned per National Employment Matrix (NEM) code, so occupations sharing a NEM code carry the same band
- Data source: AnthropicPublished: 2026-03
0.239
0.000Range of values carried here0.745Scale, basis and source
Observed exposure index, 0–1 as published
Mapped onto O*NET tasks
Published per SOC 2018 occupation; every O*NET occupation with the same SOC 2018 code carries this value
- Data source: ILOPublished: 2025
0.65
0.09Range of values carried here0.70Group-level value
Scale, basis and source
Generative AI exposure index, 0–1 as published
Published per ISCO-08 unit group. Linked to this occupation, wholly or in part, by applying U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (ISCO-08 to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to 2018 SOC) as published
What kind of figure this source publishes
The BLS category is a relative rank, not an absolute level, and it is not a first-hand measurement: it groups an occupation's percentile ranks across several published studies into four bands. It is not an employment or wage forecast, not a probability of adoption, and it does not separate automation from augmentation.
Task-level exposure
Show 11 hidden tasks20 rated tasks · 16 tasks with β ≥ 0.5 (80.0%)
β = direct exposure (E1) + 0.5 × exposure when tools are available (E2), per the source repository's definition.
- Source unit: O*NET 27.2 tasks → O*NET 31.0 occupation code
- 1 rated task is not in the O*NET 31.0 task list; its score is kept as published for O*NET 27.2.
- Source
- OpenAI "GPTs are GPTs" exposure rubric
- Release
- gh-main-0471612
- License
- MIT License, Copyright (c) 2024 OpenAI
| Task (O*NET 20.1) | Claude.aiRaw / share % | APIRaw / share % |
|---|---|---|
Reformat documents, moving paragraphs or columns.43-9022.00 | 0.534888.6 | 0.302961.9 |
Electronically sort and compile text and numerical data, retrieving, updating, and merging documents as required.43-9022.00 | 0.01512.5 | 0.01863.8 |
Check completed work for spelling, grammar, punctuation, and format.43-9022.00 | 0.01362.2 | 0.00531.1 |
Use data entry devices, such as optical scanners, to input data into computers for revision or editing.43-9022.00 | 0.01332.2 | 0.04128.4 |
File and store completed documents on computer hard drive or disk, or maintain a computer filing system to store, retrieve, update and delete documents.43-9022.00 | 0.01081.8 | 0.02034.2 |
Search for specific sets of stored, typed characters to make changes.43-9022.00 | 0.01071.8 | 0.100920.6 |
Compute and verify totals on report forms, requisitions, or bills, using adding machine or calculator.43-9022.00 | 0.00290.5 | —0 |
Type correspondence, reports, text and other written material from rough drafts, corrected copies, voice recordings, dictation or previous versions, using a computer, word processor, or typewriter.43-9022.00 | 0.00260.4 | —0 |
Values in this tab are predicted labels, not observations. Eloundou et al. (2023) published two rating regimes — human raters and GPT-4 — and the β shown here is derived from the GPT-4 rater basis alone; the same task can take a different value under the other regime. The unit and the meaning differ from the observed shares (%) in the other tabs, so do not place them on the same axis.
| Task (O*NET 27.2) | βE1 + 0.5 × E2 |
|---|---|
Check completed work for spelling, grammar, punctuation, and format.O*NET Task ID 790 | 1.0 |
Gather, register, and arrange the material to be typed, following instructions.O*NET Task ID 792 | 1.0 |
Type correspondence, reports, text and other written material from rough drafts, corrected copies, voice recordings, dictation, or previous versions, using a computer, word processor, or typewriter.O*NET Task ID 793 | 1.0 |
File and store completed documents on computer hard drive or disk, or maintain a computer filing system to store, retrieve, update, and delete documents.O*NET Task ID 794 | 1.0 |
Keep records of work performed.O*NET Task ID 796 | 1.0 |
Compute and verify totals on report forms, requisitions, or bills, using adding machine or calculator.O*NET Task ID 797 | 1.0 |
Collate pages of reports and other documents.O*NET Task ID 798 | 1.0 |
Electronically sort and compile text and numerical data, retrieving, updating, and merging documents as required.O*NET Task ID 799 | 1.0 |
Reformat documents, moving paragraphs or columns.O*NET Task ID 800 | 1.0 |
Search for specific sets of stored, typed characters to make changes.O*NET Task ID 801 | 1.0 |
Adjust settings for format, page layout, line spacing, and other style requirements.O*NET Task ID 802 | 1.0 |
Address envelopes or prepare envelope labels, using typewriter or computer.O*NET Task ID 803 | 1.0 |
Work with technical material, preparing statistical reports, planning and typing statistical tables, and combining and rearranging material from different sources.O*NET Task ID 806 | 1.0 |
Transcribe stenotyped notes of court proceedings.O*NET Task ID 808 | 1.0 |
Use data entry devices, such as optical scanners, to input data into computers for revision or editing.O*NET Task ID 807 | 0.5 |
Manage schedules and set dates, times, and locations for meetings and appointments.O*NET Task ID 21014 | 0.5 |
β = E1 + 0.5 × E2 · E1 = tasks where direct LLM access alone cuts time by at least 50%, E2 = tasks where software built on top of an LLM cuts time by at least 50%. Values take only 0 / 0.5 / 1.0.
Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Anthropic Economic Index, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page
All O*NET 31.0 task statements (19)
All O*NET 31.0 task statements for this occupation (English, as published; task type core or supplemental). Exposure values are not listed here; they are in the table above, next to each task statement as worded in the O*NET version each source used.
| Task (O*NET 31.0) | Type |
|---|---|
| Check completed work for spelling, grammar, punctuation, and format. | Core |
| Perform other clerical duties, such as answering telephone, sorting and distributing mail, running errands or sending faxes. | Core |
| Gather, register, and arrange the material to be typed, following instructions. | Core |
| Type correspondence, reports, text and other written material from rough drafts, corrected copies, voice recordings, dictation, or previous versions, using a computer, word processor, or typewriter. | Core |
| File and store completed documents on computer hard drive or disk, or maintain a computer filing system to store, retrieve, update, and delete documents. | Core |
| Print and make copies of work. | Core |
| Keep records of work performed. | Core |
| Collate pages of reports and other documents. | Core |
| Electronically sort and compile text and numerical data, retrieving, updating, and merging documents as required. | Core |
| Reformat documents, moving paragraphs or columns. | Core |
| Search for specific sets of stored, typed characters to make changes. | Core |
| Adjust settings for format, page layout, line spacing, and other style requirements. | Core |
| Address envelopes or prepare envelope labels, using typewriter or computer. | Core |
| Operate and resupply printers and computers, changing print wheels or fluid cartridges, adding paper, and loading blank tapes, cards, or disks into equipment. | Core |
| Transmit work electronically to other locations. | Core |
| Use data entry devices, such as optical scanners, to input data into computers for revision or editing. | Core |
| Manage schedules and set dates, times, and locations for meetings and appointments. | Core |
| Compute and verify totals on report forms, requisitions, or bills, using adding machine or calculator. | Supplemental |
| Work with technical material, preparing statistical reports, planning and typing statistical tables, and combining and rearranging material from different sources. | Supplemental |
0.32/ 3· Robot exposure index
Scale, basis and source
Each physical task is graded 0–3 by the setting in which robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated could do it (0 none · 1 purpose-built robot settings such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line · 2 structured facilities such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port · 3 unstructured settings such as a private home or a construction site), and the grades are averaged by share of working time
Physical tasks among this occupation's O*NET 29.3 tasks
Anthropic estimated the grades and time shares with Claude Opus 5 using web search, as of 2026.
The robot exposure index is a different measure from the AI exposure figures on this site and cannot be added to or compared with them. It does not measure actual adoption or cost, and 0 also covers occupations with no physical tasks.
Tier of each physical task
Robot environment tiers (E0–E3)
E0 noneDetails
Rated not doable by robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated, even in a purpose-built setting
E1 purpose-built robot settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting built around the machine, such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line
E2 structured facilitiesDetails
Rated doable in a human work facility that an institution keeps to a working standard, such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port
E3 unstructured settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting that no institution keeps to a working standard, such as a private home or a construction site
Only tasks classified as physical are listed; other tasks have no tier in the source.
| Task (O*NET 29.3) | Robot environment tier |
|---|---|
| Perform other clerical duties, such as answering telephone, sorting and distributing mail, running errands or sending faxes. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Gather, register, and arrange the material to be typed, following instructions. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Print and make copies of work. | E2 structured facilities |
| Collate pages of reports and other documents. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Address envelopes or prepare envelope labels, using typewriter or computer. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Operate and resupply printers and computers, changing print wheels or fluid cartridges, adding paper, and loading blank tapes, cards, or disks into equipment. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Use data entry devices, such as optical scanners, to input data into computers for revision or editing. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
Occupation information
Employment outlook (BLS)
- Employment, 2025
- 40K
- Projected employment, 2035
- 27K
- Change (2025–35)
- -34.4%
- Median annual wage, 2025
- $49,280
- Typical education needed for entry
- High school diploma or equivalent
Korea classification links (KSCO)
Links from the current release of the Korea Occupation Direct Crosswalk v1.1, made by AI Changing Work. Relation values are read from the O*NET-SOC occupation side.
| KSCO code | KSCO title | Relation | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| 37239 | 그 외 전산 자료 입력원 | This occupation is narrower | confirmed |
Relation and status definitions(kr-direct v1.1)
ILO occupational description
AI Changing Work links the ISCO-08 unit groups below to this occupation by applying the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (2018 SOC to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to ISCO-08) as published, without case-by-case selection; each link may be whole or partial.
- ISCO-08 4131Typists and Word Processing Operators
The definition, tasks and examples below are the ILO's description of that unit group, not of this occupation.
Typists and word processing operators type, edit and print text using typewriters, personal computers or other word processors, and record oral or written matter in shorthand.
Tasks
- (a) typing written material from rough drafts, corrected copies, voice recordings or shorthand using a computer, word processor or typewriter;
- (b) checking completed work for proper spelling, grammar, punctuation and formatting;
- (c) gathering and arranging the material to be typed, following instructions;
- (d) filing and storing completed documents on computer hard drive or disk, or maintain a computer filing system to store, retrieve or update documents;
- (e) taking dictation and recording other matter in shorthand;
- (f) reproducing the spoken word, environmental sounds and song lyrics as captions for cinema and television programming;
- (g) transcribing information recorded in shorthand and on sound recording equipment.
Example occupations
Shorthand typist · Stenographer · Typist · Word processor
Sources: ILO ISCO-08 — details: Credits
ESCO occupational vocabulary
Each entry below is matched to this occupation in the published ESCO-O*NET Crosswalk (version 1, 2022). The match types are that crosswalk's; the wording is AI Changing Work's.
- typistESCO 4131.1Same scope
Typists operate computers to type and revise documents and compile material to be typed, such as correspondence, reports, statistical tables, forms, and audios. They read instructions accompanying material or follow verbal instructions to determine requirements such as number of copies needed, priority and desired format.
- court reporterESCO 3343.1.1This occupation is broader
Court reporters type in word processors or any other software each one of the words mentioned in the courtroom. They transcript the hearings that take place in court in order to issue the official hearings of the legal case. They allow that the case can be further studied by the parties in an accurate fashion.
- medical transcriptionistESCO 3344.4This occupation is broader
Medical transcriptionists interpret dictated information from the doctor or other healthcare professionals and convert it into documents. They create, format and edit medical records for patients based on the provided data and take care to apply punctuation and grammar rules.
- data entry clerkESCO 4132.1Overlapping, not the same
Data entry clerks update, maintain and retrieve information held on computer systems. They prepare source data for computer entry by compiling and sorting information, process customer and account source documents by reviewing data for deficiencies and verify entered customer and account data.
Source: European Commission, DG EMPL — ESCO API 2026-08-08 (bridge v1.2.1)
License: CC BY 4.0 (EU Reuse Notice)
ESCO reuse terms and the modification notice are in Credits.
France classification links (ROME)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and ROME 4.0 job profiles, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side. Links marked “provisional” were adopted on the judgments of two judges from the same model family (Claude) alone, or by an operator rule applied to their judgments, so they rest on weaker evidence than confirmed links.
| ROME code | ROME title (French) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| M1606 | Opérateur / Opératrice de saisie | This occupation is narrowerprovisional |
| E1122 | Transcripteur adaptateur / Transcriptrice adaptatrice | Related, not a matchprovisional |
| M1607 | Assistant administratif / Assistante administrative | Related, not a matchprovisional |
Source: France Travail — Répertoire Opérationnel des Métiers et des Emplois (ROME 4.0), version 61, last updated 15 June 2026 (https://www.data.gouv.fr/datasets/repertoire-operationnel-des-metiers-et-des-emplois-rome). Licence Ouverte 2.0.
ROME codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET-SOC occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a France Travail correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: fr-direct v1)
Spain classification links (CNO-11)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and CNO-11 occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| CNO-11 code | CNO-11 title (Spanish) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 4301 | Grabadores de datos | This occupation is narrower |
| 4309 | Empleados administrativos sin tareas de atención al público no clasificados bajo otros epígrafes | Related, not a match |
Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), National Classification of Occupations 2011 (CNO-11, Royal Decree 1591/2010) — www.ine.es · Licensed CC BY 4.0. CNO-11 codes and Spanish titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not an INE correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: es-direct v1)
Germany classification links (KldB)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and KldB occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| KldB code | KldB title (German) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 71432 | Steno- und Phonotypisten/-typistinnen - fachlich ausgerichtete Tätigkeiten | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| 71402 | Büro- und Sekretariatskräfte (ohne Spezialisierung) - fachlich ausgerichtete Tätigkeiten | Related, not a match |
Source: © Statistik der Bundesagentur für Arbeit — Klassifikation der Berufe 2010 – überarbeitete Fassung 2020, https://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de. KldB codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own mapping (eigene Zuordnung) and are not a Bundesagentur für Arbeit correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: de-direct v1)
Japan classification links (JSCO)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and JSCO occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| JSCO code | JSCO title (Japanese) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 311 | パーソナルコンピュータ操作員 | This occupation is broader |
| 319 | その他の事務用機器操作員 | Overlapping, not the same |
Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC), Japan Standard Occupational Classification (Dec. 2009, MIC Notification No. 555). JSCO codes and Japanese titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a MIC correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: jp-direct v1)
Sources, licenses and AI Changing Work's modification and translation notices for this page: Credits & sources