Office Machine Operators, Except Computer
Office and Administrative Support Occupations- O*NET-SOC code
- 43-9071.00
Operate one or more of a variety of office machines, such as photocopying, photographic, and duplicating machines, or other office machines.
- Data source: BLSPublished: 2026-08
High· relative
LowFour relative bandsVery highGroup-level value
Scale, basis and source
Four relative bands (Low / Moderate / High / Very high)
831 detailed occupations in the BLS Employment Projections table. Assigned per National Employment Matrix (NEM) code, so occupations sharing a NEM code carry the same band
- Data source: AnthropicPublished: 2026-03
0.024
0.000Range of values carried here0.745Scale, basis and source
Observed exposure index, 0–1 as published
Mapped onto O*NET tasks
Published per SOC 2018 occupation; every O*NET occupation with the same SOC 2018 code carries this value
- Data source: ILOPublished: 2025
0.37
0.09Range of values carried here0.70Group-level value
Scale, basis and source
Generative AI exposure index, 0–1 as published
Published per ISCO-08 unit group. Linked to this occupation, wholly or in part, by applying U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (ISCO-08 to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to 2018 SOC) as published
What kind of figure this source publishes
The BLS category is a relative rank, not an absolute level, and it is not a first-hand measurement: it groups an occupation's percentile ranks across several published studies into four bands. It is not an employment or wage forecast, not a probability of adoption, and it does not separate automation from augmentation.
Task-level exposure
Show 17 hidden tasks18 rated tasks · 9 tasks with β ≥ 0.5 (50.0%)
β = direct exposure (E1) + 0.5 × exposure when tools are available (E2), per the source repository's definition.
- Source unit: O*NET 27.2 tasks → O*NET 31.0 occupation code
- All rated tasks are in the O*NET 31.0 task list.
- Source
- OpenAI "GPTs are GPTs" exposure rubric
- Release
- gh-main-0471612
- License
- MIT License, Copyright (c) 2024 OpenAI
| Task (O*NET 30.2) | Claude.aiRaw / share % | APIRaw / share % |
|---|---|---|
Sort, assemble, and proof completed work.43-9071.00 | 0.00000.0 | 0.0100100.0 |
Values in this tab are predicted labels, not observations. Eloundou et al. (2023) published two rating regimes — human raters and GPT-4 — and the β shown here is derived from the GPT-4 rater basis alone; the same task can take a different value under the other regime. The unit and the meaning differ from the observed shares (%) in the other tabs, so do not place them on the same axis.
| Task (O*NET 27.2) | βE1 + 0.5 × E2 |
|---|---|
Read job orders to determine the type of work to be done, the quantities to be produced, and the materials needed.O*NET Task ID 13288 | 1.0 |
Compute prices for services and receive payment, or provide supervisors with billing information.O*NET Task ID 13291 | 1.0 |
Sort, assemble, and proof completed work.O*NET Task ID 13292 | 1.0 |
File and store completed documents.O*NET Task ID 13297 | 1.0 |
Complete records of production, including work volumes and outputs, materials used, and any backlogs.O*NET Task ID 13300 | 1.0 |
Operate office machines such as high speed business photocopiers, readers, scanners, addressing machines, stencil-cutting machines, microfilm readers or printers, folding and inserting machines, bursters, and binder machines.O*NET Task ID 13289 | 0.5 |
Maintain stock of supplies, and requisition any needed items.O*NET Task ID 13296 | 0.5 |
Prepare and process papers for use in scanning, microfilming, and microfiche.O*NET Task ID 13302 | 0.5 |
Cut copies apart and write identifying information, such as page numbers or titles, on copies.O*NET Task ID 13303 | 0.5 |
β = E1 + 0.5 × E2 · E1 = tasks where direct LLM access alone cuts time by at least 50%, E2 = tasks where software built on top of an LLM cuts time by at least 50%. Values take only 0 / 0.5 / 1.0.
Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Anthropic Economic Index, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page
All O*NET 31.0 task statements (18)
All O*NET 31.0 task statements for this occupation (English, as published; task type core or supplemental). Exposure values are not listed here; they are in the table above, next to each task statement as worded in the O*NET version each source used.
| Task (O*NET 31.0) | Type |
|---|---|
| Read job orders to determine the type of work to be done, the quantities to be produced, and the materials needed. | Core |
| Operate office machines such as high speed business photocopiers, readers, scanners, addressing machines, stencil-cutting machines, microfilm readers or printers, folding and inserting machines, bursters, and binder machines. | Core |
| Place original copies in feed trays, feed originals into feed rolls, or position originals on tables beneath camera lenses. | Core |
| Compute prices for services and receive payment, or provide supervisors with billing information. | Core |
| Sort, assemble, and proof completed work. | Core |
| Set up and adjust machines, regulating factors such as speed, ink flow, focus, and number of copies. | Core |
| Monitor machine operation, and make adjustments as necessary to ensure proper operation. | Core |
| Load machines with materials such as blank paper or film. | Core |
| Maintain stock of supplies, and requisition any needed items. | Core |
| File and store completed documents. | Core |
| Clean machines, perform minor repairs, and report major repair needs. | Core |
| Operate auxiliary machines such as collators, pad and tablet making machines, staplers, and paper punching, folding, cutting, and perforating machines. | Core |
| Complete records of production, including work volumes and outputs, materials used, and any backlogs. | Core |
| Deliver completed work. | Core |
| Prepare and process papers for use in scanning, microfilming, and microfiche. | Core |
| Clean and file master copies or plates. | Core |
| Cut copies apart and write identifying information, such as page numbers or titles, on copies. | Supplemental |
| Move heat units and clamping frames over screen beds to form Braille impressions on pages, raising frames to release individual copies. | Supplemental |
1.03/ 3· Robot exposure index
Scale, basis and source
Each physical task is graded 0–3 by the setting in which robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated could do it (0 none · 1 purpose-built robot settings such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line · 2 structured facilities such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port · 3 unstructured settings such as a private home or a construction site), and the grades are averaged by share of working time
Physical tasks among this occupation's O*NET 29.3 tasks
Anthropic estimated the grades and time shares with Claude Opus 5 using web search, as of 2026.
The robot exposure index is a different measure from the AI exposure figures on this site and cannot be added to or compared with them. It does not measure actual adoption or cost, and 0 also covers occupations with no physical tasks.
Tier of each physical task
Robot environment tiers (E0–E3)
E0 noneDetails
Rated not doable by robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated, even in a purpose-built setting
E1 purpose-built robot settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting built around the machine, such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line
E2 structured facilitiesDetails
Rated doable in a human work facility that an institution keeps to a working standard, such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port
E3 unstructured settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting that no institution keeps to a working standard, such as a private home or a construction site
Only tasks classified as physical are listed; other tasks have no tier in the source.
| Task (O*NET 29.3) | Robot environment tier |
|---|---|
| Operate office machines such as high speed business photocopiers, readers, scanners, addressing machines, stencil-cutting machines, microfilm readers or printers, folding and inserting machines, bursters, and binder machines. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Place original copies in feed trays, feed originals into feed rolls, or position originals on tables beneath camera lenses. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Sort, assemble, and proof completed work. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Set up and adjust machines, regulating factors such as speed, ink flow, focus, and number of copies. | E2 structured facilities |
| Monitor machine operation, and make adjustments as necessary to ensure proper operation. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Load machines with materials such as blank paper or film. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Maintain stock of supplies, and requisition any needed items. | E2 structured facilities |
| File and store completed documents. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Clean machines, perform minor repairs, and report major repair needs. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Operate auxiliary machines such as collators, pad and tablet making machines, staplers, and paper punching, folding, cutting, and perforating machines. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Deliver completed work. | E2 structured facilities |
| Prepare and process papers for use in scanning, microfilming, and microfiche. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Clean and file master copies or plates. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Cut copies apart and write identifying information, such as page numbers or titles, on copies. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Move heat units and clamping frames over screen beds to form Braille impressions on pages, raising frames to release individual copies. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
Occupation information
Employment outlook (BLS)
- Employment, 2025
- 26K
- Projected employment, 2035
- 22K
- Change (2025–35)
- -14.9%
- Median annual wage, 2025
- $40,960
- Typical education needed for entry
- High school diploma or equivalent
Korea classification links (KSCO)
Links from the current release of the Korea Occupation Direct Crosswalk v1.1, made by AI Changing Work. Relation values are read from the O*NET-SOC occupation side.
| KSCO code | KSCO title | Relation | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| 37299 | 그 외 사무 지원 종사원 | Related, not a match | confirmed |
Relation and status definitions(kr-direct v1.1)
ILO occupational description
AI Changing Work links the ISCO-08 unit groups below to this occupation by applying the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (2018 SOC to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to ISCO-08) as published, without case-by-case selection; each link may be whole or partial.
- ISCO-08 4415Filing and Copying Clerks
The definition, tasks and examples below are the ILO's description of that unit group, not of this occupation.
Filing and copying clerks file correspondence, cards, invoices, receipts and other records in alphabetical or numerical order or according to the filing system used. They locate and remove material from file when requested and photocopy, scan or fax documents.
Tasks
- (a) sorting or classifying materials according to guidelines such as content, purpose, user criteria, or chronological, alphabetical, or numerical order;
- (b) filing material in drawers, cabinets and storage boxes;
- (c) locating and remove materials from files when requested;
- (d) keeping records of materials filed and removed;
- (e) photocopying, scanning or faxing documents.
Example occupations
Copying clerk · Filing clerk
Sources: ILO ISCO-08 — details: Credits
ESCO occupational vocabulary
Each entry below is matched to this occupation in the published ESCO-O*NET Crosswalk (version 1, 2022). The match types are that crosswalk's; the wording is AI Changing Work's.
- bindery operatorESCO 7323.1This occupation is broader
Bindery operators tend machines that bind printed or unprinted paper into volumes using staples, twine, glue or other binding technologies.
- print folding operatorESCO 7323.4This occupation is broader
Print folding operators tend a machine that folds paper and bundles of paper.
- reprographics technicianESCO 7322.8This occupation is broader
Reprographics technicians are responsible for the full or partial process of reproduction of graphical documents through mechanical-driven or digital means, such as photography, scanning or digital printing. These activities are commonly performed for purposes of maintaining archives or other structured catalogues.
- scanning operatorESCO 7321.1.4This occupation is broader
Scanning operators tend scanners. They feed print materials into the machine and set controls on the machine or on a controlling computer to obtain the highest resolution scan.
Source: European Commission, DG EMPL — ESCO API 2026-08-08 (bridge v1.2.1)
License: CC BY 4.0 (EU Reuse Notice)
ESCO reuse terms and the modification notice are in Credits.
France classification links (ROME)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and ROME 4.0 job profiles, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side. Links marked “provisional” were adopted on the judgments of two judges from the same model family (Claude) alone, or by an operator rule applied to their judgments, so they rest on weaker evidence than confirmed links.
| ROME code | ROME title (French) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| E1307 | Opérateur / Opératrice en reprographie | Same scopeprovisional |
| E1302 | Conducteur / Conductrice de machines de façonnage routage | Related, not a matchprovisional |
| E1304 | Agent / Agente de façonnage et routage | Related, not a matchprovisional |
Source: France Travail — Répertoire Opérationnel des Métiers et des Emplois (ROME 4.0), version 61, last updated 15 June 2026 (https://www.data.gouv.fr/datasets/repertoire-operationnel-des-metiers-et-des-emplois-rome). Licence Ouverte 2.0.
ROME codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET-SOC occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a France Travail correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: fr-direct v1)
Spain classification links (CNO-11)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and CNO-11 occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| CNO-11 code | CNO-11 title (Spanish) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 4309 | Empleados administrativos sin tareas de atención al público no clasificados bajo otros epígrafes | Related, not a match |
| 7622 | Trabajadores de procesos de impresión | Related, not a match |
Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), National Classification of Occupations 2011 (CNO-11, Royal Decree 1591/2010) — www.ine.es · Licensed CC BY 4.0. CNO-11 codes and Spanish titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not an INE correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: es-direct v1)
Germany classification links (KldB)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and KldB occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| KldB code | KldB title (German) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 23212 | Berufe in der Digital- und Printmediengestaltung - fachlich ausgerichtete Tätigkeiten | Related, not a match |
| 23412 | Berufe in der Drucktechnik - fachlich ausgerichtete Tätigkeiten | Related, not a match |
| 71401 | Büro- und Sekretariatskräfte (ohne Spezialisierung) - Helfer-/Anlerntätigkeiten | Related, not a match |
Source: © Statistik der Bundesagentur für Arbeit — Klassifikation der Berufe 2010 – überarbeitete Fassung 2020, https://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de. KldB codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own mapping (eigene Zuordnung) and are not a Bundesagentur für Arbeit correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: de-direct v1)
Japan classification links (JSCO)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and JSCO occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| JSCO code | JSCO title (Japanese) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 319 | その他の事務用機器操作員 | This occupation is narrower |
Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC), Japan Standard Occupational Classification (Dec. 2009, MIC Notification No. 555). JSCO codes and Japanese titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a MIC correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: jp-direct v1)
Sources, licenses and AI Changing Work's modification and translation notices for this page: Credits & sources