- O*NET-SOC code
- 47-2121.00
Install glass in windows, skylights, store fronts, and display cases, or on surfaces, such as building fronts, interior walls, ceilings, and tabletops.
- Data source: BLSPublished: 2026-08
Low· relative
LowFour relative bandsVery highGroup-level value
Scale, basis and source
Four relative bands (Low / Moderate / High / Very high)
831 detailed occupations in the BLS Employment Projections table. Assigned per National Employment Matrix (NEM) code, so occupations sharing a NEM code carry the same band
- Data source: AnthropicPublished: 2026-03
0.000
0.000Range of values carried here0.745Scale, basis and source
Observed exposure index, 0–1 as published
Mapped onto O*NET tasks
Published per SOC 2018 occupation; every O*NET occupation with the same SOC 2018 code carries this value
- Data source: ILOPublished: 2025
0.14
0.09Range of values carried here0.70Group-level value
Scale, basis and source
Generative AI exposure index, 0–1 as published
Published per ISCO-08 unit group. Linked to this occupation, wholly or in part, by applying U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (ISCO-08 to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to 2018 SOC) as published
What kind of figure this source publishes
The BLS category is a relative rank, not an absolute level, and it is not a first-hand measurement: it groups an occupation's percentile ranks across several published studies into four bands. It is not an employment or wage forecast, not a probability of adoption, and it does not separate automation from augmentation.
Task-level exposure
Exposed tasks only27 rated tasks · 5 tasks with β ≥ 0.5 (18.5%)
β = direct exposure (E1) + 0.5 × exposure when tools are available (E2), per the source repository's definition.
- Source unit: O*NET 27.2 tasks → O*NET 31.0 occupation code
- All rated tasks are in the O*NET 31.0 task list.
- Source
- OpenAI "GPTs are GPTs" exposure rubric
- Release
- gh-main-0471612
- License
- MIT License, Copyright (c) 2024 OpenAI
Values in this tab are predicted labels, not observations. Eloundou et al. (2023) published two rating regimes — human raters and GPT-4 — and the β shown here is derived from the GPT-4 rater basis alone; the same task can take a different value under the other regime. The unit and the meaning differ from the observed shares (%) in the other tabs, so do not place them on the same axis.
| Task (O*NET 27.2) | βE1 + 0.5 × E2 |
|---|---|
Read and interpret blueprints or specifications to determine size, shape, color, type, or thickness of glass, location of framing, installation procedures, or staging or scaffolding materials required.O*NET Task ID 11484 | 0.5 |
Measure mirrors and dimensions of areas to be covered to determine work procedures.O*NET Task ID 11487 | 0.5 |
Measure and mark outlines or patterns on glass to indicate cutting lines.O*NET Task ID 11500 | 0.5 |
Confer with customers to determine project requirements or to provide cost estimates.O*NET Task ID 11505 | 0.5 |
Create patterns on glass by etching, sandblasting, or painting designs.O*NET Task ID 11510 | 0.5 |
Determine plumb of walls or ceilings, using plumb lines and levels.O*NET Task ID 11485 | 0.0 |
Fabricate or install metal sashes or moldings for glass installation, using aluminum or steel framing.O*NET Task ID 11486 | 0.0 |
Fasten glass panes into wood sashes or frames with clips, points, or moldings, adding weather seals or putty around pane edges to seal joints.O*NET Task ID 11488 | 0.0 |
Secure mirrors in position, using mastic cement, putty, bolts, or screws.O*NET Task ID 11489 | 0.0 |
Cut, fit, install, repair, or replace glass or glass substitutes, such as plastic or aluminum, in building interiors or exteriors or in furniture or other products.O*NET Task ID 11490 | 0.0 |
Cut and remove broken glass prior to installing replacement glass.O*NET Task ID 11491 | 0.0 |
Set glass doors into frames and bolt metal hinges, handles, locks, or other hardware to attach doors to frames and walls.O*NET Task ID 11492 | 0.0 |
Score glass with cutters' wheels, breaking off excess glass by hand or with notched tools.O*NET Task ID 11493 | 0.0 |
Cut, assemble, fit, or attach metal-framed glass enclosures for showers, bathtubs, display cases, skylights, solariums, or other structures.O*NET Task ID 11494 | 0.0 |
Drive trucks to installation sites and unload mirrors, glass equipment, or tools.O*NET Task ID 11495 | 0.0 |
Install pre-assembled metal or wood frameworks for windows or doors to be fitted with glass panels, using hand tools.O*NET Task ID 11496 | 0.0 |
Cut and attach mounting strips, metal or wood moldings, rubber gaskets, or metal clips to surfaces in preparation for mirror installation.O*NET Task ID 11497 | 0.0 |
Assemble, erect, or dismantle scaffolds, rigging, or hoisting equipment.O*NET Task ID 11498 | 0.0 |
Load and arrange glass or mirrors onto delivery trucks, using suction cups or cranes to lift glass.O*NET Task ID 11499 | 0.0 |
Grind or polish glass, smoothing edges when necessary.O*NET Task ID 11501 | 0.0 |
Prepare glass for cutting by resting it on rack edges or against cutting tables and brushing thin layer of oil along cutting lines or dipping cutting tools in oil.O*NET Task ID 11502 | 0.0 |
Pack spaces between moldings and glass with glazing compounds and trim excess material with glazing knives.O*NET Task ID 11503 | 0.0 |
Operate cranes or hoists with suction cups to lift large, heavy pieces of glass.O*NET Task ID 11504 | 0.0 |
Select the type or color of glass or mirror according to specifications.O*NET Task ID 11506 | 0.0 |
Move furniture to clear work sites and cover floors or furnishings with drop cloths.O*NET Task ID 11507 | 0.0 |
Assemble and cement sections of stained glass together.O*NET Task ID 11508 | 0.0 |
Measure, cut, fit, and press anti-glare adhesive film to glass or spray glass with tinting solution to prevent light glare.O*NET Task ID 11509 | 0.0 |
β = E1 + 0.5 × E2 · E1 = tasks where direct LLM access alone cuts time by at least 50%, E2 = tasks where software built on top of an LLM cuts time by at least 50%. Values take only 0 / 0.5 / 1.0.
Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page
All O*NET 31.0 task statements (27)
All O*NET 31.0 task statements for this occupation (English, as published; task type core or supplemental). Exposure values are not listed here; they are in the table above, next to each task statement as worded in the O*NET version each source used.
| Task (O*NET 31.0) | Type |
|---|---|
| Read and interpret blueprints or specifications to determine size, shape, color, type, or thickness of glass, location of framing, installation procedures, or staging or scaffolding materials required. | Core |
| Determine plumb of walls or ceilings, using plumb lines and levels. | Core |
| Fabricate or install metal sashes or moldings for glass installation, using aluminum or steel framing. | Core |
| Measure mirrors and dimensions of areas to be covered to determine work procedures. | Core |
| Fasten glass panes into wood sashes or frames with clips, points, or moldings, adding weather seals or putty around pane edges to seal joints. | Core |
| Secure mirrors in position, using mastic cement, putty, bolts, or screws. | Core |
| Cut, fit, install, repair, or replace glass or glass substitutes, such as plastic or aluminum, in building interiors or exteriors or in furniture or other products. | Core |
| Cut and remove broken glass prior to installing replacement glass. | Core |
| Set glass doors into frames and bolt metal hinges, handles, locks, or other hardware to attach doors to frames and walls. | Core |
| Score glass with cutters' wheels, breaking off excess glass by hand or with notched tools. | Core |
| Cut, assemble, fit, or attach metal-framed glass enclosures for showers, bathtubs, display cases, skylights, solariums, or other structures. | Core |
| Drive trucks to installation sites and unload mirrors, glass equipment, or tools. | Core |
| Install pre-assembled metal or wood frameworks for windows or doors to be fitted with glass panels, using hand tools. | Core |
| Cut and attach mounting strips, metal or wood moldings, rubber gaskets, or metal clips to surfaces in preparation for mirror installation. | Core |
| Assemble, erect, or dismantle scaffolds, rigging, or hoisting equipment. | Core |
| Load and arrange glass or mirrors onto delivery trucks, using suction cups or cranes to lift glass. | Core |
| Measure and mark outlines or patterns on glass to indicate cutting lines. | Core |
| Grind or polish glass, smoothing edges when necessary. | Core |
| Prepare glass for cutting by resting it on rack edges or against cutting tables and brushing thin layer of oil along cutting lines or dipping cutting tools in oil. | Core |
| Pack spaces between moldings and glass with glazing compounds and trim excess material with glazing knives. | Core |
| Operate cranes or hoists with suction cups to lift large, heavy pieces of glass. | Core |
| Move furniture to clear work sites and cover floors or furnishings with drop cloths. | Core |
| Confer with customers to determine project requirements or to provide cost estimates. | Supplemental |
| Select the type or color of glass or mirror according to specifications. | Supplemental |
| Assemble and cement sections of stained glass together. | Supplemental |
| Measure, cut, fit, and press anti-glare adhesive film to glass or spray glass with tinting solution to prevent light glare. | Supplemental |
| Create patterns on glass by etching, sandblasting, or painting designs. | Supplemental |
0.92/ 3· Robot exposure index
Scale, basis and source
Each physical task is graded 0–3 by the setting in which robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated could do it (0 none · 1 purpose-built robot settings such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line · 2 structured facilities such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port · 3 unstructured settings such as a private home or a construction site), and the grades are averaged by share of working time
Physical tasks among this occupation's O*NET 29.3 tasks
Anthropic estimated the grades and time shares with Claude Opus 5 using web search, as of 2026.
The robot exposure index is a different measure from the AI exposure figures on this site and cannot be added to or compared with them. It does not measure actual adoption or cost, and 0 also covers occupations with no physical tasks.
Tier of each physical task
Robot environment tiers (E0–E3)
E0 noneDetails
Rated not doable by robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated, even in a purpose-built setting
E1 purpose-built robot settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting built around the machine, such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line
E2 structured facilitiesDetails
Rated doable in a human work facility that an institution keeps to a working standard, such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port
E3 unstructured settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting that no institution keeps to a working standard, such as a private home or a construction site
Only tasks classified as physical are listed; other tasks have no tier in the source.
| Task (O*NET 29.3) | Robot environment tier |
|---|---|
| Determine plumb of walls or ceilings, using plumb lines and levels. | E3 unstructured settings |
| Fabricate or install metal sashes or moldings for glass installation, using aluminum or steel framing. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Measure mirrors and dimensions of areas to be covered to determine work procedures. | E2 structured facilities |
| Fasten glass panes into wood sashes or frames with clips, points, or moldings, adding weather seals or putty around pane edges to seal joints. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Secure mirrors in position, using mastic cement, putty, bolts, or screws. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Cut, fit, install, repair, or replace glass or glass substitutes, such as plastic or aluminum, in building interiors or exteriors or in furniture or other products. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Cut and remove broken glass prior to installing replacement glass. | E0 none |
| Set glass doors into frames and bolt metal hinges, handles, locks, or other hardware to attach doors to frames and walls. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Score glass with cutters' wheels, breaking off excess glass by hand or with notched tools. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Cut, assemble, fit, or attach metal-framed glass enclosures for showers, bathtubs, display cases, skylights, solariums, or other structures. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Drive trucks to installation sites and unload mirrors, glass equipment, or tools. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Install pre-assembled metal or wood frameworks for windows or doors to be fitted with glass panels, using hand tools. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Cut and attach mounting strips, metal or wood moldings, rubber gaskets, or metal clips to surfaces in preparation for mirror installation. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Assemble, erect, or dismantle scaffolds, rigging, or hoisting equipment. | E0 none |
| Load and arrange glass or mirrors onto delivery trucks, using suction cups or cranes to lift glass. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Measure and mark outlines or patterns on glass to indicate cutting lines. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Grind or polish glass, smoothing edges when necessary. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Prepare glass for cutting by resting it on rack edges or against cutting tables and brushing thin layer of oil along cutting lines or dipping cutting tools in oil. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Pack spaces between moldings and glass with glazing compounds and trim excess material with glazing knives. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Operate cranes or hoists with suction cups to lift large, heavy pieces of glass. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Move furniture to clear work sites and cover floors or furnishings with drop cloths. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Assemble and cement sections of stained glass together. | E0 none |
| Measure, cut, fit, and press anti-glare adhesive film to glass or spray glass with tinting solution to prevent light glare. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Create patterns on glass by etching, sandblasting, or painting designs. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
Occupation information
Employment outlook (BLS)
- Employment, 2025
- 59K
- Projected employment, 2035
- 60K
- Change (2025–35)
- +1.9%
- Median annual wage, 2025
- $57,080
- Typical education needed for entry
- High school diploma or equivalent
Korea classification links (KSCO)
Links from the current release of the Korea Occupation Direct Crosswalk v1.1, made by AI Changing Work. Relation values are read from the O*NET-SOC occupation side.
| KSCO code | KSCO title | Relation | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| 78352 | 유리 부착원 | Same scope | confirmed |
| 78370 | 새시 조립 및 설치원 | Overlapping, not the same | confirmed |
Relation and status definitions(kr-direct v1.1)
ILO occupational description
AI Changing Work links the ISCO-08 unit groups below to this occupation by applying the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (2018 SOC to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to ISCO-08) as published, without case-by-case selection; each link may be whole or partial.
- ISCO-08 7125Glaziers
The definition, tasks and examples below are the ILO's description of that unit group, not of this occupation.
Glaziers measure, cut, finish, fit and install flat glass and mirrors.
Tasks
- (a) selecting the type of glass to be used, cutting to right size and shape and installing in windows, doors, showers and partitions of buildings;
- (b) installing glass and mirrors in skylights, display cases, interior walls and ceilings;
- (c) installing or replacing windscreens in vehicles or boats;
- (d) creating decorative glass features such as glass walls, staircases, balustrades and stained-glass windows.
Example occupations
Autoglazier · Glazier · Roofing glazier · Vehicle glazier
Sources: ILO ISCO-08 — details: Credits
ESCO occupational vocabulary
Each entry below is matched to this occupation in the published ESCO-O*NET Crosswalk (version 1, 2022). The match types are that crosswalk's; the wording is AI Changing Work's.
- plate glass installerESCO 7125.1Same scope
Plate glass installers fit panes of glass into windows and other structural elements like glass doors, walls, façades and other structures.
- vehicle glazierESCO 7125.2This occupation is broader
Vehicle glaziers install glass in motor vehicles taking into account the automobile manufacturer specifications such as glass type, thickness, size and shape. They order and inspect windows for specific automobile models and prepare the damaged areas to install new glass.
- glass bevellerESCO 7315.2Overlapping, not the same
Glass bevellers measure, cut, assemble and install flat glass and mirrors. They also load and unload glass, mirrors and equipment, drive to installation sites, install metal or wood frameworks that need to be fitted with glass, and work according to client specifications.
- window installerESCO 7115.5Overlapping, not the same
Window installers place windows into structures and service them. They take out old windows if present, prepare the opening, mount the window, and attach it in place plumb, straight, square and watertight.
Source: European Commission, DG EMPL — ESCO API 2026-08-08 (bridge v1.2.1)
License: CC BY 4.0 (EU Reuse Notice)
ESCO reuse terms and the modification notice are in Credits.
France classification links (ROME)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and ROME 4.0 job profiles, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side. Links marked “provisional” were adopted on the judgments of two judges from the same model family (Claude) alone, or by an operator rule applied to their judgments, so they rest on weaker evidence than confirmed links.
| ROME code | ROME title (French) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| F1618 | Poseur / Poseuse de façade vitrée | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| F1614 | Poseur / Poseuse en fermetures de bâtiment | Overlapping, not the sameprovisional |
| F1607 | Menuisier / Menuisière aluminium | Related, not a match |
| F1617 | Poseur / Poseuse de véranda | Related, not a match |
| I1629 | Technicien / Technicienne de réparation et pose de vitrage des véhicules | Related, not a matchprovisional |
Source: France Travail — Répertoire Opérationnel des Métiers et des Emplois (ROME 4.0), version 61, last updated 15 June 2026 (https://www.data.gouv.fr/datasets/repertoire-operationnel-des-metiers-et-des-emplois-rome). Licence Ouverte 2.0.
ROME codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET-SOC occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a France Travail correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: fr-direct v1)
Spain classification links (CNO-11)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and CNO-11 occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| CNO-11 code | CNO-11 title (Spanish) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 7293 | Cristaleros | Same scope |
| 7192 | Instaladores de fachadas técnicas | Related, not a matchprovisional |
Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), National Classification of Occupations 2011 (CNO-11, Royal Decree 1591/2010) — www.ine.es · Licensed CC BY 4.0. CNO-11 codes and Spanish titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not an INE correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: es-direct v1)
Germany classification links (KldB)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and KldB occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| KldB code | KldB title (German) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 33342 | Berufe in der Glaserei - fachlich ausgerichtete Tätigkeiten | Same scope |
Source: © Statistik der Bundesagentur für Arbeit — Klassifikation der Berufe 2010 – überarbeitete Fassung 2020, https://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de. KldB codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own mapping (eigene Zuordnung) and are not a Bundesagentur für Arbeit correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: de-direct v1)
Japan classification links (JSCO)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and JSCO occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| JSCO code | JSCO title (Japanese) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 669 | その他の建設従事者 | This occupation is narrowerprovisional |
Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC), Japan Standard Occupational Classification (Dec. 2009, MIC Notification No. 555). JSCO codes and Japanese titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a MIC correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: jp-direct v1)
Sources, licenses and AI Changing Work's modification and translation notices for this page: Credits & sources