Solar Photovoltaic Installers
Construction and Extraction Occupations- O*NET-SOC code
- 47-2231.00
Assemble, install, or maintain solar photovoltaic (PV) systems on roofs or other structures in compliance with site assessment and schematics. May include measuring, cutting, assembling, and bolting structural framing and solar modules. May perform minor electrical work such as current checks.
- Data source: BLSPublished: 2026-08
Moderate· relative
LowFour relative bandsVery highGroup-level value
Scale, basis and source
Four relative bands (Low / Moderate / High / Very high)
831 detailed occupations in the BLS Employment Projections table. Assigned per National Employment Matrix (NEM) code, so occupations sharing a NEM code carry the same band
- Data source: AnthropicPublished: 2026-03
0.000
0.000Range of values carried here0.745Scale, basis and source
Observed exposure index, 0–1 as published
Mapped onto O*NET tasks
Published per SOC 2018 occupation; every O*NET occupation with the same SOC 2018 code carries this value
- Data source: ILOPublished: 2025
0.09–0.19· 2 ISCO-08 groups
Scale, basis and source
Generative AI exposure index, 0–1 as published
Published per ISCO-08 unit group. Linked to this occupation, wholly or in part, by applying U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (ISCO-08 to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to 2018 SOC) as published
What kind of figure this source publishes
The BLS category is a relative rank, not an absolute level, and it is not a first-hand measurement: it groups an occupation's percentile ranks across several published studies into four bands. It is not an employment or wage forecast, not a probability of adoption, and it does not separate automation from augmentation.
ILO value for each linked ISCO-08 group
- ISCO-08 7119Building Frame and Related Trades Workers Not Elsewhere Classified0.09
- ISCO-08 7411Building and Related Electricians0.19
Task-level exposure
Show 20 hidden tasks26 rated tasks · 6 tasks with β ≥ 0.5 (23.1%)
β = direct exposure (E1) + 0.5 × exposure when tools are available (E2), per the source repository's definition.
- Source unit: O*NET 27.2 tasks → O*NET 31.0 occupation code
- All rated tasks are in the O*NET 31.0 task list.
- Source
- OpenAI "GPTs are GPTs" exposure rubric
- Release
- gh-main-0471612
- License
- MIT License, Copyright (c) 2024 OpenAI
| Task (O*NET 20.1) | Claude.aiRaw / share % |
|---|---|
Identify installation locations with proper orientation, area, solar access, or structural integrity for photovoltaic (PV) arrays.47-2231.00 | 0.004323.0 |
Check electrical installation for proper wiring, polarity, grounding, or integrity of terminations.47-2231.00 | 0.003518.6 |
Determine connection interfaces for additional subpanels or for connecting photovoltaic (PV) systems with utility services or other power generation sources.47-2231.00 | 0.003418.0 |
Determine appropriate sizes, ratings, and locations for all system overcurrent devices, disconnect devices, grounding equipment, and surge suppression equipment.47-2231.00 | 0.003015.8 |
Measure and analyze system performance and operating parameters to assess operating condition of systems or equipment.47-2231.00 | 0.002613.7 |
Determine materials, equipment, and installation sequences necessary to maximize installation efficiency.47-2231.00 | 0.002110.9 |
Values in this tab are predicted labels, not observations. Eloundou et al. (2023) published two rating regimes — human raters and GPT-4 — and the β shown here is derived from the GPT-4 rater basis alone; the same task can take a different value under the other regime. The unit and the meaning differ from the observed shares (%) in the other tabs, so do not place them on the same axis.
| Task (O*NET 27.2) | βE1 + 0.5 × E2 |
|---|---|
Determine photovoltaic (PV) system designs or configurations based on factors such as customer needs, expectations, and site conditions.O*NET Task ID 17749 | 0.5 |
Diagram layouts and locations for photovoltaic (PV) arrays and equipment, including existing building or site features.O*NET Task ID 17750 | 0.5 |
Identify installation locations with proper orientation, area, solar access, or structural integrity for photovoltaic (PV) arrays.O*NET Task ID 17754 | 0.5 |
Visually inspect and test photovoltaic (PV) modules or systems.O*NET Task ID 17762 | 0.5 |
Compile or maintain records of system operation, performance, and maintenance.O*NET Task ID 17763 | 0.5 |
Determine materials, equipment, and installation sequences necessary to maximize installation efficiency.O*NET Task ID 17765 | 0.5 |
β = E1 + 0.5 × E2 · E1 = tasks where direct LLM access alone cuts time by at least 50%, E2 = tasks where software built on top of an LLM cuts time by at least 50%. Values take only 0 / 0.5 / 1.0.
Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Anthropic Economic Index, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page
All O*NET 31.0 task statements (26)
All O*NET 31.0 task statements for this occupation (English, as published; task type core or supplemental). Exposure values are not listed here; they are in the table above, next to each task statement as worded in the O*NET version each source used.
| Task (O*NET 31.0) | Type |
|---|---|
| Assemble solar modules, panels, or support structures, as specified. | Core |
| Install photovoltaic (PV) systems in accordance with codes and standards, using drawings, schematics, and instructions. | Core |
| Perform routine photovoltaic (PV) system maintenance on modules, arrays, batteries, power conditioning equipment, safety systems, structural systems, weather sealing, or balance of systems equipment. | Core |
| Activate photovoltaic (PV) systems to verify system functionality and conformity to performance expectations. | Core |
| Apply weather sealing to array, building, or support mechanisms. | Core |
| Check electrical installation for proper wiring, polarity, grounding, or integrity of terminations. | Core |
| Determine appropriate sizes, ratings, and locations for all system overcurrent devices, disconnect devices, grounding equipment, and surge suppression equipment. | Core |
| Determine connection interfaces for additional subpanels or for connecting photovoltaic (PV) systems with utility services or other power generation sources. | Core |
| Determine photovoltaic (PV) system designs or configurations based on factors such as customer needs, expectations, and site conditions. | Core |
| Diagram layouts and locations for photovoltaic (PV) arrays and equipment, including existing building or site features. | Core |
| Examine designs to determine current requirements for all parts of the photovoltaic (PV) system electrical circuit. | Core |
| Identify and resolve any deficiencies in photovoltaic (PV) system installation or materials. | Core |
| Identify electrical, environmental, and safety hazards associated with photovoltaic (PV) installations. | Core |
| Identify installation locations with proper orientation, area, solar access, or structural integrity for photovoltaic (PV) arrays. | Core |
| Identify methods for laying out, orienting, and mounting modules or arrays to ensure efficient installation, electrical configuration, or system maintenance. | Core |
| Install module array interconnect wiring, implementing measures to disable arrays during installation. | Core |
| Install required labels on solar system components and hardware. | Core |
| Measure and analyze system performance and operating parameters to assess operating condition of systems or equipment. | Core |
| Program, adjust, or configure inverters and controls for desired set points and operating modes. | Core |
| Select mechanical designs, installation equipment, or installation plans that conform to environmental, architectural, structural, site, and code requirements. | Core |
| Test operating voltages to ensure operation within acceptable limits for power conditioning equipment, such as inverters and controllers. | Core |
| Visually inspect and test photovoltaic (PV) modules or systems. | Core |
| Compile or maintain records of system operation, performance, and maintenance. | Core |
| Demonstrate system functionality and performance, including start-up, shut-down, normal operation, and emergency or bypass operations. | Core |
| Determine materials, equipment, and installation sequences necessary to maximize installation efficiency. | Core |
| Install active solar systems, including solar collectors, concentrators, pumps, or fans. | Supplemental |
0.53/ 3· Robot exposure index
Scale, basis and source
Each physical task is graded 0–3 by the setting in which robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated could do it (0 none · 1 purpose-built robot settings such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line · 2 structured facilities such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port · 3 unstructured settings such as a private home or a construction site), and the grades are averaged by share of working time
Physical tasks among this occupation's O*NET 29.3 tasks
Anthropic estimated the grades and time shares with Claude Opus 5 using web search, as of 2026.
The robot exposure index is a different measure from the AI exposure figures on this site and cannot be added to or compared with them. It does not measure actual adoption or cost, and 0 also covers occupations with no physical tasks.
Tier of each physical task
Robot environment tiers (E0–E3)
E0 noneDetails
Rated not doable by robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated, even in a purpose-built setting
E1 purpose-built robot settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting built around the machine, such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line
E2 structured facilitiesDetails
Rated doable in a human work facility that an institution keeps to a working standard, such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port
E3 unstructured settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting that no institution keeps to a working standard, such as a private home or a construction site
Only tasks classified as physical are listed; other tasks have no tier in the source.
| Task (O*NET 29.3) | Robot environment tier |
|---|---|
| Assemble solar modules, panels, or support structures, as specified. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Install photovoltaic (PV) systems in accordance with codes and standards, using drawings, schematics, and instructions. | E0 none |
| Perform routine photovoltaic (PV) system maintenance on modules, arrays, batteries, power conditioning equipment, safety systems, structural systems, weather sealing, or balance of systems equipment. | E0 none |
| Activate photovoltaic (PV) systems to verify system functionality and conformity to performance expectations. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Apply weather sealing to array, building, or support mechanisms. | E0 none |
| Check electrical installation for proper wiring, polarity, grounding, or integrity of terminations. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Identify and resolve any deficiencies in photovoltaic (PV) system installation or materials. | E0 none |
| Identify installation locations with proper orientation, area, solar access, or structural integrity for photovoltaic (PV) arrays. | E3 unstructured settings |
| Install module array interconnect wiring, implementing measures to disable arrays during installation. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Install required labels on solar system components and hardware. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Measure and analyze system performance and operating parameters to assess operating condition of systems or equipment. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Test operating voltages to ensure operation within acceptable limits for power conditioning equipment, such as inverters and controllers. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Visually inspect and test photovoltaic (PV) modules or systems. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Demonstrate system functionality and performance, including start-up, shut-down, normal operation, and emergency or bypass operations. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Install active solar systems, including solar collectors, concentrators, pumps, or fans. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
Occupation information
Employment outlook (BLS)
- Employment, 2025
- 31K
- Projected employment, 2035
- 42K
- Change (2025–35)
- +36.5%
- Median annual wage, 2025
- $53,140
- Typical education needed for entry
- High school diploma or equivalent
Korea classification links (KSCO)
Links from the current release of the Korea Occupation Direct Crosswalk v1.1, made by AI Changing Work. Relation values are read from the O*NET-SOC occupation side.
| KSCO code | KSCO title | Relation | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| 76225 | 전기기기 설치 및 정비원 | This occupation is narrower | confirmed |
| 23750 | 신재생에너지 시험원 | Related, not a match | confirmed |
Relation and status definitions(kr-direct v1.1)
ILO occupational description
AI Changing Work links the ISCO-08 unit groups below to this occupation by applying the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (2018 SOC to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to ISCO-08) as published, without case-by-case selection; each link may be whole or partial.
- ISCO-08 7119Building Frame and Related Trades Workers Not Elsewhere Classified
- ISCO-08 7411Building and Related Electricians
Sources: ILO ISCO-08 — details: Credits
ESCO occupational vocabulary
Each entry below is matched to this occupation in the published ESCO-O*NET Crosswalk (version 1, 2022). The match types are that crosswalk's; the wording is AI Changing Work's.
- solar energy technicianESCO 7411.1.4Same scope
Solar energy technicians install and maintain systems that collect solar energy. They prepare the necessary fixtures, often on roofs, install solar panels, and plug them into an electronic system including an inverter to connect the solar energy systems to the electricity lines.
Source: European Commission, DG EMPL — ESCO API 2026-08-08 (bridge v1.2.1)
License: CC BY 4.0 (EU Reuse Notice)
ESCO reuse terms and the modification notice are in Credits.
France classification links (ROME)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and ROME 4.0 job profiles, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side. Links marked “provisional” were adopted on the judgments of two judges from the same model family (Claude) alone, or by an operator rule applied to their judgments, so they rest on weaker evidence than confirmed links.
| ROME code | ROME title (French) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| F1610 | Installateur mainteneur / Installatrice mainteneuse en systèmes solaires, thermiques et photovoltaïques | This occupation is narrower |
| F1602 | Electricien / Electricienne du bâtiment | Related, not a match |
Source: France Travail — Répertoire Opérationnel des Métiers et des Emplois (ROME 4.0), version 61, last updated 15 June 2026 (https://www.data.gouv.fr/datasets/repertoire-operationnel-des-metiers-et-des-emplois-rome). Licence Ouverte 2.0.
ROME codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET-SOC occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a France Travail correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: fr-direct v1)
Spain classification links (CNO-11)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and CNO-11 occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| CNO-11 code | CNO-11 title (Spanish) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 7294 | Montadores-instaladores de placas de energía solar | This occupation is narrower |
| 7510 | Electricistas de la construcción y afines | Related, not a match |
Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), National Classification of Occupations 2011 (CNO-11, Royal Decree 1591/2010) — www.ine.es · Licensed CC BY 4.0. CNO-11 codes and Spanish titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not an INE correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: es-direct v1)
Germany classification links (KldB)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and KldB occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| KldB code | KldB title (German) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 26242 | Berufe in der regenerativen Energietechnik - fachlich ausgerichtete Tätigkeiten | Overlapping, not the sameprovisional |
| 26212 | Berufe in der Bauelektrik - fachlich ausgerichtete Tätigkeiten | Related, not a matchprovisional |
Source: © Statistik der Bundesagentur für Arbeit — Klassifikation der Berufe 2010 – überarbeitete Fassung 2020, https://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de. KldB codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own mapping (eigene Zuordnung) and are not a Bundesagentur für Arbeit correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: de-direct v1)
Japan classification links (JSCO)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and JSCO occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| JSCO code | JSCO title (Japanese) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 679 | その他の電気工事従事者 | Related, not a match |
Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC), Japan Standard Occupational Classification (Dec. 2009, MIC Notification No. 555). JSCO codes and Japanese titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a MIC correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: jp-direct v1)
Sources, licenses and AI Changing Work's modification and translation notices for this page: Credits & sources