Segmental Pavers
Construction and Extraction Occupations- O*NET-SOC code
- 47-4091.00
Lay out, cut, and place segmental paving units. Includes installers of bedding and restraining materials for the paving units.
- Data source: ILOPublished: 2025
0.10–0.11· 2 ISCO-08 groups
Scale, basis and source
Generative AI exposure index, 0–1 as published
Published per ISCO-08 unit group. Linked to this occupation, wholly or in part, by applying U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (ISCO-08 to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to 2018 SOC) as published
- Data source: OpenAIPublished: 2023
0.083
0.000Range of values carried here0.844Scale, basis and source
ILO value for each linked ISCO-08 group
- ISCO-08 7113Stonemasons, Stone Cutters, Splitters and Carvers0.11
- ISCO-08 7114Concrete Placers, Concrete Finishers and Related Workers0.10
Task-level exposure
Exposed tasks only12 rated tasks · 1 tasks with β ≥ 0.5 (8.3%)
β = direct exposure (E1) + 0.5 × exposure when tools are available (E2), per the source repository's definition.
- Source unit: O*NET 27.2 tasks → O*NET 31.0 occupation code
- All rated tasks are in the O*NET 31.0 task list.
- Source
- OpenAI "GPTs are GPTs" exposure rubric
- Release
- gh-main-0471612
- License
- MIT License, Copyright (c) 2024 OpenAI
Values in this tab are predicted labels, not observations. Eloundou et al. (2023) published two rating regimes — human raters and GPT-4 — and the β shown here is derived from the GPT-4 rater basis alone; the same task can take a different value under the other regime.
| Task (O*NET 27.2) | βE1 + 0.5 × E2 |
|---|---|
Design paver installation layout pattern and create markings for directional references of joints and stringlines.O*NET Task ID 8290 | 0.5 |
Supply and place base materials, edge restraints, bedding sand and jointing sand.O*NET Task ID 8284 | 0.0 |
Prepare base for installation by removing unstable or unsuitable materials, compacting and grading the soil, draining or stabilizing weak or saturated soils and taking measures to prevent water penetration and migration of bedding sand.O*NET Task ID 8285 | 0.0 |
Sweep sand from the surface prior to opening to traffic.O*NET Task ID 8286 | 0.0 |
Set pavers, aligning and spacing them correctly.O*NET Task ID 8287 | 0.0 |
Sweep sand into the joints and compact pavement until the joints are full.O*NET Task ID 8288 | 0.0 |
Compact bedding sand and pavers to finish the paved area, using a plate compactor.O*NET Task ID 8289 | 0.0 |
Resurface an outside area with cobblestones, terracotta tiles, concrete or other materials.O*NET Task ID 8291 | 0.0 |
Discuss the design with the client.O*NET Task ID 8292 | 0.0 |
Cut paving stones to size and for edges, using a splitter and a masonry saw.O*NET Task ID 8293 | 0.0 |
Screed sand level to an even thickness, and recheck sand exposed to elements, raking and rescreeding if necessary.O*NET Task ID 8294 | 0.0 |
Cement the edges of the paved area.O*NET Task ID 8295 | 0.0 |
β = E1 + 0.5 × E2 · E1 = tasks where direct LLM access alone cuts time by at least 50%, E2 = tasks where software built on top of an LLM cuts time by at least 50%. Values take only 0 / 0.5 / 1.0.
Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page
All O*NET 31.0 task statements (12)
All O*NET 31.0 task statements for this occupation (English, as published; task type core or supplemental). Exposure values are not listed here; they are in the table above, next to each task statement as worded in the O*NET version each source used.
| Task (O*NET 31.0) | Type |
|---|---|
| Supply and place base materials, edge restraints, bedding sand and jointing sand. | Core |
| Prepare base for installation by removing unstable or unsuitable materials, compacting and grading the soil, draining or stabilizing weak or saturated soils and taking measures to prevent water penetration and migration of bedding sand. | Core |
| Sweep sand from the surface prior to opening to traffic. | Core |
| Set pavers, aligning and spacing them correctly. | Core |
| Sweep sand into the joints and compact pavement until the joints are full. | Core |
| Compact bedding sand and pavers to finish the paved area, using a plate compactor. | Core |
| Design paver installation layout pattern and create markings for directional references of joints and stringlines. | Core |
| Resurface an outside area with cobblestones, terracotta tiles, concrete or other materials. | Core |
| Discuss the design with the client. | Core |
| Cut paving stones to size and for edges, using a splitter and a masonry saw. | Core |
| Screed sand level to an even thickness, and recheck sand exposed to elements, raking and rescreeding if necessary. | Core |
| Cement the edges of the paved area. | Core |
0.32/ 3· Robot exposure index
Scale, basis and source
Each physical task is graded 0–3 by the setting in which robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated could do it (0 none · 1 purpose-built robot settings such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line · 2 structured facilities such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port · 3 unstructured settings such as a private home or a construction site), and the grades are averaged by share of working time
Physical tasks among this occupation's O*NET 29.3 tasks
Anthropic estimated the grades and time shares with Claude Opus 5 using web search, as of 2026.
The robot exposure index is a different measure from the AI exposure figures on this site and cannot be added to or compared with them. It does not measure actual adoption or cost, and 0 also covers occupations with no physical tasks.
Tier of each physical task
Robot environment tiers (E0–E3)
E0 noneDetails
Rated not doable by robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated, even in a purpose-built setting
E1 purpose-built robot settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting built around the machine, such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line
E2 structured facilitiesDetails
Rated doable in a human work facility that an institution keeps to a working standard, such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port
E3 unstructured settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting that no institution keeps to a working standard, such as a private home or a construction site
Only tasks classified as physical are listed; other tasks have no tier in the source.
| Task (O*NET 29.3) | Robot environment tier |
|---|---|
| Supply and place base materials, edge restraints, bedding sand and jointing sand. | E0 none |
| Prepare base for installation by removing unstable or unsuitable materials, compacting and grading the soil, draining or stabilizing weak or saturated soils and taking measures to prevent water penetration and migration of bedding sand. | E0 none |
| Sweep sand from the surface prior to opening to traffic. | E2 structured facilities |
| Set pavers, aligning and spacing them correctly. | E0 none |
| Sweep sand into the joints and compact pavement until the joints are full. | E0 none |
| Compact bedding sand and pavers to finish the paved area, using a plate compactor. | E0 none |
| Design paver installation layout pattern and create markings for directional references of joints and stringlines. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Resurface an outside area with cobblestones, terracotta tiles, concrete or other materials. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Cut paving stones to size and for edges, using a splitter and a masonry saw. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Screed sand level to an even thickness, and recheck sand exposed to elements, raking and rescreeding if necessary. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Cement the edges of the paved area. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
Occupation information
Employment outlook (BLS)
The BLS Employment Projections table has no row for SOC 47-4091.
Korea classification links (KSCO)
Links from the current release of the Korea Occupation Direct Crosswalk v1.1, made by AI Changing Work. Relation values are read from the O*NET-SOC occupation side.
| KSCO code | KSCO title | Relation | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| 78252 | 보도블록 설치원 | Same scope | confirmed |
Relation and status definitions(kr-direct v1.1)
ILO occupational description
AI Changing Work links the ISCO-08 unit groups below to this occupation by applying the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (2018 SOC to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to ISCO-08) as published, without case-by-case selection; each link may be whole or partial.
- ISCO-08 7113Stonemasons, Stone Cutters, Splitters and Carvers
- ISCO-08 7114Concrete Placers, Concrete Finishers and Related Workers
Sources: ILO ISCO-08 — details: Credits
ESCO occupational vocabulary
Each entry below is matched to this occupation in the published ESCO-O*NET Crosswalk (version 1, 2022). The match types are that crosswalk's; the wording is AI Changing Work's.
- road construction workerESCO 8342.6This occupation is narrower
Road construction workers perform road construction on earthworks, substructure works and the pavement section of the road. They cover the compacted soil with one or more layers. Road construction workers usually lay a stabilising bed of sand or clay first before adding asphalt or concrete slabs in order to finish a road.
Source: European Commission, DG EMPL — ESCO API 2026-08-08 (bridge v1.2.1)
License: CC BY 4.0 (EU Reuse Notice)
ESCO reuse terms and the modification notice are in Credits.
France classification links (ROME)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and ROME 4.0 job profiles, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side. Links marked “provisional” were adopted on the judgments of two judges from the same model family (Claude) alone, or by an operator rule applied to their judgments, so they rest on weaker evidence than confirmed links.
| ROME code | ROME title (French) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| F1702 | Ouvrier / Ouvrière en voieries urbaines | This occupation is narrowerprovisional |
| F1707 | Maçon / Maçonne du paysage | Related, not a matchprovisional |
Source: France Travail — Répertoire Opérationnel des Métiers et des Emplois (ROME 4.0), version 61, last updated 15 June 2026 (https://www.data.gouv.fr/datasets/repertoire-operationnel-des-metiers-et-des-emplois-rome). Licence Ouverte 2.0.
ROME codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET-SOC occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a France Travail correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: fr-direct v1)
Spain classification links (CNO-11)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and CNO-11 occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| CNO-11 code | CNO-11 title (Spanish) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 7240 | Soladores, colocadores de parquet y afines | This occupation is narrower |
Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), National Classification of Occupations 2011 (CNO-11, Royal Decree 1591/2010) — www.ine.es · Licensed CC BY 4.0. CNO-11 codes and Spanish titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not an INE correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: es-direct v1)
Germany classification links (KldB)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and KldB occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| KldB code | KldB title (German) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 32212 | Pflasterer/Pflasterinnen und Steinsetzer/innen - fachlich ausgerichtete Tätigkeiten | Same scope |
Source: © Statistik der Bundesagentur für Arbeit — Klassifikation der Berufe 2010 – überarbeitete Fassung 2020, https://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de. KldB codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own mapping (eigene Zuordnung) and are not a Bundesagentur für Arbeit correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: de-direct v1)
Japan classification links (JSCO)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and JSCO occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| JSCO code | JSCO title (Japanese) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 681 | 土木従事者 | This occupation is narrowerprovisional |
| 662 | ブロック積・タイル張従事者 | Related, not a matchprovisional |
Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC), Japan Standard Occupational Classification (Dec. 2009, MIC Notification No. 555). JSCO codes and Japanese titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a MIC correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: jp-direct v1)
Sources, licenses and AI Changing Work's modification and translation notices for this page: Credits & sources