Automotive Body and Related Repairers
Installation, Maintenance, and Repair Occupations- O*NET-SOC code
- 49-3021.00
Repair and refinish automotive vehicle bodies and straighten vehicle frames.
- Data source: BLSPublished: 2026-08
Low· relative
LowFour relative bandsVery highGroup-level value
Scale, basis and source
Four relative bands (Low / Moderate / High / Very high)
831 detailed occupations in the BLS Employment Projections table. Assigned per National Employment Matrix (NEM) code, so occupations sharing a NEM code carry the same band
- Data source: AnthropicPublished: 2026-03
0.000
0.000Range of values carried here0.745Scale, basis and source
Observed exposure index, 0–1 as published
Mapped onto O*NET tasks
Published per SOC 2018 occupation; every O*NET occupation with the same SOC 2018 code carries this value
- Data source: ILOPublished: 2025
0.18
0.09Range of values carried here0.70Group-level value
Scale, basis and source
Generative AI exposure index, 0–1 as published
Published per ISCO-08 unit group. Linked to this occupation, wholly or in part, by applying U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (ISCO-08 to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to 2018 SOC) as published
What kind of figure this source publishes
The BLS category is a relative rank, not an absolute level, and it is not a first-hand measurement: it groups an occupation's percentile ranks across several published studies into four bands. It is not an employment or wage forecast, not a probability of adoption, and it does not separate automation from augmentation.
Task-level exposure
Exposed tasks only25 rated tasks · 2 tasks with β ≥ 0.5 (8.0%)
β = direct exposure (E1) + 0.5 × exposure when tools are available (E2), per the source repository's definition.
- Source unit: O*NET 27.2 tasks → O*NET 31.0 occupation code
- All rated tasks are in the O*NET 31.0 task list.
- Source
- OpenAI "GPTs are GPTs" exposure rubric
- Release
- gh-main-0471612
- License
- MIT License, Copyright (c) 2024 OpenAI
Values in this tab are predicted labels, not observations. Eloundou et al. (2023) published two rating regimes — human raters and GPT-4 — and the β shown here is derived from the GPT-4 rater basis alone; the same task can take a different value under the other regime.
| Task (O*NET 27.2) | βE1 + 0.5 × E2 |
|---|---|
Remove damaged panels, and identify the family and properties of the plastic used on a vehicle.O*NET Task ID 2945 | 0.5 |
Review damage reports, prepare or review repair cost estimates, and plan work to be performed.O*NET Task ID 2946 | 0.5 |
File, grind, sand, and smooth filled or repaired surfaces, using power tools and hand tools.O*NET Task ID 2933 | 0.0 |
Sand body areas to be painted and cover bumpers, windows, and trim with masking tape or paper to protect them from the paint.O*NET Task ID 2934 | 0.0 |
Follow supervisors' instructions as to which parts to restore or replace and how much time the job should take.O*NET Task ID 2935 | 0.0 |
Remove damaged sections of vehicles using metal-cutting guns, air grinders and wrenches, and install replacement parts using wrenches or welding equipment.O*NET Task ID 2936 | 0.0 |
Cut and tape plastic separating film to outside repair areas to avoid damaging surrounding surfaces during repair procedure and remove tape and wash surfaces after repairs are complete.O*NET Task ID 2937 | 0.0 |
Prime and paint repaired surfaces, using paint sprayguns and motorized sanders.O*NET Task ID 2938 | 0.0 |
Mix polyester resins and hardeners to be used in restoring damaged areas.O*NET Task ID 2940 | 0.0 |
Chain or clamp frames and sections to alignment machines that use hydraulic pressure to align damaged components.O*NET Task ID 2941 | 0.0 |
Fill small dents that cannot be worked out with plastic or solder.O*NET Task ID 2942 | 0.0 |
Fit and weld replacement parts into place, using wrenches and welding equipment, and grind down welds to smooth them, using power grinders and other tools.O*NET Task ID 2943 | 0.0 |
Position dolly blocks against surfaces of dented areas and beat opposite surfaces to remove dents, using hammers.O*NET Task ID 2944 | 0.0 |
Remove small pits and dimples in body metal, using pick hammers and punches.O*NET Task ID 2947 | 0.0 |
Remove upholstery, accessories, electrical window-and-seat-operating equipment, and trim to gain access to vehicle bodies and fenders.O*NET Task ID 2948 | 0.0 |
Clean work areas, using air hoses, to remove damaged material and discarded fiberglass strips used in repair procedures.O*NET Task ID 2949 | 0.0 |
Adjust or align headlights, wheels, and brake systems.O*NET Task ID 2950 | 0.0 |
Apply heat to plastic panels, using hot-air welding guns or immersion in hot water, and press the softened panels back into shape by hand.O*NET Task ID 2951 | 0.0 |
Soak fiberglass matting in resin mixtures and apply layers of matting over repair areas to specified thicknesses.O*NET Task ID 2952 | 0.0 |
Cut openings in vehicle bodies for the installation of customized windows, using templates and power shears or chisels.O*NET Task ID 2953 | 0.0 |
Fit and secure windows, vinyl roofs, and metal trim to vehicle bodies, using caulking guns, adhesive brushes, and mallets.O*NET Task ID 2954 | 0.0 |
Read specifications or confer with customers to determine the desired custom modifications for altering the appearance of vehicles.O*NET Task ID 2955 | 0.0 |
Replace damaged glass on vehicles.O*NET Task ID 2956 | 0.0 |
Measure and mark vinyl material and cut material to size for roof installation, using rules, straightedges, and hand shears.O*NET Task ID 2957 | 0.0 |
Inspect repaired vehicles for proper functioning, completion of work, dimensional accuracy, and overall appearance of paint job, and test-drive vehicles to ensure proper alignment and handling.O*NET Task ID 18580 | 0.0 |
β = E1 + 0.5 × E2 · E1 = tasks where direct LLM access alone cuts time by at least 50%, E2 = tasks where software built on top of an LLM cuts time by at least 50%. Values take only 0 / 0.5 / 1.0.
Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page
All O*NET 31.0 task statements (25)
All O*NET 31.0 task statements for this occupation (English, as published; task type core or supplemental). Exposure values are not listed here; they are in the table above, next to each task statement as worded in the O*NET version each source used.
| Task (O*NET 31.0) | Type |
|---|---|
| File, grind, sand, and smooth filled or repaired surfaces, using power tools and hand tools. | Core |
| Sand body areas to be painted and cover bumpers, windows, and trim with masking tape or paper to protect them from the paint. | Core |
| Follow supervisors' instructions as to which parts to restore or replace and how much time the job should take. | Core |
| Remove damaged sections of vehicles using metal-cutting guns, air grinders and wrenches, and install replacement parts using wrenches or welding equipment. | Core |
| Cut and tape plastic separating film to outside repair areas to avoid damaging surrounding surfaces during repair procedure and remove tape and wash surfaces after repairs are complete. | Core |
| Prime and paint repaired surfaces, using paint sprayguns and motorized sanders. | Core |
| Mix polyester resins and hardeners to be used in restoring damaged areas. | Core |
| Chain or clamp frames and sections to alignment machines that use hydraulic pressure to align damaged components. | Core |
| Fill small dents that cannot be worked out with plastic or solder. | Core |
| Fit and weld replacement parts into place, using wrenches and welding equipment, and grind down welds to smooth them, using power grinders and other tools. | Core |
| Position dolly blocks against surfaces of dented areas and beat opposite surfaces to remove dents, using hammers. | Core |
| Remove damaged panels, and identify the family and properties of the plastic used on a vehicle. | Core |
| Review damage reports, prepare or review repair cost estimates, and plan work to be performed. | Core |
| Remove small pits and dimples in body metal, using pick hammers and punches. | Core |
| Remove upholstery, accessories, electrical window-and-seat-operating equipment, and trim to gain access to vehicle bodies and fenders. | Core |
| Clean work areas, using air hoses, to remove damaged material and discarded fiberglass strips used in repair procedures. | Core |
| Adjust or align headlights, wheels, and brake systems. | Core |
| Apply heat to plastic panels, using hot-air welding guns or immersion in hot water, and press the softened panels back into shape by hand. | Core |
| Soak fiberglass matting in resin mixtures and apply layers of matting over repair areas to specified thicknesses. | Core |
| Fit and secure windows, vinyl roofs, and metal trim to vehicle bodies, using caulking guns, adhesive brushes, and mallets. | Core |
| Replace damaged glass on vehicles. | Core |
| Inspect repaired vehicles for proper functioning, completion of work, dimensional accuracy, and overall appearance of paint job, and test-drive vehicles to ensure proper alignment and handling. | Core |
| Cut openings in vehicle bodies for the installation of customized windows, using templates and power shears or chisels. | Supplemental |
| Read specifications or confer with customers to determine the desired custom modifications for altering the appearance of vehicles. | Supplemental |
| Measure and mark vinyl material and cut material to size for roof installation, using rules, straightedges, and hand shears. | Supplemental |
0.48/ 3· Robot exposure index
Scale, basis and source
Each physical task is graded 0–3 by the setting in which robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated could do it (0 none · 1 purpose-built robot settings such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line · 2 structured facilities such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port · 3 unstructured settings such as a private home or a construction site), and the grades are averaged by share of working time
Physical tasks among this occupation's O*NET 29.3 tasks
Anthropic estimated the grades and time shares with Claude Opus 5 using web search, as of 2026.
The robot exposure index is a different measure from the AI exposure figures on this site and cannot be added to or compared with them. It does not measure actual adoption or cost, and 0 also covers occupations with no physical tasks.
Tier of each physical task
Robot environment tiers (E0–E3)
E0 noneDetails
Rated not doable by robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated, even in a purpose-built setting
E1 purpose-built robot settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting built around the machine, such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line
E2 structured facilitiesDetails
Rated doable in a human work facility that an institution keeps to a working standard, such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port
E3 unstructured settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting that no institution keeps to a working standard, such as a private home or a construction site
Only tasks classified as physical are listed; other tasks have no tier in the source.
| Task (O*NET 29.3) | Robot environment tier |
|---|---|
| File, grind, sand, and smooth filled or repaired surfaces, using power tools and hand tools. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Sand body areas to be painted and cover bumpers, windows, and trim with masking tape or paper to protect them from the paint. | E0 none |
| Remove damaged sections of vehicles using metal-cutting guns, air grinders and wrenches, and install replacement parts using wrenches or welding equipment. | E0 none |
| Cut and tape plastic separating film to outside repair areas to avoid damaging surrounding surfaces during repair procedure and remove tape and wash surfaces after repairs are complete. | E0 none |
| Prime and paint repaired surfaces, using paint sprayguns and motorized sanders. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Mix polyester resins and hardeners to be used in restoring damaged areas. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Chain or clamp frames and sections to alignment machines that use hydraulic pressure to align damaged components. | E0 none |
| Fill small dents that cannot be worked out with plastic or solder. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Fit and weld replacement parts into place, using wrenches and welding equipment, and grind down welds to smooth them, using power grinders and other tools. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Position dolly blocks against surfaces of dented areas and beat opposite surfaces to remove dents, using hammers. | E0 none |
| Remove damaged panels, and identify the family and properties of the plastic used on a vehicle. | E0 none |
| Remove small pits and dimples in body metal, using pick hammers and punches. | E0 none |
| Remove upholstery, accessories, electrical window-and-seat-operating equipment, and trim to gain access to vehicle bodies and fenders. | E0 none |
| Clean work areas, using air hoses, to remove damaged material and discarded fiberglass strips used in repair procedures. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Adjust or align headlights, wheels, and brake systems. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Apply heat to plastic panels, using hot-air welding guns or immersion in hot water, and press the softened panels back into shape by hand. | E0 none |
| Soak fiberglass matting in resin mixtures and apply layers of matting over repair areas to specified thicknesses. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Fit and secure windows, vinyl roofs, and metal trim to vehicle bodies, using caulking guns, adhesive brushes, and mallets. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Replace damaged glass on vehicles. | E0 none |
| Inspect repaired vehicles for proper functioning, completion of work, dimensional accuracy, and overall appearance of paint job, and test-drive vehicles to ensure proper alignment and handling. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Cut openings in vehicle bodies for the installation of customized windows, using templates and power shears or chisels. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Measure and mark vinyl material and cut material to size for roof installation, using rules, straightedges, and hand shears. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
Occupation information
Employment outlook (BLS)
- Employment, 2025
- 163K
- Projected employment, 2035
- 169K
- Change (2025–35)
- +3.7%
- Median annual wage, 2025
- $54,890
- Typical education needed for entry
- High school diploma or equivalent
Korea classification links (KSCO)
Links from the current release of the Korea Occupation Direct Crosswalk v1.1, made by AI Changing Work. Relation values are read from the O*NET-SOC occupation side.
| KSCO code | KSCO title | Relation | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| 75104 | 자동차 판금 및 도장 정비원 | Same scope | confirmed |
Relation and status definitions(kr-direct v1.1)
ILO occupational description
AI Changing Work links the ISCO-08 unit groups below to this occupation by applying the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (2018 SOC to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to ISCO-08) as published, without case-by-case selection; each link may be whole or partial.
- ISCO-08 7231Motor Vehicle Mechanics and Repairers
The definition, tasks and examples below are the ILO's description of that unit group, not of this occupation.
Motor vehicle mechanics and repairers fit, install, maintain, service and repair engines and the mechanical and related equipment of passenger cars, delivery trucks, motorcycles and other motor vehicles.
Tasks
- (a) detecting and diagnosing faults in engines and parts;
- (b) fitting, examining, testing and servicing motor vehicle and motorcycle engines;
- (c) replacing engine components or complete engines;
- (d) fitting, examining, adjusting, dismantling, rebuilding and replacing defective parts of motor vehicles;
- (e) installing or adjusting motors and brakes, and adjusting steering or other parts of motor vehicles;
- (f) installing, adjusting, servicing and replacing mechatronics components of motor vehicles;
- (g) performing scheduled maintenance services, such as oil changes, lubrications and engine tune-ups, to achieve smoother running of vehicles and ensure compliance with pollution regulations;
- (h) reassembling engines and parts after being repaired.
Example occupations
Automotive brakes systems service technician · Diesel fitter (road transport) · Engine fitter (motor vehicle) · Garage mechanic · Moped repairer · Motorcycle mechanic · Motorized rickshaw mechanic · Motor vehicle engine and fuel systems service technician · Motor vehicle mechanic · Motor vehicle mechatronics service technician · Motor vehicle repairer · Motor vehicle service technician · Small engine mechanic
Sources: ILO ISCO-08 — details: Credits
ESCO occupational vocabulary
Each entry below is matched to this occupation in the published ESCO-O*NET Crosswalk (version 1, 2022). The match types are that crosswalk's; the wording is AI Changing Work's.
- restoration technicianESCO 7231.5Same scope
Restoration technicians overhaul old and classic cars.
- vehicle glazierESCO 7125.2This occupation is broader
Vehicle glaziers install glass in motor vehicles taking into account the automobile manufacturer specifications such as glass type, thickness, size and shape. They order and inspect windows for specific automobile models and prepare the damaged areas to install new glass.
- coachbuilderESCO 7231.2Overlapping, not the same
Coachbuilders execute work on vehicle bodies and coaches with skills to form body parts from panels, manufacture and assemble the frames and parts for vehicles.
- motor vehicle upholstererESCO 7534.3.3Overlapping, not the same
Motor vehicle upholsterers create manufacturing templates, manufacture and assemble interior components for cars, buses, trucks etc. They use power tools, hand tools and shop equipment to prepare and fasten materials. They also inspect incoming materials and prepare the vehicle interior for trim items.
- vehicle cleanerESCO 9122.1Overlapping, not the same
Vehicle cleaners clean and polish surfaces of external parts and interiors of vehicles.
Source: European Commission, DG EMPL — ESCO API 2026-08-08 (bridge v1.2.1)
License: CC BY 4.0 (EU Reuse Notice)
ESCO reuse terms and the modification notice are in Credits.
France classification links (ROME)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and ROME 4.0 job profiles, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side. Links marked “provisional” were adopted on the judgments of two judges from the same model family (Claude) alone, or by an operator rule applied to their judgments, so they rest on weaker evidence than confirmed links.
| ROME code | ROME title (French) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| I1606 | Carrossier-peintre / Carrossière-peintre | Same scopeprovisional |
| I1621 | Tôlier / Tôlière en carrosserie automobile | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| I1625 | Débosseleur / Débosseleuse sans peinture | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| I1626 | Préparateur / Préparatrice en tôlerie automobile | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| I1614 | Préparateur / Préparatrice en peinture automobile | Related, not a matchprovisional |
Source: France Travail — Répertoire Opérationnel des Métiers et des Emplois (ROME 4.0), version 61, last updated 15 June 2026 (https://www.data.gouv.fr/datasets/repertoire-operationnel-des-metiers-et-des-emplois-rome). Licence Ouverte 2.0.
ROME codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET-SOC occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a France Travail correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: fr-direct v1)
Spain classification links (CNO-11)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and CNO-11 occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| CNO-11 code | CNO-11 title (Spanish) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 7313 | Chapistas y caldereros | This occupation is narrowerprovisional |
| 7232 | Pintores en las industrias manufactureras | Related, not a matchprovisional |
Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), National Classification of Occupations 2011 (CNO-11, Royal Decree 1591/2010) — www.ine.es · Licensed CC BY 4.0. CNO-11 codes and Spanish titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not an INE correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: es-direct v1)
Germany classification links (KldB)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and KldB occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| KldB code | KldB title (German) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 25212 | Berufe in der Kraftfahrzeugtechnik - fachlich ausgerichtete Tätigkeiten | This occupation is narrower |
Source: © Statistik der Bundesagentur für Arbeit — Klassifikation der Berufe 2010 – überarbeitete Fassung 2020, https://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de. KldB codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own mapping (eigene Zuordnung) and are not a Bundesagentur für Arbeit correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: de-direct v1)
Japan classification links (JSCO)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and JSCO occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| JSCO code | JSCO title (Japanese) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 553 | 自動車整備・修理従事者 | This occupation is narrower |
| 591 | 生産関連作業従事者 | Related, not a match |
Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC), Japan Standard Occupational Classification (Dec. 2009, MIC Notification No. 555). JSCO codes and Japanese titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a MIC correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: jp-direct v1)
Sources, licenses and AI Changing Work's modification and translation notices for this page: Credits & sources