Automotive Glass Installers and Repairers
Installation, Maintenance, and Repair Occupations- O*NET-SOC code
- 49-3022.00
Replace or repair broken windshields and window glass in motor vehicles.
- Data source: BLSPublished: 2026-08
Low· relative
LowFour relative bandsVery highGroup-level value
Scale, basis and source
Four relative bands (Low / Moderate / High / Very high)
831 detailed occupations in the BLS Employment Projections table. Assigned per National Employment Matrix (NEM) code, so occupations sharing a NEM code carry the same band
- Data source: AnthropicPublished: 2026-03
0.000
0.000Range of values carried here0.745Scale, basis and source
Observed exposure index, 0–1 as published
Mapped onto O*NET tasks
Published per SOC 2018 occupation; every O*NET occupation with the same SOC 2018 code carries this value
- Data source: ILOPublished: 2025
0.18
0.09Range of values carried here0.70Group-level value
Scale, basis and source
Generative AI exposure index, 0–1 as published
Published per ISCO-08 unit group. Linked to this occupation, wholly or in part, by applying U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (ISCO-08 to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to 2018 SOC) as published
What kind of figure this source publishes
The BLS category is a relative rank, not an absolute level, and it is not a first-hand measurement: it groups an occupation's percentile ranks across several published studies into four bands. It is not an employment or wage forecast, not a probability of adoption, and it does not separate automation from augmentation.
Task-level exposure
18 rated tasks · 0 tasks with β ≥ 0.5 (0.0%)
β = direct exposure (E1) + 0.5 × exposure when tools are available (E2), per the source repository's definition.
- Source unit: O*NET 27.2 tasks → O*NET 31.0 occupation code
- All rated tasks are in the O*NET 31.0 task list.
- Source
- OpenAI "GPTs are GPTs" exposure rubric
- Release
- gh-main-0471612
- License
- MIT License, Copyright (c) 2024 OpenAI
Values in this tab are predicted labels, not observations. Eloundou et al. (2023) published two rating regimes — human raters and GPT-4 — and the β shown here is derived from the GPT-4 rater basis alone; the same task can take a different value under the other regime. The unit and the meaning differ from the observed shares (%) in the other tabs, so do not place them on the same axis.
| Task (O*NET 27.2) | βE1 + 0.5 × E2 |
|---|---|
Remove all dirt, foreign matter, and loose glass from damaged areas, apply primer along windshield or window edges, and allow primer to dry.O*NET Task ID 8318 | 0.0 |
Allow all glass parts installed with urethane ample time to cure, taking temperature and humidity into account.O*NET Task ID 8320 | 0.0 |
Obtain windshields or windows for specific automobile makes and models from stock and examine them for defects prior to installation.O*NET Task ID 8322 | 0.0 |
Check for and remove moisture or contamination in damaged areas and keep areas dry until repairs are complete.O*NET Task ID 8323 | 0.0 |
Apply a bead of urethane around the perimeter of each pinchweld and dress the remaining urethane on the pinchwelds so that it is of uniform level and thickness.O*NET Task ID 8324 | 0.0 |
Select appropriate tools, safety equipment, and parts, according to job requirements.O*NET Task ID 8325 | 0.0 |
Remove broken or damaged glass windshields or window glass from motor vehicles, using hand tools to remove screws from frames holding glass.O*NET Task ID 8326 | 0.0 |
Replace all moldings, clips, windshield wipers, or other parts that were removed prior to glass replacement or repair.O*NET Task ID 8327 | 0.0 |
Remove moldings, clips, windshield wipers, screws, bolts, and inside A-pillar moldings and lower headliners in preparation for installation or repair work.O*NET Task ID 8328 | 0.0 |
Install, repair, or replace safety glass and related materials, such as back glass heating elements, on vehicles or equipment.O*NET Task ID 8329 | 0.0 |
Install rubber channeling strips around edges of glass or frames to weatherproof windows or to prevent rattling.O*NET Task ID 8330 | 0.0 |
Hold cut or uneven edges of glass against automated abrasive belts to shape or smooth edges.O*NET Task ID 8331 | 0.0 |
Cut flat safety glass according to specified patterns or perform precision pattern making and glass cutting to custom fit replacement windows.O*NET Task ID 8332 | 0.0 |
Replace or adjust motorized or manual window-raising mechanisms.O*NET Task ID 8333 | 0.0 |
Install new foam dams on pinchwelds, if required.O*NET Task ID 8334 | 0.0 |
Cool or warm glass in the event of temperature extremes.O*NET Task ID 8335 | 0.0 |
Prime all scratches on pinchwelds with primer and allow to dry.O*NET Task ID 20645 | 0.0 |
Install replacement glass in vehicles.O*NET Task ID 20646 | 0.0 |
β = E1 + 0.5 × E2 · E1 = tasks where direct LLM access alone cuts time by at least 50%, E2 = tasks where software built on top of an LLM cuts time by at least 50%. Values take only 0 / 0.5 / 1.0.
Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page
All O*NET 31.0 task statements (18)
All O*NET 31.0 task statements for this occupation (English, as published; task type core or supplemental). Exposure values are not listed here; they are in the table above, next to each task statement as worded in the O*NET version each source used.
| Task (O*NET 31.0) | Type |
|---|---|
| Remove all dirt, foreign matter, and loose glass from damaged areas, apply primer along windshield or window edges, and allow primer to dry. | Core |
| Allow all glass parts installed with urethane ample time to cure, taking temperature and humidity into account. | Core |
| Obtain windshields or windows for specific automobile makes and models from stock and examine them for defects prior to installation. | Core |
| Check for and remove moisture or contamination in damaged areas and keep areas dry until repairs are complete. | Core |
| Apply a bead of urethane around the perimeter of each pinchweld and dress the remaining urethane on the pinchwelds so that it is of uniform level and thickness. | Core |
| Select appropriate tools, safety equipment, and parts, according to job requirements. | Core |
| Remove broken or damaged glass windshields or window glass from motor vehicles, using hand tools to remove screws from frames holding glass. | Core |
| Replace all moldings, clips, windshield wipers, or other parts that were removed prior to glass replacement or repair. | Core |
| Remove moldings, clips, windshield wipers, screws, bolts, and inside A-pillar moldings and lower headliners in preparation for installation or repair work. | Core |
| Install, repair, or replace safety glass and related materials, such as back glass heating elements, on vehicles or equipment. | Core |
| Install rubber channeling strips around edges of glass or frames to weatherproof windows or to prevent rattling. | Core |
| Replace or adjust motorized or manual window-raising mechanisms. | Core |
| Install new foam dams on pinchwelds, if required. | Core |
| Prime all scratches on pinchwelds with primer and allow to dry. | Core |
| Install replacement glass in vehicles. | Core |
| Hold cut or uneven edges of glass against automated abrasive belts to shape or smooth edges. | Supplemental |
| Cut flat safety glass according to specified patterns or perform precision pattern making and glass cutting to custom fit replacement windows. | Supplemental |
| Cool or warm glass in the event of temperature extremes. | Supplemental |
0.63/ 3· Robot exposure index
Scale, basis and source
Each physical task is graded 0–3 by the setting in which robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated could do it (0 none · 1 purpose-built robot settings such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line · 2 structured facilities such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port · 3 unstructured settings such as a private home or a construction site), and the grades are averaged by share of working time
Physical tasks among this occupation's O*NET 29.3 tasks
Anthropic estimated the grades and time shares with Claude Opus 5 using web search, as of 2026.
The robot exposure index is a different measure from the AI exposure figures on this site and cannot be added to or compared with them. It does not measure actual adoption or cost, and 0 also covers occupations with no physical tasks.
Tier of each physical task
Robot environment tiers (E0–E3)
E0 noneDetails
Rated not doable by robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated, even in a purpose-built setting
E1 purpose-built robot settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting built around the machine, such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line
E2 structured facilitiesDetails
Rated doable in a human work facility that an institution keeps to a working standard, such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port
E3 unstructured settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting that no institution keeps to a working standard, such as a private home or a construction site
Only tasks classified as physical are listed; other tasks have no tier in the source.
| Task (O*NET 29.3) | Robot environment tier |
|---|---|
| Remove all dirt, foreign matter, and loose glass from damaged areas, apply primer along windshield or window edges, and allow primer to dry. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Obtain windshields or windows for specific automobile makes and models from stock and examine them for defects prior to installation. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Check for and remove moisture or contamination in damaged areas and keep areas dry until repairs are complete. | E0 none |
| Apply a bead of urethane around the perimeter of each pinchweld and dress the remaining urethane on the pinchwelds so that it is of uniform level and thickness. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Select appropriate tools, safety equipment, and parts, according to job requirements. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Remove broken or damaged glass windshields or window glass from motor vehicles, using hand tools to remove screws from frames holding glass. | E0 none |
| Replace all moldings, clips, windshield wipers, or other parts that were removed prior to glass replacement or repair. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Remove moldings, clips, windshield wipers, screws, bolts, and inside A-pillar moldings and lower headliners in preparation for installation or repair work. | E0 none |
| Install, repair, or replace safety glass and related materials, such as back glass heating elements, on vehicles or equipment. | E0 none |
| Install rubber channeling strips around edges of glass or frames to weatherproof windows or to prevent rattling. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Replace or adjust motorized or manual window-raising mechanisms. | E0 none |
| Install new foam dams on pinchwelds, if required. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Cool or warm glass in the event of temperature extremes. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Prime all scratches on pinchwelds with primer and allow to dry. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Install replacement glass in vehicles. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Hold cut or uneven edges of glass against automated abrasive belts to shape or smooth edges. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Cut flat safety glass according to specified patterns or perform precision pattern making and glass cutting to custom fit replacement windows. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
Occupation information
Employment outlook (BLS)
- Employment, 2025
- 23K
- Projected employment, 2035
- 24K
- Change (2025–35)
- +5.7%
- Median annual wage, 2025
- $47,630
- Typical education needed for entry
- High school diploma or equivalent
Korea classification links (KSCO)
Links from the current release of the Korea Occupation Direct Crosswalk v1.1, made by AI Changing Work. Relation values are read from the O*NET-SOC occupation side.
| KSCO code | KSCO title | Relation | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| 75107 | 자동차 경정비원 | This occupation is narrower | confirmed |
Relation and status definitions(kr-direct v1.1)
ILO occupational description
AI Changing Work links the ISCO-08 unit groups below to this occupation by applying the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (2018 SOC to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to ISCO-08) as published, without case-by-case selection; each link may be whole or partial.
- ISCO-08 7231Motor Vehicle Mechanics and Repairers
The definition, tasks and examples below are the ILO's description of that unit group, not of this occupation.
Motor vehicle mechanics and repairers fit, install, maintain, service and repair engines and the mechanical and related equipment of passenger cars, delivery trucks, motorcycles and other motor vehicles.
Tasks
- (a) detecting and diagnosing faults in engines and parts;
- (b) fitting, examining, testing and servicing motor vehicle and motorcycle engines;
- (c) replacing engine components or complete engines;
- (d) fitting, examining, adjusting, dismantling, rebuilding and replacing defective parts of motor vehicles;
- (e) installing or adjusting motors and brakes, and adjusting steering or other parts of motor vehicles;
- (f) installing, adjusting, servicing and replacing mechatronics components of motor vehicles;
- (g) performing scheduled maintenance services, such as oil changes, lubrications and engine tune-ups, to achieve smoother running of vehicles and ensure compliance with pollution regulations;
- (h) reassembling engines and parts after being repaired.
Example occupations
Automotive brakes systems service technician · Diesel fitter (road transport) · Engine fitter (motor vehicle) · Garage mechanic · Moped repairer · Motorcycle mechanic · Motorized rickshaw mechanic · Motor vehicle engine and fuel systems service technician · Motor vehicle mechanic · Motor vehicle mechatronics service technician · Motor vehicle repairer · Motor vehicle service technician · Small engine mechanic
Sources: ILO ISCO-08 — details: Credits
ESCO occupational vocabulary
Each entry below is matched to this occupation in the published ESCO-O*NET Crosswalk (version 1, 2022). The match types are that crosswalk's; the wording is AI Changing Work's.
- vehicle glazierESCO 7125.2Same scope
Vehicle glaziers install glass in motor vehicles taking into account the automobile manufacturer specifications such as glass type, thickness, size and shape. They order and inspect windows for specific automobile models and prepare the damaged areas to install new glass.
- glass polisherESCO 8181.9Overlapping, not the same
Glass polishers finish plate glass to make a variety of glass products. They polish the edges of the glass using grinding and polishing wheels, and spray solutions on glass or operate vacuum coating machines to provide a mirrored surface.
Source: European Commission, DG EMPL — ESCO API 2026-08-08 (bridge v1.2.1)
License: CC BY 4.0 (EU Reuse Notice)
ESCO reuse terms and the modification notice are in Credits.
France classification links (ROME)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and ROME 4.0 job profiles, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side. Links marked “provisional” were adopted on the judgments of two judges from the same model family (Claude) alone, or by an operator rule applied to their judgments, so they rest on weaker evidence than confirmed links.
| ROME code | ROME title (French) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| I1629 | Technicien / Technicienne de réparation et pose de vitrage des véhicules | Same scopeprovisional |
| I1611 | Préparateur / Préparatrice de véhicules automobiles | Related, not a matchprovisional |
Source: France Travail — Répertoire Opérationnel des Métiers et des Emplois (ROME 4.0), version 61, last updated 15 June 2026 (https://www.data.gouv.fr/datasets/repertoire-operationnel-des-metiers-et-des-emplois-rome). Licence Ouverte 2.0.
ROME codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET-SOC occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a France Travail correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: fr-direct v1)
Spain classification links (CNO-11)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and CNO-11 occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| CNO-11 code | CNO-11 title (Spanish) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 7293 | Cristaleros | This occupation is narrowerprovisional |
Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), National Classification of Occupations 2011 (CNO-11, Royal Decree 1591/2010) — www.ine.es · Licensed CC BY 4.0. CNO-11 codes and Spanish titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not an INE correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: es-direct v1)
Germany classification links (KldB)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and KldB occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| KldB code | KldB title (German) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 33342 | Berufe in der Glaserei - fachlich ausgerichtete Tätigkeiten | This occupation is narrower |
Source: © Statistik der Bundesagentur für Arbeit — Klassifikation der Berufe 2010 – überarbeitete Fassung 2020, https://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de. KldB codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own mapping (eigene Zuordnung) and are not a Bundesagentur für Arbeit correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: de-direct v1)
Japan classification links (JSCO)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and JSCO occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| JSCO code | JSCO title (Japanese) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 669 | その他の建設従事者 | This occupation is narrower |
Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC), Japan Standard Occupational Classification (Dec. 2009, MIC Notification No. 555). JSCO codes and Japanese titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a MIC correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: jp-direct v1)
Sources, licenses and AI Changing Work's modification and translation notices for this page: Credits & sources