Rail Car Repairers
Installation, Maintenance, and Repair Occupations- O*NET-SOC code
- 49-3043.00
Diagnose, adjust, repair, or overhaul railroad rolling stock, mine cars, or mass transit rail cars.
- Data source: BLSPublished: 2026-08
Low· relative
LowFour relative bandsVery highGroup-level value
Scale, basis and source
Four relative bands (Low / Moderate / High / Very high)
831 detailed occupations in the BLS Employment Projections table. Assigned per National Employment Matrix (NEM) code, so occupations sharing a NEM code carry the same band
- Data source: AnthropicPublished: 2026-03
0.000
0.000Range of values carried here0.745Scale, basis and source
Observed exposure index, 0–1 as published
Mapped onto O*NET tasks
Published per SOC 2018 occupation; every O*NET occupation with the same SOC 2018 code carries this value
- Data source: ILOPublished: 2025
0.17
0.09Range of values carried here0.70Group-level value
Scale, basis and source
Generative AI exposure index, 0–1 as published
Published per ISCO-08 unit group. Linked to this occupation, wholly or in part, by applying U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (ISCO-08 to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to 2018 SOC) as published
What kind of figure this source publishes
The BLS category is a relative rank, not an absolute level, and it is not a first-hand measurement: it groups an occupation's percentile ranks across several published studies into four bands. It is not an employment or wage forecast, not a probability of adoption, and it does not separate automation from augmentation.
Task-level exposure
Exposed tasks only20 rated tasks · 2 tasks with β ≥ 0.5 (10.0%)
β = direct exposure (E1) + 0.5 × exposure when tools are available (E2), per the source repository's definition.
- Source unit: O*NET 27.2 tasks → O*NET 31.0 occupation code
- All rated tasks are in the O*NET 31.0 task list.
- Source
- OpenAI "GPTs are GPTs" exposure rubric
- Release
- gh-main-0471612
- License
- MIT License, Copyright (c) 2024 OpenAI
Values in this tab are predicted labels, not observations. Eloundou et al. (2023) published two rating regimes — human raters and GPT-4 — and the β shown here is derived from the GPT-4 rater basis alone; the same task can take a different value under the other regime.
| Task (O*NET 27.2) | βE1 + 0.5 × E2 |
|---|---|
Record conditions of cars, and repair and maintenance work performed or to be performed.O*NET Task ID 9986 | 1.0 |
Inspect the interior and exterior of rail cars coming into rail yards to identify defects and to determine the extent of wear and damage.O*NET Task ID 9989 | 0.5 |
Repair or replace defective or worn parts such as bearings, pistons, and gears, using hand tools, torque wrenches, power tools, and welding equipment.O*NET Task ID 9984 | 0.0 |
Test units for operability before and after repairs.O*NET Task ID 9985 | 0.0 |
Remove locomotives, car mechanical units, or other components, using pneumatic hoists and jacks, pinch bars, hand tools, and cutting torches.O*NET Task ID 9987 | 0.0 |
Inspect components such as bearings, seals, gaskets, wheels, and coupler assemblies to determine if repairs are needed.O*NET Task ID 9988 | 0.0 |
Adjust repaired or replaced units as needed to ensure proper operation.O*NET Task ID 9990 | 0.0 |
Perform scheduled maintenance, and clean units and components.O*NET Task ID 9991 | 0.0 |
Repair, fabricate, and install steel or wood fittings, using blueprints, shop sketches, and instruction manuals.O*NET Task ID 9992 | 0.0 |
Repair and maintain electrical and electronic controls for propulsion and braking systems.O*NET Task ID 9993 | 0.0 |
Disassemble units such as water pumps, control valves, and compressors so that repairs can be made.O*NET Task ID 9994 | 0.0 |
Measure diameters of axle wheel seats, using micrometers, and mark dimensions on axles so that wheels can be bored to specified dimensions.O*NET Task ID 9995 | 0.0 |
Align car sides for installation of car ends and crossties, using width gauges, turnbuckles, and wrenches.O*NET Task ID 9996 | 0.0 |
Replace defective wiring and insulation, and tighten electrical connections, using hand tools.O*NET Task ID 9997 | 0.0 |
Test electrical systems of cars by operating systems and using testing equipment such as ammeters.O*NET Task ID 9998 | 0.0 |
Install and repair interior flooring, fixtures, walls, plumbing, steps, and platforms.O*NET Task ID 9999 | 0.0 |
Examine car roofs for wear and damage, and repair defective sections, using roofing material, cement, nails, and waterproof paint.O*NET Task ID 10000 | 0.0 |
Paint car exteriors, interiors, and fixtures.O*NET Task ID 10001 | 0.0 |
Repair car upholstery.O*NET Task ID 10002 | 0.0 |
Repair window sash frames, attach weather stripping and channels to frames, and replace window glass, using hand tools.O*NET Task ID 10003 | 0.0 |
β = E1 + 0.5 × E2 · E1 = tasks where direct LLM access alone cuts time by at least 50%, E2 = tasks where software built on top of an LLM cuts time by at least 50%. Values take only 0 / 0.5 / 1.0.
Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page
All O*NET 31.0 task statements (20)
All O*NET 31.0 task statements for this occupation (English, as published; task type core or supplemental). Exposure values are not listed here; they are in the table above, next to each task statement as worded in the O*NET version each source used.
| Task (O*NET 31.0) | Type |
|---|---|
| Repair or replace defective or worn parts such as bearings, pistons, and gears, using hand tools, torque wrenches, power tools, and welding equipment. | Core |
| Test units for operability before and after repairs. | Core |
| Record conditions of cars, and repair and maintenance work performed or to be performed. | Core |
| Remove locomotives, car mechanical units, or other components, using pneumatic hoists and jacks, pinch bars, hand tools, and cutting torches. | Core |
| Inspect components such as bearings, seals, gaskets, wheels, and coupler assemblies to determine if repairs are needed. | Core |
| Inspect the interior and exterior of rail cars coming into rail yards to identify defects and to determine the extent of wear and damage. | Core |
| Adjust repaired or replaced units as needed to ensure proper operation. | Core |
| Perform scheduled maintenance, and clean units and components. | Core |
| Repair, fabricate, and install steel or wood fittings, using blueprints, shop sketches, and instruction manuals. | Core |
| Examine car roofs for wear and damage, and repair defective sections, using roofing material, cement, nails, and waterproof paint. | Core |
| Paint car exteriors, interiors, and fixtures. | Core |
| Repair and maintain electrical and electronic controls for propulsion and braking systems. | Supplemental |
| Disassemble units such as water pumps, control valves, and compressors so that repairs can be made. | Supplemental |
| Measure diameters of axle wheel seats, using micrometers, and mark dimensions on axles so that wheels can be bored to specified dimensions. | Supplemental |
| Align car sides for installation of car ends and crossties, using width gauges, turnbuckles, and wrenches. | Supplemental |
| Replace defective wiring and insulation, and tighten electrical connections, using hand tools. | Supplemental |
| Test electrical systems of cars by operating systems and using testing equipment such as ammeters. | Supplemental |
| Install and repair interior flooring, fixtures, walls, plumbing, steps, and platforms. | Supplemental |
| Repair car upholstery. | Supplemental |
| Repair window sash frames, attach weather stripping and channels to frames, and replace window glass, using hand tools. | Supplemental |
0.17/ 3· Robot exposure index
Scale, basis and source
Each physical task is graded 0–3 by the setting in which robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated could do it (0 none · 1 purpose-built robot settings such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line · 2 structured facilities such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port · 3 unstructured settings such as a private home or a construction site), and the grades are averaged by share of working time
Physical tasks among this occupation's O*NET 29.3 tasks
Anthropic estimated the grades and time shares with Claude Opus 5 using web search, as of 2026.
The robot exposure index is a different measure from the AI exposure figures on this site and cannot be added to or compared with them. It does not measure actual adoption or cost, and 0 also covers occupations with no physical tasks.
Tier of each physical task
Robot environment tiers (E0–E3)
E0 noneDetails
Rated not doable by robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated, even in a purpose-built setting
E1 purpose-built robot settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting built around the machine, such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line
E2 structured facilitiesDetails
Rated doable in a human work facility that an institution keeps to a working standard, such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port
E3 unstructured settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting that no institution keeps to a working standard, such as a private home or a construction site
Only tasks classified as physical are listed; other tasks have no tier in the source.
| Task (O*NET 29.3) | Robot environment tier |
|---|---|
| Repair or replace defective or worn parts such as bearings, pistons, and gears, using hand tools, torque wrenches, power tools, and welding equipment. | E0 none |
| Test units for operability before and after repairs. | E0 none |
| Remove locomotives, car mechanical units, or other components, using pneumatic hoists and jacks, pinch bars, hand tools, and cutting torches. | E0 none |
| Inspect components such as bearings, seals, gaskets, wheels, and coupler assemblies to determine if repairs are needed. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Inspect the interior and exterior of rail cars coming into rail yards to identify defects and to determine the extent of wear and damage. | E0 none |
| Adjust repaired or replaced units as needed to ensure proper operation. | E0 none |
| Perform scheduled maintenance, and clean units and components. | E0 none |
| Repair, fabricate, and install steel or wood fittings, using blueprints, shop sketches, and instruction manuals. | E0 none |
| Examine car roofs for wear and damage, and repair defective sections, using roofing material, cement, nails, and waterproof paint. | E0 none |
| Paint car exteriors, interiors, and fixtures. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Repair and maintain electrical and electronic controls for propulsion and braking systems. | E0 none |
| Disassemble units such as water pumps, control valves, and compressors so that repairs can be made. | E0 none |
| Measure diameters of axle wheel seats, using micrometers, and mark dimensions on axles so that wheels can be bored to specified dimensions. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Align car sides for installation of car ends and crossties, using width gauges, turnbuckles, and wrenches. | E0 none |
| Replace defective wiring and insulation, and tighten electrical connections, using hand tools. | E0 none |
| Test electrical systems of cars by operating systems and using testing equipment such as ammeters. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Install and repair interior flooring, fixtures, walls, plumbing, steps, and platforms. | E0 none |
| Repair car upholstery. | E0 none |
| Repair window sash frames, attach weather stripping and channels to frames, and replace window glass, using hand tools. | E0 none |
Occupation information
Employment outlook (BLS)
- Employment, 2025
- 20K
- Projected employment, 2035
- 21K
- Change (2025–35)
- +2.6%
- Median annual wage, 2025
- $67,530
- Typical education needed for entry
- High school diploma or equivalent
Korea classification links (KSCO)
Links from the current release of the Korea Occupation Direct Crosswalk v1.1, made by AI Changing Work. Relation values are read from the O*NET-SOC occupation side.
| KSCO code | KSCO title | Relation | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| 75231 | 고속철 기관차 정비원 | This occupation is broader | confirmed |
| 75232 | 철도 기관차 정비원 | This occupation is broader | confirmed |
| 75233 | 전동차 정비원 | This occupation is broader | confirmed |
| 75234 | 여객차 및 화차 정비원 | This occupation is broader | confirmed |
Relation and status definitions(kr-direct v1.1)
ILO occupational description
AI Changing Work links the ISCO-08 unit groups below to this occupation by applying the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (2018 SOC to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to ISCO-08) as published, without case-by-case selection; each link may be whole or partial.
- ISCO-08 7233Agricultural and Industrial Machinery Mechanics and Repairers
The definition, tasks and examples below are the ILO's description of that unit group, not of this occupation.
Agricultural and industrial machinery mechanics and repairers fit, install, examine, service and repair engines, agricultural and industrial machinery and mechanical equipment, except motor vehicle, aircraft and electric motors.
Tasks
- (a) fitting, installing, examining, servicing and repairing engines, machinery and mechanical equipment;
- (b) oiling and greasing stationary engines and machinery;
- (c) inspecting and testing new machinery and mechanical equipment for conformity with standards and specifications;
- (d) disassembling machinery and equipment to remove parts and make repairs;
- (e) examining parts for defects such as breakage and excessive wear;
- (f) operating newly repaired machinery and equipment to verify the adequacy of repairs;
- (g) recording repairs and maintenance performed.
Example occupations
Construction machinery mechanic · Construction machinery repairer · Farm machinery repairer · Mining machinery fitter · Mining machinery repairer · Stationary engine fitter · Stationary engine repairer · Train engine fitter · Train engine repairer
Sources: ILO ISCO-08 — details: Credits
ESCO occupational vocabulary
Each entry below is matched to this occupation in the published ESCO-O*NET Crosswalk (version 1, 2022). The match types are that crosswalk's; the wording is AI Changing Work's.
- rolling stock assemblerESCO 8211.6Overlapping, not the same
Rolling stock assemblers use hand tools, power tools and other equipment such as lifting equipment or robots to construct, fit and install prefabricated parts to manufacture rolling stock subassemblies and body structures. They read and interpret blueprints. They operate control systems to determine functional performance of the assemblies and adjust accordingly.
- rolling stock electricianESCO 7412.11Overlapping, not the same
Rolling stock electricians install, maintain and repair electrical and electronic systems in rail vehicles such as air conditioning systems, lamps, heating systems, electrical wiring etc. They use diagnostic testing equipment to inspect vehicles and find faults. To do repair work, they use hand tools and specialised electrical instruments and machines.
Source: European Commission, DG EMPL — ESCO API 2026-08-08 (bridge v1.2.1)
License: CC BY 4.0 (EU Reuse Notice)
ESCO reuse terms and the modification notice are in Credits.
France classification links (ROME)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and ROME 4.0 job profiles, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side. Links marked “provisional” were adopted on the judgments of two judges from the same model family (Claude) alone, or by an operator rule applied to their judgments, so they rest on weaker evidence than confirmed links.
| ROME code | ROME title (French) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| I1323 | Technicien / Technicienne de maintenance ferroviaire | Same scopeprovisional |
| I1324 | Technicien / Technicienne d'installation d'équipements industriels | Related, not a matchprovisional |
Source: France Travail — Répertoire Opérationnel des Métiers et des Emplois (ROME 4.0), version 61, last updated 15 June 2026 (https://www.data.gouv.fr/datasets/repertoire-operationnel-des-metiers-et-des-emplois-rome). Licence Ouverte 2.0.
ROME codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET-SOC occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a France Travail correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: fr-direct v1)
Spain classification links (CNO-11)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and CNO-11 occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| CNO-11 code | CNO-11 title (Spanish) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 7404 | Mecánicos y ajustadores de maquinaria naval y ferroviaria | This occupation is narrowerprovisional |
Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), National Classification of Occupations 2011 (CNO-11, Royal Decree 1591/2010) — www.ine.es · Licensed CC BY 4.0. CNO-11 codes and Spanish titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not an INE correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: es-direct v1)
Germany classification links (KldB)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and KldB occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| KldB code | KldB title (German) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 25212 | Berufe in der Kraftfahrzeugtechnik - fachlich ausgerichtete Tätigkeiten | This occupation is narrowerprovisional |
| 25182 | Berufe in der Maschinenbau- und Betriebstechnik (sonstige spezifische Tätigkeitsangabe) - fachlich ausgerichtete Tätigkeiten | Related, not a matchprovisional |
Source: © Statistik der Bundesagentur für Arbeit — Klassifikation der Berufe 2010 – überarbeitete Fassung 2020, https://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de. KldB codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own mapping (eigene Zuordnung) and are not a Bundesagentur für Arbeit correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: de-direct v1)
Japan classification links (JSCO)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and JSCO occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| JSCO code | JSCO title (Japanese) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 554 | 輸送機械整備・修理従事者（自動車を除く） | This occupation is narrowerprovisional |
Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC), Japan Standard Occupational Classification (Dec. 2009, MIC Notification No. 555). JSCO codes and Japanese titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a MIC correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: jp-direct v1)
Sources, licenses and AI Changing Work's modification and translation notices for this page: Credits & sources