Tire Repairers and Changers
Installation, Maintenance, and Repair Occupations- O*NET-SOC code
- 49-3093.00
Repair and replace tires.
- Data source: BLSPublished: 2026-08
Low· relative
LowFour relative bandsVery highGroup-level value
Scale, basis and source
Four relative bands (Low / Moderate / High / Very high)
831 detailed occupations in the BLS Employment Projections table. Assigned per National Employment Matrix (NEM) code, so occupations sharing a NEM code carry the same band
- Data source: AnthropicPublished: 2026-03
0.000
0.000Range of values carried here0.745Scale, basis and source
Observed exposure index, 0–1 as published
Mapped onto O*NET tasks
Published per SOC 2018 occupation; every O*NET occupation with the same SOC 2018 code carries this value
- Data source: ILOPublished: 2025
0.18
0.09Range of values carried here0.70Group-level value
Scale, basis and source
Generative AI exposure index, 0–1 as published
Published per ISCO-08 unit group. Linked to this occupation, wholly or in part, by applying U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (ISCO-08 to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to 2018 SOC) as published
What kind of figure this source publishes
The BLS category is a relative rank, not an absolute level, and it is not a first-hand measurement: it groups an occupation's percentile ranks across several published studies into four bands. It is not an employment or wage forecast, not a probability of adoption, and it does not separate automation from augmentation.
Task-level exposure
26 rated tasks · 0 tasks with β ≥ 0.5 (0.0%)
β = direct exposure (E1) + 0.5 × exposure when tools are available (E2), per the source repository's definition.
- Source unit: O*NET 27.2 tasks → O*NET 31.0 occupation code
- 1 rated task is not in the O*NET 31.0 task list; its score is kept as published for O*NET 27.2.
- Source
- OpenAI "GPTs are GPTs" exposure rubric
- Release
- gh-main-0471612
- License
- MIT License, Copyright (c) 2024 OpenAI
Values in this tab are predicted labels, not observations. Eloundou et al. (2023) published two rating regimes — human raters and GPT-4 — and the β shown here is derived from the GPT-4 rater basis alone; the same task can take a different value under the other regime. The unit and the meaning differ from the observed shares (%) in the other tabs, so do not place them on the same axis.
| Task (O*NET 27.2) | βE1 + 0.5 × E2 |
|---|---|
Place wheels on balancing machines to determine counterweights required to balance wheels.O*NET Task ID 8363 | 0.0 |
Raise vehicles, using hydraulic jacks.O*NET Task ID 8364 | 0.0 |
Remount wheels onto vehicles.O*NET Task ID 8365 | 0.0 |
Locate punctures in tubeless tires by visual inspection or by immersing inflated tires in water baths and observing air bubbles.O*NET Task ID 8366 | 0.0 |
Reassemble tires onto wheels.O*NET Task ID 8368 | 0.0 |
Replace valve stems and remove puncturing objects.O*NET Task ID 8369 | 0.0 |
Hammer required counterweights onto rims of wheels.O*NET Task ID 8370 | 0.0 |
Rotate tires to different positions on vehicles, using hand tools.O*NET Task ID 8371 | 0.0 |
Inspect tire casings for defects, such as holes or tears.O*NET Task ID 8372 | 0.0 |
Seal punctures in tubeless tires by inserting adhesive material and expanding rubber plugs into punctures, using hand tools.O*NET Task ID 8373 | 0.0 |
Glue tire patches over ruptures in tire casings, using rubber cement.O*NET Task ID 8374 | 0.0 |
Separate tubed tires from wheels, using rubber mallets and metal bars or mechanical tire changers.O*NET Task ID 8376 | 0.0 |
Patch tubes with adhesive rubber patches or seal rubber patches to tubes, using hot vulcanizing plates.O*NET Task ID 8377 | 0.0 |
Inflate inner tubes and immerse them in water to locate leaks.O*NET Task ID 8378 | 0.0 |
Clean sides of whitewall tires.O*NET Task ID 8379 | 0.0 |
Apply rubber cement to buffed tire casings prior to vulcanization process.O*NET Task ID 8380 | 0.0 |
Drive automobile or service trucks to industrial sites to provide services or respond to emergency calls.O*NET Task ID 8381 | 0.0 |
Prepare rims and wheel drums for reassembly by scraping, grinding, or sandblasting.O*NET Task ID 8382 | 0.0 |
Order replacements for tires or tubes.O*NET Task ID 8383 | 0.0 |
Buff defective areas of inner tubes, using scrapers.O*NET Task ID 8385 | 0.0 |
Unbolt and remove wheels from vehicles, using lug wrenches or other hand or power tools.O*NET Task ID 20654 | 0.0 |
Identify tire size and ply and inflate tires accordingly.O*NET Task ID 20655 | 0.0 |
Assist mechanics and perform various mechanical duties, such as changing oil or checking and replacing batteries.O*NET Task ID 20656 | 0.0 |
Clean and tidy up the shop.O*NET Task ID 20657 | 0.0 |
Roll new rubber treads, known as camelbacks, over tire casings and mold the semi-raw rubber treads onto the buffed casings.O*NET Task ID 20658 | 0.0 |
Place tire casings and tread rubber assemblies in tire molds for the vulcanization process and exert pressure to ensure good adhesion.O*NET Task ID 20659 | 0.0 |
β = E1 + 0.5 × E2 · E1 = tasks where direct LLM access alone cuts time by at least 50%, E2 = tasks where software built on top of an LLM cuts time by at least 50%. Values take only 0 / 0.5 / 1.0.
Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page
All O*NET 31.0 task statements (25)
All O*NET 31.0 task statements for this occupation (English, as published; task type core or supplemental). Exposure values are not listed here; they are in the table above, next to each task statement as worded in the O*NET version each source used.
| Task (O*NET 31.0) | Type |
|---|---|
| Place wheels on balancing machines to determine counterweights required to balance wheels. | Core |
| Raise vehicles, using hydraulic jacks. | Core |
| Remount wheels onto vehicles. | Core |
| Locate punctures in tubeless tires by visual inspection or by immersing inflated tires in water baths and observing air bubbles. | Core |
| Reassemble tires onto wheels. | Core |
| Replace valve stems and remove puncturing objects. | Core |
| Hammer required counterweights onto rims of wheels. | Core |
| Rotate tires to different positions on vehicles, using hand tools. | Core |
| Inspect tire casings for defects, such as holes or tears. | Core |
| Seal punctures in tubeless tires by inserting adhesive material and expanding rubber plugs into punctures, using hand tools. | Core |
| Glue tire patches over ruptures in tire casings, using rubber cement. | Core |
| Separate tubed tires from wheels, using rubber mallets and metal bars or mechanical tire changers. | Core |
| Patch tubes with adhesive rubber patches or seal rubber patches to tubes, using hot vulcanizing plates. | Core |
| Inflate inner tubes and immerse them in water to locate leaks. | Core |
| Clean sides of whitewall tires. | Core |
| Apply rubber cement to buffed tire casings prior to vulcanization process. | Core |
| Prepare rims and wheel drums for reassembly by scraping, grinding, or sandblasting. | Core |
| Buff defective areas of inner tubes, using scrapers. | Core |
| Unbolt and remove wheels from vehicles, using lug wrenches or other hand or power tools. | Core |
| Identify tire size and ply and inflate tires accordingly. | Core |
| Assist mechanics and perform various mechanical duties, such as changing oil or checking and replacing batteries. | Core |
| Clean and tidy up the shop. | Core |
| Drive automobile or service trucks to industrial sites to provide services or respond to emergency calls. | Supplemental |
| Order replacements for tires or tubes. | Supplemental |
| Place tire casings and tread rubber assemblies in tire molds for the vulcanization process and exert pressure to ensure good adhesion. | Supplemental |
0.97/ 3· Robot exposure index
Scale, basis and source
Each physical task is graded 0–3 by the setting in which robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated could do it (0 none · 1 purpose-built robot settings such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line · 2 structured facilities such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port · 3 unstructured settings such as a private home or a construction site), and the grades are averaged by share of working time
Physical tasks among this occupation's O*NET 29.3 tasks
Anthropic estimated the grades and time shares with Claude Opus 5 using web search, as of 2026.
The robot exposure index is a different measure from the AI exposure figures on this site and cannot be added to or compared with them. It does not measure actual adoption or cost, and 0 also covers occupations with no physical tasks.
Tier of each physical task
Robot environment tiers (E0–E3)
E0 noneDetails
Rated not doable by robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated, even in a purpose-built setting
E1 purpose-built robot settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting built around the machine, such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line
E2 structured facilitiesDetails
Rated doable in a human work facility that an institution keeps to a working standard, such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port
E3 unstructured settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting that no institution keeps to a working standard, such as a private home or a construction site
Only tasks classified as physical are listed; other tasks have no tier in the source.
| Task (O*NET 29.3) | Robot environment tier |
|---|---|
| Place wheels on balancing machines to determine counterweights required to balance wheels. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Raise vehicles, using hydraulic jacks. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Remount wheels onto vehicles. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Locate punctures in tubeless tires by visual inspection or by immersing inflated tires in water baths and observing air bubbles. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Reassemble tires onto wheels. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Replace valve stems and remove puncturing objects. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Hammer required counterweights onto rims of wheels. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Rotate tires to different positions on vehicles, using hand tools. | E2 structured facilities |
| Inspect tire casings for defects, such as holes or tears. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Seal punctures in tubeless tires by inserting adhesive material and expanding rubber plugs into punctures, using hand tools. | E0 none |
| Glue tire patches over ruptures in tire casings, using rubber cement. | E0 none |
| Separate tubed tires from wheels, using rubber mallets and metal bars or mechanical tire changers. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Inflate inner tubes and immerse them in water to locate leaks. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Clean sides of whitewall tires. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Buff defective areas of inner tubes, using scrapers. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Unbolt and remove wheels from vehicles, using lug wrenches or other hand or power tools. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Identify tire size and ply and inflate tires accordingly. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Assist mechanics and perform various mechanical duties, such as changing oil or checking and replacing batteries. | E0 none |
| Clean and tidy up the shop. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Patch tubes with adhesive rubber patches or seal rubber patches to tubes, using hot vulcanizing plates. | E0 none |
| Apply rubber cement to buffed tire casings prior to vulcanization process. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Drive automobile or service trucks to industrial sites to provide services or respond to emergency calls. | E2 structured facilities |
| Prepare rims and wheel drums for reassembly by scraping, grinding, or sandblasting. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
Occupation information
Employment outlook (BLS)
- Employment, 2025
- 112K
- Projected employment, 2035
- 116K
- Change (2025–35)
- +3.4%
- Median annual wage, 2025
- $37,710
- Typical education needed for entry
- High school diploma or equivalent
Korea classification links (KSCO)
Links from the current release of the Korea Occupation Direct Crosswalk v1.1, made by AI Changing Work. Relation values are read from the O*NET-SOC occupation side.
| KSCO code | KSCO title | Relation | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| 75107 | 자동차 경정비원 | This occupation is narrower | confirmed |
Relation and status definitions(kr-direct v1.1)
ILO occupational description
AI Changing Work links the ISCO-08 unit groups below to this occupation by applying the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (2018 SOC to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to ISCO-08) as published, without case-by-case selection; each link may be whole or partial.
- ISCO-08 7231Motor Vehicle Mechanics and Repairers
The definition, tasks and examples below are the ILO's description of that unit group, not of this occupation.
Motor vehicle mechanics and repairers fit, install, maintain, service and repair engines and the mechanical and related equipment of passenger cars, delivery trucks, motorcycles and other motor vehicles.
Tasks
- (a) detecting and diagnosing faults in engines and parts;
- (b) fitting, examining, testing and servicing motor vehicle and motorcycle engines;
- (c) replacing engine components or complete engines;
- (d) fitting, examining, adjusting, dismantling, rebuilding and replacing defective parts of motor vehicles;
- (e) installing or adjusting motors and brakes, and adjusting steering or other parts of motor vehicles;
- (f) installing, adjusting, servicing and replacing mechatronics components of motor vehicles;
- (g) performing scheduled maintenance services, such as oil changes, lubrications and engine tune-ups, to achieve smoother running of vehicles and ensure compliance with pollution regulations;
- (h) reassembling engines and parts after being repaired.
Example occupations
Automotive brakes systems service technician · Diesel fitter (road transport) · Engine fitter (motor vehicle) · Garage mechanic · Moped repairer · Motorcycle mechanic · Motorized rickshaw mechanic · Motor vehicle engine and fuel systems service technician · Motor vehicle mechanic · Motor vehicle mechatronics service technician · Motor vehicle repairer · Motor vehicle service technician · Small engine mechanic
Sources: ILO ISCO-08 — details: Credits
ESCO occupational vocabulary
Each entry below is matched to this occupation in the published ESCO-O*NET Crosswalk (version 1, 2022). The match types are that crosswalk's; the wording is AI Changing Work's.
- tyre fitterESCO 7231.7Same scope
Tyre fitters inspect, maintain, repair and fit tyres to vehicles. They advise clients on different tyre and wheel types. Furthermore they balance the tyres, verify that the wheels are aligned correctly and ensure compliance with safety standards and regulations.
- tyre vulcaniserESCO 8141.1.8This occupation is broader
Tyre vulcanisers repair tears and holes in castings and treads of tyres by using handtools or machines.
- tyre builderESCO 8141.1.7Overlapping, not the same
Tyre builders build pneumatic tyres from rubber components. They operate machines and handtools.
Source: European Commission, DG EMPL — ESCO API 2026-08-08 (bridge v1.2.1)
License: CC BY 4.0 (EU Reuse Notice)
ESCO reuse terms and the modification notice are in Credits.
France classification links (ROME)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and ROME 4.0 job profiles, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side. Links marked “provisional” were adopted on the judgments of two judges from the same model family (Claude) alone, or by an operator rule applied to their judgments, so they rest on weaker evidence than confirmed links.
| ROME code | ROME title (French) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| I1630 | Opérateur / Opératrice maintenance pneumatiques Véhicules Utilitaires et Industriels | This occupation is broader |
| I1611 | Préparateur / Préparatrice de véhicules automobiles | Related, not a match |
Source: France Travail — Répertoire Opérationnel des Métiers et des Emplois (ROME 4.0), version 61, last updated 15 June 2026 (https://www.data.gouv.fr/datasets/repertoire-operationnel-des-metiers-et-des-emplois-rome). Licence Ouverte 2.0.
ROME codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET-SOC occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a France Travail correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: fr-direct v1)
Spain classification links (CNO-11)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and CNO-11 occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| CNO-11 code | CNO-11 title (Spanish) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 7401 | Mecánicos y ajustadores de vehículos de motor | This occupation is narrowerprovisional |
Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), National Classification of Occupations 2011 (CNO-11, Royal Decree 1591/2010) — www.ine.es · Licensed CC BY 4.0. CNO-11 codes and Spanish titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not an INE correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: es-direct v1)
Germany classification links (KldB)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and KldB occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| KldB code | KldB title (German) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 22112 | Berufe in der Reifen- und Vulkanisationstechnik - fachlich ausgerichtete Tätigkeiten | This occupation is narrower |
Source: © Statistik der Bundesagentur für Arbeit — Klassifikation der Berufe 2010 – überarbeitete Fassung 2020, https://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de. KldB codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own mapping (eigene Zuordnung) and are not a Bundesagentur für Arbeit correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: de-direct v1)
Japan classification links (JSCO)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and JSCO occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| JSCO code | JSCO title (Japanese) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 553 | 自動車整備・修理従事者 | This occupation is narrowerprovisional |
| 538 | ゴム・プラスチック製品製造従事者 | Related, not a matchprovisional |
Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC), Japan Standard Occupational Classification (Dec. 2009, MIC Notification No. 555). JSCO codes and Japanese titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a MIC correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: jp-direct v1)
Sources, licenses and AI Changing Work's modification and translation notices for this page: Credits & sources