Refractory Materials Repairers, Except Brickmasons
Installation, Maintenance, and Repair Occupations- O*NET-SOC code
- 49-9045.00
Build or repair equipment such as furnaces, kilns, cupolas, boilers, converters, ladles, soaking pits, and ovens, using refractory materials.
- Data source: BLSPublished: 2026-08
Low· relative
LowFour relative bandsVery highGroup-level value
Scale, basis and source
Four relative bands (Low / Moderate / High / Very high)
831 detailed occupations in the BLS Employment Projections table. Assigned per National Employment Matrix (NEM) code, so occupations sharing a NEM code carry the same band
- Data source: AnthropicPublished: 2026-03
0.000
0.000Range of values carried here0.745Scale, basis and source
Observed exposure index, 0–1 as published
Mapped onto O*NET tasks
Published per SOC 2018 occupation; every O*NET occupation with the same SOC 2018 code carries this value
- Data source: ILOPublished: 2025
0.09–0.17· 2 ISCO-08 groups
Scale, basis and source
Generative AI exposure index, 0–1 as published
Published per ISCO-08 unit group. Linked to this occupation, wholly or in part, by applying U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (ISCO-08 to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to 2018 SOC) as published
What kind of figure this source publishes
The BLS category is a relative rank, not an absolute level, and it is not a first-hand measurement: it groups an occupation's percentile ranks across several published studies into four bands. It is not an employment or wage forecast, not a probability of adoption, and it does not separate automation from augmentation.
ILO value for each linked ISCO-08 group
- ISCO-08 7112Bricklayers and Related Workers0.09
- ISCO-08 7233Agricultural and Industrial Machinery Mechanics and Repairers0.17
Task-level exposure
16 rated tasks · 0 tasks with β ≥ 0.5 (0.0%)
β = direct exposure (E1) + 0.5 × exposure when tools are available (E2), per the source repository's definition.
- Source unit: O*NET 27.2 tasks → O*NET 31.0 occupation code
- 6 rated tasks are not in the O*NET 31.0 task list; their scores are kept as published for O*NET 27.2.
- Source
- OpenAI "GPTs are GPTs" exposure rubric
- Release
- gh-main-0471612
- License
- MIT License, Copyright (c) 2024 OpenAI
Values in this tab are predicted labels, not observations. Eloundou et al. (2023) published two rating regimes — human raters and GPT-4 — and the β shown here is derived from the GPT-4 rater basis alone; the same task can take a different value under the other regime.
| Task (O*NET 27.2) | βE1 + 0.5 × E2 |
|---|---|
Reline or repair ladles and pouring spouts with refractory clay, using trowels.O*NET Task ID 13819 | 0.0 |
Chip slag from linings of ladles or remove linings when beyond repair, using hammers and chisels.O*NET Task ID 13820 | 0.0 |
Mix specified amounts of sand, clay, mortar powder, and water to form refractory clay or mortar, using shovels or mixing machines.O*NET Task ID 13821 | 0.0 |
Measure furnace walls to determine dimensions and cut required number of sheets from plastic block, using saws.O*NET Task ID 13822 | 0.0 |
Tighten locknuts holding refractory stopper assemblies together, spread mortar on jackets to seal sleeve joints, and dry mortar in ovens.O*NET Task ID 13823 | 0.0 |
Dry and bake new linings by placing inverted linings over burners, building fires in ladles, or by using blowtorches.O*NET Task ID 13824 | 0.0 |
Remove worn or damaged plastic block refractory linings of furnaces, using hand tools.O*NET Task ID 13825 | 0.0 |
Fasten stopper heads to rods with metal pins to assemble refractory stoppers used to plug pouring nozzles of steel ladles.O*NET Task ID 13826 | 0.0 |
Climb scaffolding, carrying hoses, and spray surfaces of cupolas with refractory mixtures, using spray equipment.O*NET Task ID 13827 | 0.0 |
Drill holes in furnace walls, bolt overlapping layers of plastic to walls, and hammer surfaces to compress layers into solid sheets.O*NET Task ID 13828 | 0.0 |
Spread mortar on stopper heads and rods, using trowels, and slide brick sleeves over rods to form refractory jackets.O*NET Task ID 13829 | 0.0 |
Dump and tamp clay in molds, using tamping tools.O*NET Task ID 13830 | 0.0 |
Disassemble molds, and cut, chip, and smooth clay structures such as floaters, drawbars, and L-blocks.O*NET Task ID 13831 | 0.0 |
Transfer clay structures to curing ovens, melting tanks, and drawing kilns, using forklifts.O*NET Task ID 13832 | 0.0 |
Install preformed metal scaffolding in interiors of cupolas, using hand tools.O*NET Task ID 13833 | 0.0 |
Install clay structures in melting tanks and drawing kilns to control the flow and temperature of molten glass, using hoists and hand tools.O*NET Task ID 13834 | 0.0 |
β = E1 + 0.5 × E2 · E1 = tasks where direct LLM access alone cuts time by at least 50%, E2 = tasks where software built on top of an LLM cuts time by at least 50%. Values take only 0 / 0.5 / 1.0.
Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page
All O*NET 31.0 task statements (10)
All O*NET 31.0 task statements for this occupation (English, as published; task type core or supplemental). Exposure values are not listed here; they are in the table above, next to each task statement as worded in the O*NET version each source used.
| Task (O*NET 31.0) | Type |
|---|---|
| Reline or repair ladles and pouring spouts with refractory clay, using trowels. | Core |
| Chip slag from linings of ladles or remove linings when beyond repair, using hammers and chisels. | Core |
| Mix specified amounts of sand, clay, mortar powder, and water to form refractory clay or mortar, using shovels or mixing machines. | Core |
| Measure furnace walls to determine dimensions and cut required number of sheets from plastic block, using saws. | Supplemental |
| Dry and bake new linings by placing inverted linings over burners, building fires in ladles, or by using blowtorches. | Supplemental |
| Remove worn or damaged plastic block refractory linings of furnaces, using hand tools. | Supplemental |
| Climb scaffolding, carrying hoses, and spray surfaces of cupolas with refractory mixtures, using spray equipment. | Supplemental |
| Spread mortar on stopper heads and rods, using trowels, and slide brick sleeves over rods to form refractory jackets. | Supplemental |
| Dump and tamp clay in molds, using tamping tools. | Supplemental |
| Transfer clay structures to curing ovens, melting tanks, and drawing kilns, using forklifts. | Supplemental |
0.85/ 3· Robot exposure index
Scale, basis and source
Each physical task is graded 0–3 by the setting in which robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated could do it (0 none · 1 purpose-built robot settings such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line · 2 structured facilities such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port · 3 unstructured settings such as a private home or a construction site), and the grades are averaged by share of working time
Physical tasks among this occupation's O*NET 29.3 tasks
Anthropic estimated the grades and time shares with Claude Opus 5 using web search, as of 2026.
The robot exposure index is a different measure from the AI exposure figures on this site and cannot be added to or compared with them. It does not measure actual adoption or cost, and 0 also covers occupations with no physical tasks.
Tier of each physical task
Robot environment tiers (E0–E3)
E0 noneDetails
Rated not doable by robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated, even in a purpose-built setting
E1 purpose-built robot settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting built around the machine, such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line
E2 structured facilitiesDetails
Rated doable in a human work facility that an institution keeps to a working standard, such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port
E3 unstructured settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting that no institution keeps to a working standard, such as a private home or a construction site
Only tasks classified as physical are listed; other tasks have no tier in the source.
| Task (O*NET 29.3) | Robot environment tier |
|---|---|
| Reline or repair ladles and pouring spouts with refractory clay, using trowels. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Chip slag from linings of ladles or remove linings when beyond repair, using hammers and chisels. | E0 none |
| Mix specified amounts of sand, clay, mortar powder, and water to form refractory clay or mortar, using shovels or mixing machines. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Measure furnace walls to determine dimensions and cut required number of sheets from plastic block, using saws. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Dry and bake new linings by placing inverted linings over burners, building fires in ladles, or by using blowtorches. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Remove worn or damaged plastic block refractory linings of furnaces, using hand tools. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Climb scaffolding, carrying hoses, and spray surfaces of cupolas with refractory mixtures, using spray equipment. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Spread mortar on stopper heads and rods, using trowels, and slide brick sleeves over rods to form refractory jackets. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Dump and tamp clay in molds, using tamping tools. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Transfer clay structures to curing ovens, melting tanks, and drawing kilns, using forklifts. | E2 structured facilities |
Occupation information
Employment outlook (BLS)
- Employment, 2025
- 1K
- Projected employment, 2035
- 900
- Change (2025–35)
- -13.7%
- Median annual wage, 2025
- $61,290
- Typical education needed for entry
- High school diploma or equivalent
Korea classification links (KSCO)
Links from the current release of the Korea Occupation Direct Crosswalk v1.1, made by AI Changing Work. Relation values are read from the O*NET-SOC occupation side.
| KSCO code | KSCO title | Relation | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| 78259 | 그 외 조적공 및 석재 부설원 | This occupation is narrower | confirmed |
Relation and status definitions(kr-direct v1.1)
ILO occupational description
AI Changing Work links the ISCO-08 unit groups below to this occupation by applying the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (2018 SOC to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to ISCO-08) as published, without case-by-case selection; each link may be whole or partial.
- ISCO-08 7112Bricklayers and Related Workers
- ISCO-08 7233Agricultural and Industrial Machinery Mechanics and Repairers
Sources: ILO ISCO-08 — details: Credits
ESCO occupational vocabulary
Each entry below is matched to this occupation in the published ESCO-O*NET Crosswalk (version 1, 2022). The match types are that crosswalk's; the wording is AI Changing Work's.
- hand brick moulderESCO 7314.1This occupation is broader
Hand brick moulders create unique bricks, pipes, and other heat-resistant products using hand moulding tools. They create moulds according to specifications, clean and oil them, insert and remove the mixture from the mould. Then, they let the bricks dry in kiln before finishing and smoothing the end products.
- bricklayerESCO 7112.1Overlapping, not the same
Bricklayers assemble brick walls and structures by skilfully laying the bricks in an established pattern, using a binding agent like cement to bond the bricks together. They then fill the joints with mortar or other suitable materials.
- stone polisherESCO 8114.7Overlapping, not the same
Stone polishers operate grinding and polishing tools and equipment in order to smooth stones.
- stonemasonESCO 7113.1Overlapping, not the same
Stonemasons manually carve and assemble stone for construction purposes. While CNC operated carving equipment is the industry standard, artisanal carving for ornamental stone is still done manually.
Source: European Commission, DG EMPL — ESCO API 2026-08-08 (bridge v1.2.1)
License: CC BY 4.0 (EU Reuse Notice)
ESCO reuse terms and the modification notice are in Credits.
France classification links (ROME)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and ROME 4.0 job profiles, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side. Links marked “provisional” were adopted on the judgments of two judges from the same model family (Claude) alone, or by an operator rule applied to their judgments, so they rest on weaker evidence than confirmed links.
| ROME code | ROME title (French) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| F1703 | Maçon / Maçonne | This occupation is narrowerprovisional |
| F1713 | Maçon-fumiste / Maçonne-fumiste | Related, not a matchprovisional |
Source: France Travail — Répertoire Opérationnel des Métiers et des Emplois (ROME 4.0), version 61, last updated 15 June 2026 (https://www.data.gouv.fr/datasets/repertoire-operationnel-des-metiers-et-des-emplois-rome). Licence Ouverte 2.0.
ROME codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET-SOC occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a France Travail correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: fr-direct v1)
Spain classification links (CNO-11)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and CNO-11 occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| CNO-11 code | CNO-11 title (Spanish) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 7121 | Albañiles | Related, not a match |
Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), National Classification of Occupations 2011 (CNO-11, Royal Decree 1591/2010) — www.ine.es · Licensed CC BY 4.0. CNO-11 codes and Spanish titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not an INE correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: es-direct v1)
Germany classification links (KldB)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and KldB occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| KldB code | KldB title (German) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 32132 | Berufe im Schornsteinbau - fachlich ausgerichtete Tätigkeiten | This occupation is narrower |
Source: © Statistik der Bundesagentur für Arbeit — Klassifikation der Berufe 2010 – überarbeitete Fassung 2020, https://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de. KldB codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own mapping (eigene Zuordnung) and are not a Bundesagentur für Arbeit correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: de-direct v1)
Japan classification links (JSCO)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and JSCO occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| JSCO code | JSCO title (Japanese) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 662 | ブロック積・タイル張従事者 | This occupation is narrowerprovisional |
Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC), Japan Standard Occupational Classification (Dec. 2009, MIC Notification No. 555). JSCO codes and Japanese titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a MIC correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: jp-direct v1)
Sources, licenses and AI Changing Work's modification and translation notices for this page: Credits & sources