Furnace, Kiln, Oven, Drier, and Kettle Operators and Tenders

Production Occupations
O*NET-SOC code
51-9051.00

Operate or tend heating equipment other than basic metal, plastic, or food processing equipment. Includes activities such as annealing glass, drying lumber, curing rubber, removing moisture from materials, or boiling soap.

  • Data source: BLSPublished: 2026-08

    Moderate· relative

    LowFour relative bandsVery high

    Group-level value

    Scale, basis and source

    Four relative bands (Low / Moderate / High / Very high)

    831 detailed occupations in the BLS Employment Projections table. Assigned per National Employment Matrix (NEM) code, so occupations sharing a NEM code carry the same band

    Source dataset (XLSX download)

  • Data source: AnthropicPublished: 2026-03

    0.000

    0.000Range of values carried here0.745
    Scale, basis and source

    Observed exposure index, 0–1 as published

    Mapped onto O*NET tasks

    Published per SOC 2018 occupation; every O*NET occupation with the same SOC 2018 code carries this value

    Source dataset (CSV download)

  • Data source: ILOPublished: 2025

    0.17–0.22· 3 ISCO-08 groups

    Scale, basis and source

    Generative AI exposure index, 0–1 as published

    Published per ISCO-08 unit group. Linked to this occupation, wholly or in part, by applying U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (ISCO-08 to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to 2018 SOC) as published

    Source dataset (PDF download)

What kind of figure this source publishes

The BLS category is a relative rank, not an absolute level, and it is not a first-hand measurement: it groups an occupation's percentile ranks across several published studies into four bands. It is not an employment or wage forecast, not a probability of adoption, and it does not separate automation from augmentation.

ILO value for each linked ISCO-08 group
  • ISCO-08 7521Wood Treaters0.22
  • ISCO-08 8141Rubber Products Machine Operators0.18
  • ISCO-08 8181Glass and Ceramics Plant Operators0.17

Task-level exposure

Show 16 hidden tasks

18 rated tasks · 2 tasks with β ≥ 0.5 (11.1%)

β = direct exposure (E1) + 0.5 × exposure when tools are available (E2), per the source repository's definition.

  • Source unit: O*NET 27.2 tasks → O*NET 31.0 occupation code
  • 1 rated task is not in the O*NET 31.0 task list; its score is kept as published for O*NET 27.2.
Source
OpenAI "GPTs are GPTs" exposure rubric
Release
gh-main-0471612
License
MIT License, Copyright (c) 2024 OpenAI

Values in this tab are predicted labels, not observations. Eloundou et al. (2023) published two rating regimes — human raters and GPT-4 — and the β shown here is derived from the GPT-4 rater basis alone; the same task can take a different value under the other regime. The unit and the meaning differ from the observed shares (%) in the other tabs, so do not place them on the same axis.

Task (O*NET 27.2)βE1 + 0.5 × E2
Read and interpret work orders and instructions to determine work assignments, process specifications, and production schedules.

O*NET Task ID 4964

1.0
Record gauge readings, test results, and shift production in log books.

O*NET Task ID 4965

1.0

β = E1 + 0.5 × E2 · E1 = tasks where direct LLM access alone cuts time by at least 50%, E2 = tasks where software built on top of an LLM cuts time by at least 50%. Values take only 0 / 0.5 / 1.0.

Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page

All O*NET 31.0 task statements (17)

All O*NET 31.0 task statements for this occupation (English, as published; task type core or supplemental). Exposure values are not listed here; they are in the table above, next to each task statement as worded in the O*NET version each source used.

Task (O*NET 31.0)Type
Press and adjust controls to activate, set, and regulate equipment according to specifications.Core
Monitor equipment operation, gauges, and panel lights to detect deviations from standards.Core
Read and interpret work orders and instructions to determine work assignments, process specifications, and production schedules.Core
Record gauge readings, test results, and shift production in log books.Core
Confer with supervisors or other equipment operators to report equipment malfunctions or to resolve production problems.Core
Examine or test samples of processed substances, or collect samples for laboratory testing, to ensure conformance to specifications.Core
Transport materials and products to and from work areas, manually or using carts, handtrucks, or hoists.Core
Weigh or measure specified amounts of ingredients or materials for processing, using devices such as scales and calipers.Supplemental
Clean, lubricate, and adjust equipment, using scrapers, solvents, air hoses, oil, and hand tools.Supplemental
Stop equipment and clear blockages or jams, using fingers, wire, or hand tools.Supplemental
Remove products from equipment, manually or using hoists, and prepare them for storage, shipment, or additional processing.Supplemental
Calculate amounts of materials to be loaded into furnaces, adjusting amounts as necessary for specific conditions.Supplemental
Feed fuel, such as coal and coke, into fireboxes or onto conveyors, and remove ashes from furnaces, using shovels and buckets.Supplemental
Melt or refine metal before casting, calculating required temperatures, and observe metal color, adjusting controls as necessary to maintain required temperatures.Supplemental
Replace worn or defective equipment parts, using hand tools.Supplemental
Load equipment receptacles or conveyors with material to be processed, by hand or using hoists.Supplemental
Direct crane operators and crew members to load vessels with materials to be processed.Supplemental

Occupation information

Employment outlook (BLS)

Employment, 2025
15K
Projected employment, 2035
15K
Change (2025–35)
+2.6%
Median annual wage, 2025
$48,040
Typical education needed for entry
High school diploma or equivalent
lowest $30,890median wage across 825 detailed occupations, BLS EP 2025–35highest $559,030

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections 2025–35 — Employment by detailed occupation, 2025 and projected 2035

Korea classification links (KSCO)

Links from the current release of the Korea Occupation Direct Crosswalk v1.1, made by AI Changing Work. Relation values are read from the O*NET-SOC occupation side.

KSCO codeKSCO titleRelationStatus
84311유리 제조 및 제품 가공기 조작원This occupation is broaderconfirmed
84321도자기제품 생산기 조작원This occupation is broaderconfirmed
84339그 외 시멘트 및 광물제품 제조기 조작원This occupation is broaderconfirmed
89119그 외 목재 가공 관련 기계 조작원This occupation is broaderconfirmed
83122화학물 가열 처리 장치 조작원Overlapping, not the sameconfirmed
84331시멘트 및 석회 제조 관련 조작원Overlapping, not the sameconfirmed
62099그 외 임업 관련 종사원Related, not a matchconfirmed
88202소각로 조작원Related, not a matchconfirmed

Relation and status definitions(kr-direct v1.1)

ILO occupational description

AI Changing Work links the ISCO-08 unit groups below to this occupation by applying the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (2018 SOC to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to ISCO-08) as published, without case-by-case selection; each link may be whole or partial.

  • ISCO-08 7521Wood Treaters
  • ISCO-08 8141Rubber Products Machine Operators
  • ISCO-08 8181Glass and Ceramics Plant Operators

Sources: ILO ISCO-08 — details: Credits

ESCO occupational vocabulary

Each entry below is matched to this occupation in the published ESCO-O*NET Crosswalk (version 1, 2022). The match types are that crosswalk's; the wording is AI Changing Work's.

  • clay kiln burnerESCO 8181.3This occupation is broader

    Clay kiln burners bake clay products such as brick, sewer pipe or tiles using periodic or tunnel kilns. They regulate valves, observe thermometers, watch for fluctuations, and maintain the kilns.

  • clay products dry kiln operatorESCO 8181.3.1This occupation is broader

    Clay products dry kiln operators manage drying tunnels that are meant for drying clay products prior to their treatment in kiln.

  • coking furnace operatorESCO 8131.3This occupation is broader

    Coking furnace operators monitor the operation of a usually automatic industrial oven that takes in crushed, washed, and blended bituminous coal and heats it to temperatures between 1000 and 2000 °C without the presence of oxygen in order to obtain cokes. The finished cokes are then quenched with water or air and prepared for transport.

  • drawing kiln operatorESCO 8181.4This occupation is broader

    Drawing kiln operators are responsible for continuous sheet flat glass production by manipulating the drawing kiln that processes molten glass.

  • glass annealerESCO 8181.7This occupation is broader

    Glass annealers operate electric or gas kilns used to strengthen the glass products by a heating-cooling process, making sure the temperature is set according to specifications. They inspect the glass products  through the entire process to observe any flaws.

  • kiln firerESCO 8181.10This occupation is broader

    Kiln firers operate kilns in order to fire decorations or glazes. They determine the level and uniformity of oven temperature, regulate the temperature, and give directions to a helper in preparing firebox and lighting fires.

  • lime kiln operatorESCO 8131.10This occupation is broader

    Lime kiln operators control equipment that burns limestone to produce lime or carbon dioxide. They control the flow of the materials, fuel, and air and observe the material flow, air, temperature, fuel charts, and oxygen gauges and make adjustments if necessary. They also keep production records.

  • metal annealerESCO 8121.3This occupation is broader

    Metal annealers operate electric or gas kilns to soften metal so it can be cut and shaped more easily. They heat the metal to a specific temperature and / or colour and then slowly cool it, both according to specifications. Metal annealers inspect the metals through the entire process to observe any flaws.

  • tunnel kiln operatorESCO 8181.3.2This occupation is broader

    Tunnel kiln operators control preheating chambers and tunnel kilns to preheat and bake clay products, such as bricks, sewer popes, mosaic, ceramic or quarry tiles. They observe gauges and instruments and adjust by turning valves if necessary. They pull loaded kiln cars in and out of the heaters and move them to a sorting area.

  • wood drying kiln operatorESCO 7521.1This occupation is broader

    Wood drying kiln operators control the process of applying heat to moist or 'green' wood in order to obtain usable dry wood. Depending on the type of kiln, the drying operator will be responsible for moving the wood into and out of the kiln, temperature control, and ventilation.

Source: European Commission, DG EMPL — ESCO API 2026-08-08 (bridge v1.2.1)

License: CC BY 4.0 (EU Reuse Notice)

View original

ESCO reuse terms and the modification notice are in Credits.

France classification links (ROME)

AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and ROME 4.0 job profiles, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side. Links marked “provisional” were adopted on the judgments of two judges from the same model family (Claude) alone, or by an operator rule applied to their judgments, so they rest on weaker evidence than confirmed links.

ROME codeROME title (French)Relation
H2806Technicien / Technicienne fusion en industrie verrièreThis occupation is broader
H2809Opérateur / Opératrice de poste centralisé en cimenterieThis occupation is broaderprovisional
H2205Opérateur / Opératrice de production en industrie du boisRelated, not a matchprovisional
H2803Opérateur / Opératrice en Industrie CéramiqueRelated, not a matchprovisional
H2805Technicien / Technicienne de l'industrie du verreRelated, not a matchprovisional

Source: France Travail — Répertoire Opérationnel des Métiers et des Emplois (ROME 4.0), version 61, last updated 15 June 2026 (https://www.data.gouv.fr/datasets/repertoire-operationnel-des-metiers-et-des-emplois-rome). Licence Ouverte 2.0.

ROME codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET-SOC occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a France Travail correspondence.

(AI Changing Work link release: fr-direct v1)

Spain classification links (CNO-11)

AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and CNO-11 occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.

CNO-11 codeCNO-11 title (Spanish)Relation
7811Trabajadores del tratamiento de la maderaOverlapping, not the same
8191Operadores de hornos e instalaciones de vidriería y cerámicaOverlapping, not the same
8131Operadores en plantas industriales químicasRelated, not a match
8141Operadores de máquinas para fabricar productos de caucho y derivados de resinas naturalesRelated, not a match

Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), National Classification of Occupations 2011 (CNO-11, Royal Decree 1591/2010) — www.ine.es · Licensed CC BY 4.0. CNO-11 codes and Spanish titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not an INE correspondence.

(AI Changing Work link release: es-direct v1)

Germany classification links (KldB)

AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and KldB occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.

KldB codeKldB title (German)Relation
21412Berufe in der Industriekeramik (Verfahrens- und Anlagentechnik) - fachlich ausgerichtete TätigkeitenRelated, not a match
22312Berufe in der Holztrocknung und -konservierung - fachlich ausgerichtete TätigkeitenRelated, not a match

Source: © Statistik der Bundesagentur für Arbeit — Klassifikation der Berufe 2010 – überarbeitete Fassung 2020, https://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de. KldB codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own mapping (eigene Zuordnung) and are not a Bundesagentur für Arbeit correspondence.

(AI Changing Work link release: de-direct v1)

Japan classification links (JSCO)

AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and JSCO occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.

JSCO codeJSCO title (Japanese)Relation
502窯業・土石製品生産設備制御・監視員Related, not a matchprovisional
532窯業・土石製品製造従事者Related, not a matchprovisional
536木・紙製品製造従事者Related, not a matchprovisional
538ゴム・プラスチック製品製造従事者Related, not a matchprovisional

Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC), Japan Standard Occupational Classification (Dec. 2009, MIC Notification No. 555). JSCO codes and Japanese titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a MIC correspondence.

(AI Changing Work link release: jp-direct v1)

Sources, licenses and AI Changing Work's modification and translation notices for this page: Credits & sources