Gem and Diamond Workers
Production Occupations- O*NET-SOC code
- 51-9071.06
Fabricate, finish, or evaluate the quality of gems and diamonds used in jewelry or industrial tools.
- Data source: BLSPublished: 2026-08
Moderate· relative
LowFour relative bandsVery highGroup-level value
Scale, basis and source
Four relative bands (Low / Moderate / High / Very high)
831 detailed occupations in the BLS Employment Projections table. Assigned per National Employment Matrix (NEM) code, so occupations sharing a NEM code carry the same band
- Data source: AnthropicPublished: 2026-03
0.000
0.000Range of values carried here0.745Group-level value
Scale, basis and source
Observed exposure index, 0–1 as published
Mapped onto O*NET tasks
Published per SOC 2018 occupation; every O*NET occupation with the same SOC 2018 code carries this value
- Data source: ILOPublished: 2025
0.18
0.09Range of values carried here0.70Group-level value
Scale, basis and source
Generative AI exposure index, 0–1 as published
Published per ISCO-08 unit group. Linked to this occupation, wholly or in part, by applying U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (ISCO-08 to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to 2018 SOC) as published
What kind of figure this source publishes
The BLS category is a relative rank, not an absolute level, and it is not a first-hand measurement: it groups an occupation's percentile ranks across several published studies into four bands. It is not an employment or wage forecast, not a probability of adoption, and it does not separate automation from augmentation.
Task-level exposure
Exposed tasks only22 rated tasks · 8 tasks with β ≥ 0.5 (36.4%)
β = direct exposure (E1) + 0.5 × exposure when tools are available (E2), per the source repository's definition.
- Source unit: O*NET 27.2 tasks → O*NET 31.0 occupation code
- All rated tasks are in the O*NET 31.0 task list.
- Source
- OpenAI "GPTs are GPTs" exposure rubric
- Release
- gh-main-0471612
- License
- MIT License, Copyright (c) 2024 OpenAI
Values in this tab are predicted labels, not observations. Eloundou et al. (2023) published two rating regimes — human raters and GPT-4 — and the β shown here is derived from the GPT-4 rater basis alone; the same task can take a different value under the other regime.
| Task (O*NET 27.2) | βE1 + 0.5 × E2 |
|---|---|
Assign polish, symmetry, and clarity grades to stones, according to established grading systems.O*NET Task ID 15093 | 0.5 |
Estimate wholesale and retail value of gems, following pricing guides, market fluctuations, and other relevant economic factors.O*NET Task ID 15094 | 0.5 |
Examine gem surfaces and internal structures, using polariscopes, refractometers, microscopes, and other optical instruments, to differentiate between stones, to identify rare specimens, or to detect flaws, defects, or peculiarities affecting gem values.O*NET Task ID 15095 | 0.5 |
Identify and document stones' clarity characteristics, using plot diagrams.O*NET Task ID 15096 | 0.5 |
Advise customers and others on the best use of gems to create attractive jewelry items.O*NET Task ID 15097 | 0.5 |
Examine diamonds or gems to ascertain the shape, cut, and width of cut stones, or to select the cuts that will result in the biggest, best quality stones.O*NET Task ID 15098 | 0.5 |
Sort rough diamonds into categories based on shape, size, color, and quality.O*NET Task ID 15101 | 0.5 |
Measure sizes of stones' bore holes and cuts to ensure adherence to specifications, using precision measuring instruments.O*NET Task ID 15106 | 0.5 |
Examine gems during processing to ensure accuracy of angles and positions of cuts or bores, using magnifying glasses, loupes, or shadowgraphs.O*NET Task ID 15092 | 0.0 |
Immerse stones in prescribed chemical solutions to determine specific gravities and key properties of gemstones or substitutes.O*NET Task ID 15099 | 0.0 |
Hold stones, gems, dies, or styluses against rotating plates, wheels, saws, or slitters to cut, shape, slit, grind, or polish them.O*NET Task ID 15100 | 0.0 |
Secure gems or diamonds in holders, chucks, dops, lapidary sticks, or blocks for cutting, polishing, grinding, drilling, or shaping.O*NET Task ID 15102 | 0.0 |
Locate and mark drilling or cutting positions on stones or dies, using diamond chips and power hand tools.O*NET Task ID 15103 | 0.0 |
Place stones in clamps on polishing machines and polish facets of stones, using felt-covered or canvas-covered polishing wheels and polishing compounds such as tripoli and rouge.O*NET Task ID 15104 | 0.0 |
Lap girdles on rough diamonds, using diamond girdling lathes.O*NET Task ID 15105 | 0.0 |
Select shaping wheels for tasks, and mix and apply abrasives, bort, or polishing compounds.O*NET Task ID 15107 | 0.0 |
Split gems along pre-marked lines to remove imperfections, using blades and jewelers' hammers.O*NET Task ID 15108 | 0.0 |
Regulate the speed of revolutions and reciprocating actions of drilling mechanisms.O*NET Task ID 15109 | 0.0 |
Replace, true, and sharpen blades, drills, and plates.O*NET Task ID 15110 | 0.0 |
Secure stones in metal mountings, using solder.O*NET Task ID 15111 | 0.0 |
Dismantle lapping, boring, cutting, polishing, and shaping equipment and machinery to clean and lubricate it.O*NET Task ID 15112 | 0.0 |
Regrind drill points, and advance drill cutting points according to specifications for channel depths and shapes.O*NET Task ID 15113 | 0.0 |
β = E1 + 0.5 × E2 · E1 = tasks where direct LLM access alone cuts time by at least 50%, E2 = tasks where software built on top of an LLM cuts time by at least 50%. Values take only 0 / 0.5 / 1.0.
Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page
All O*NET 31.0 task statements (22)
All O*NET 31.0 task statements for this occupation (English, as published; task type core or supplemental). Exposure values are not listed here; they are in the table above, next to each task statement as worded in the O*NET version each source used.
| Task (O*NET 31.0) | Type |
|---|---|
| Examine gems during processing to ensure accuracy of angles and positions of cuts or bores, using magnifying glasses, loupes, or shadowgraphs. | Core |
| Assign polish, symmetry, and clarity grades to stones, according to established grading systems. | Core |
| Estimate wholesale and retail value of gems, following pricing guides, market fluctuations, and other relevant economic factors. | Core |
| Examine gem surfaces and internal structures, using polariscopes, refractometers, microscopes, and other optical instruments, to differentiate between stones, to identify rare specimens, or to detect flaws, defects, or peculiarities affecting gem values. | Core |
| Identify and document stones' clarity characteristics, using plot diagrams. | Core |
| Advise customers and others on the best use of gems to create attractive jewelry items. | Core |
| Examine diamonds or gems to ascertain the shape, cut, and width of cut stones, or to select the cuts that will result in the biggest, best quality stones. | Core |
| Secure gems or diamonds in holders, chucks, dops, lapidary sticks, or blocks for cutting, polishing, grinding, drilling, or shaping. | Core |
| Locate and mark drilling or cutting positions on stones or dies, using diamond chips and power hand tools. | Core |
| Select shaping wheels for tasks, and mix and apply abrasives, bort, or polishing compounds. | Core |
| Immerse stones in prescribed chemical solutions to determine specific gravities and key properties of gemstones or substitutes. | Supplemental |
| Hold stones, gems, dies, or styluses against rotating plates, wheels, saws, or slitters to cut, shape, slit, grind, or polish them. | Supplemental |
| Sort rough diamonds into categories based on shape, size, color, and quality. | Supplemental |
| Place stones in clamps on polishing machines and polish facets of stones, using felt-covered or canvas-covered polishing wheels and polishing compounds such as tripoli and rouge. | Supplemental |
| Lap girdles on rough diamonds, using diamond girdling lathes. | Supplemental |
| Measure sizes of stones' bore holes and cuts to ensure adherence to specifications, using precision measuring instruments. | Supplemental |
| Split gems along pre-marked lines to remove imperfections, using blades and jewelers' hammers. | Supplemental |
| Regulate the speed of revolutions and reciprocating actions of drilling mechanisms. | Supplemental |
| Replace, true, and sharpen blades, drills, and plates. | Supplemental |
| Secure stones in metal mountings, using solder. | Supplemental |
| Dismantle lapping, boring, cutting, polishing, and shaping equipment and machinery to clean and lubricate it. | Supplemental |
| Regrind drill points, and advance drill cutting points according to specifications for channel depths and shapes. | Supplemental |
0.89/ 3· Robot exposure index
Scale, basis and source
Each physical task is graded 0–3 by the setting in which robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated could do it (0 none · 1 purpose-built robot settings such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line · 2 structured facilities such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port · 3 unstructured settings such as a private home or a construction site), and the grades are averaged by share of working time
Physical tasks among this occupation's O*NET 29.3 tasks
Anthropic estimated the grades and time shares with Claude Opus 5 using web search, as of 2026.
The robot exposure index is a different measure from the AI exposure figures on this site and cannot be added to or compared with them. It does not measure actual adoption or cost, and 0 also covers occupations with no physical tasks.
Tier of each physical task
Robot environment tiers (E0–E3)
E0 noneDetails
Rated not doable by robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated, even in a purpose-built setting
E1 purpose-built robot settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting built around the machine, such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line
E2 structured facilitiesDetails
Rated doable in a human work facility that an institution keeps to a working standard, such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port
E3 unstructured settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting that no institution keeps to a working standard, such as a private home or a construction site
Only tasks classified as physical are listed; other tasks have no tier in the source.
| Task (O*NET 29.3) | Robot environment tier |
|---|---|
| Examine gems during processing to ensure accuracy of angles and positions of cuts or bores, using magnifying glasses, loupes, or shadowgraphs. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Assign polish, symmetry, and clarity grades to stones, according to established grading systems. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Examine gem surfaces and internal structures, using polariscopes, refractometers, microscopes, and other optical instruments, to differentiate between stones, to identify rare specimens, or to detect flaws, defects, or peculiarities affecting gem values. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Identify and document stones' clarity characteristics, using plot diagrams. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Examine diamonds or gems to ascertain the shape, cut, and width of cut stones, or to select the cuts that will result in the biggest, best quality stones. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Immerse stones in prescribed chemical solutions to determine specific gravities and key properties of gemstones or substitutes. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Hold stones, gems, dies, or styluses against rotating plates, wheels, saws, or slitters to cut, shape, slit, grind, or polish them. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Sort rough diamonds into categories based on shape, size, color, and quality. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Secure gems or diamonds in holders, chucks, dops, lapidary sticks, or blocks for cutting, polishing, grinding, drilling, or shaping. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Measure sizes of stones' bore holes and cuts to ensure adherence to specifications, using precision measuring instruments. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Select shaping wheels for tasks, and mix and apply abrasives, bort, or polishing compounds. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Dismantle lapping, boring, cutting, polishing, and shaping equipment and machinery to clean and lubricate it. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
Occupation information
Employment outlook (BLS)
Values for the whole SOC 51-9071 group (Jewelers and precious stone and metal workers), not for this O*NET occupation alone.
- Employment, 2025
- 33K
- Projected employment, 2035
- 32K
- Change (2025–35)
- -3.2%
- Median annual wage, 2025
- $52,540
- Typical education needed for entry
- High school diploma or equivalent
Korea classification links (KSCO)
Links from the current release of the Korea Occupation Direct Crosswalk v1.1, made by AI Changing Work. Relation values are read from the O*NET-SOC occupation side.
| KSCO code | KSCO title | Relation | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| 79122 | 보석 세공원 | Same scope | confirmed |
Relation and status definitions(kr-direct v1.1)
ILO occupational description
AI Changing Work links the ISCO-08 unit groups below to this occupation by applying the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (2018 SOC to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to ISCO-08) as published, without case-by-case selection; each link may be whole or partial.
- ISCO-08 7313Jewellery and Precious Metal Workers
Sources: ILO ISCO-08 — details: Credits
ESCO occupational vocabulary
Each entry below is matched to this occupation in the published ESCO-O*NET Crosswalk (version 1, 2022). The match types are that crosswalk's; the wording is AI Changing Work's.
- gemmologistESCO 3315.2This occupation is broader
Gemmologists value precious stones by analysing their characteristics, cut, and provenience either for trading or for further polishing efforts. They asses stones and gems to give them a market value.
- precious stone cutterESCO 7313.2This occupation is broader
Precious stone cutters use cutting machines and tools to cut or carve diamonds and other gemstones according to diagrams and patterns while considering different specifications. They are experts at fabricating jewellery such as rings, brooches, chains and bracelets from gemstones.
- precious stone setterESCO 7313.1.7This occupation is broader
Precious stone setters use tools to insert diamonds and other gemstones into jewellery settings according to specifications. The setting of the gemstone depends on its size and its shape.
- goldsmithESCO 7313.1.2Overlapping, not the same
Goldsmiths design, manufacture and sell jewellery. They also adjust, repair and appraise gems and jewellery for customers using experience in the working of gold and other precious metals.
- jewellerESCO 7313.1Overlapping, not the same
Jewellers fabricate and repair various jewelry articles. They create models from wax or metal, ready for the lost wax casting process. They may undertake the casting process (place wax model in casting ring, create moulds, pour molten metal into mould, or operate centrifugal casting machine to cast article.) Jewellers also cut, saw, file, and solder pieces of jewelry together, using a soldering torch, carving tools and handtools and polish the article.
- jewellery assemblerESCO 8219.5Overlapping, not the same
Jewellery assemblers assemble jewelry parts to form different types of jewellery such as bracelets, necklaces or earrings. They grip links with pliers or position the link in the slot of a linking ring, twist link joints open using pliers, attach all parts together and repair broken chains.
- jewellery mounterESCO 7313.1.4Overlapping, not the same
Jewellery mounters create the framework for a piece of jewellery, on which the precious stones are added to later.
- jewellery polisherESCO 7313.1.5Overlapping, not the same
Jewellery polishers ensure that finished jewellery pieces are cleaned by customer demand or prepared for sale. They may also perform minor repairs. They use either hand tools such as files and emery paper buff sticks and/or hand held polishing machines. They also use mechanised polishing machines such as barrel polishers.
- jewellery repairerESCO 7313.1.6Overlapping, not the same
Jewellery repairers use specialised hand tools to carry out adjustments and repairs to all types of jewellery pieces. They resize rings or necklaces, reset gems, and repair broken jewellery parts. Jewellery repairers identify the suitable precious metals to be used as replacements, solder and smooth joints. They clean and polish the repaired pieces to be returned to the customer.
- silversmithESCO 7313.1.8Overlapping, not the same
Silversmiths design, manufacture and sell jewelry. They also adjust, repair and appraise gems and jewelry. Silversmiths are specialized in working with silver and other precious metals.
Source: European Commission, DG EMPL — ESCO API 2026-08-08 (bridge v1.2.1)
License: CC BY 4.0 (EU Reuse Notice)
ESCO reuse terms and the modification notice are in Credits.
France classification links (ROME)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and ROME 4.0 job profiles, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side. Links marked “provisional” were adopted on the judgments of two judges from the same model family (Claude) alone, or by an operator rule applied to their judgments, so they rest on weaker evidence than confirmed links.
| ROME code | ROME title (French) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| B1607 | Lapidaire - Diamantaire | Same scopeprovisional |
| B1611 | Trieur / Trieuse de pierres et perles | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| B1610 | Sertisseur / Sertisseuse en bijouterie ou joaillerie | Related, not a matchprovisional |
Source: France Travail — Répertoire Opérationnel des Métiers et des Emplois (ROME 4.0), version 61, last updated 15 June 2026 (https://www.data.gouv.fr/datasets/repertoire-operationnel-des-metiers-et-des-emplois-rome). Licence Ouverte 2.0.
ROME codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET-SOC occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a France Travail correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: fr-direct v1)
Spain classification links (CNO-11)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and CNO-11 occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| CNO-11 code | CNO-11 title (Spanish) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 7613 | Joyeros, orfebres y plateros | This occupation is narrower |
Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), National Classification of Occupations 2011 (CNO-11, Royal Decree 1591/2010) — www.ine.es · Licensed CC BY 4.0. CNO-11 codes and Spanish titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not an INE correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: es-direct v1)
Germany classification links (KldB)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and KldB occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| KldB code | KldB title (German) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 93522 | Berufe in der kunsthandwerklichen Schmuckwarenherstellung, Edelstein- und Edelmetallbearbeitung - fachlich ausgerichtete Tätigkeiten | This occupation is narrower |
| 94724 | Kunstsachverständige - hoch komplexe Tätigkeiten | Related, not a match |
Source: © Statistik der Bundesagentur für Arbeit — Klassifikation der Berufe 2010 – überarbeitete Fassung 2020, https://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de. KldB codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own mapping (eigene Zuordnung) and are not a Bundesagentur für Arbeit correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: de-direct v1)
Japan classification links (JSCO)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and JSCO occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| JSCO code | JSCO title (Japanese) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 539 | その他の製品製造・加工処理従事者（金属製品を除く） | This occupation is narrower |
Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC), Japan Standard Occupational Classification (Dec. 2009, MIC Notification No. 555). JSCO codes and Japanese titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a MIC correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: jp-direct v1)
Sources, licenses and AI Changing Work's modification and translation notices for this page: Credits & sources