Jewelers and Precious Stone and Metal Workers
Production Occupations- O*NET-SOC code
- 51-9071.00
Design, fabricate, adjust, repair, or appraise jewelry, gold, silver, other precious metals, or gems.
- Data source: BLSPublished: 2026-08
Moderate· relative
LowFour relative bandsVery highGroup-level value
Scale, basis and source
Four relative bands (Low / Moderate / High / Very high)
831 detailed occupations in the BLS Employment Projections table. Assigned per National Employment Matrix (NEM) code, so occupations sharing a NEM code carry the same band
- Data source: AnthropicPublished: 2026-03
0.000
0.000Range of values carried here0.745Group-level value
Scale, basis and source
Observed exposure index, 0–1 as published
Mapped onto O*NET tasks
Published per SOC 2018 occupation; every O*NET occupation with the same SOC 2018 code carries this value
- Data source: ILOPublished: 2025
0.18
0.09Range of values carried here0.70Group-level value
Scale, basis and source
Generative AI exposure index, 0–1 as published
Published per ISCO-08 unit group. Linked to this occupation, wholly or in part, by applying U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (ISCO-08 to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to 2018 SOC) as published
What kind of figure this source publishes
The BLS category is a relative rank, not an absolute level, and it is not a first-hand measurement: it groups an occupation's percentile ranks across several published studies into four bands. It is not an employment or wage forecast, not a probability of adoption, and it does not separate automation from augmentation.
Task-level exposure
Show 67 hidden tasks30 rated tasks · 8 tasks with β ≥ 0.5 (26.7%)
β = direct exposure (E1) + 0.5 × exposure when tools are available (E2), per the source repository's definition.
- Source unit: O*NET 27.2 tasks → O*NET 31.0 occupation code
- All rated tasks are in the O*NET 31.0 task list.
- Source
- OpenAI "GPTs are GPTs" exposure rubric
- Release
- gh-main-0471612
- License
- MIT License, Copyright (c) 2024 OpenAI
Tasks of O*NET-SOC 2010 occupations 51-9071.01 Jewelers; 51-9071.07 Precious Metal Workers, linked to this occupation by the O*NET-SOC 2010 to 2019 crosswalk
| Task (O*NET 20.1) | Claude.aiRaw / share % |
|---|---|
Compute costs of labor and materials in order to determine production costs of products and articles.51-9071.01 | 0.014339.4 |
Design silver articles, such as jewelry and serving pieces.51-9071.07 | 0.012835.1 |
Research and analyze reference materials, and consult with interested parties in order to develop new products or modify existing designs.51-9071.01 | 0.003910.8 |
Research reference materials, analyze production data, and consult with interested parties to develop ideas for new products.51-9071.07 | 0.00308.2 |
Create jewelry from materials such as gold, silver, platinum, and precious or semiprecious stones.51-9071.01 | 0.00236.5 |
Values in this tab are predicted labels, not observations. Eloundou et al. (2023) published two rating regimes — human raters and GPT-4 — and the β shown here is derived from the GPT-4 rater basis alone; the same task can take a different value under the other regime. The unit and the meaning differ from the observed shares (%) in the other tabs, so do not place them on the same axis.
| Task (O*NET 27.2) | βE1 + 0.5 × E2 |
|---|---|
Compute costs of labor and materials in order to determine production costs of products and articles.O*NET Task ID 23627 | 1.0 |
Write or modify design specifications such as the metal contents and weights of items.O*NET Task ID 23637 | 1.0 |
Examine assembled or finished products to ensure conformance to specifications, using magnifying glasses or precision measuring instruments.O*NET Task ID 23628 | 0.5 |
Determine appraised values of diamonds and other gemstones based on price guides, market fluctuations, and stone grades and rarity.O*NET Task ID 23634 | 0.5 |
Grade stones based on their color, perfection, and quality of cut.O*NET Task ID 23635 | 0.5 |
Create new jewelry designs and modify existing designs, using computers as necessary.O*NET Task ID 23638 | 0.5 |
Buy and sell jewelry, or serve as agents between buyers and sellers.O*NET Task ID 23639 | 0.5 |
Research and analyze reference materials, and consult with interested parties in order to develop new products or modify existing designs.O*NET Task ID 23645 | 0.5 |
β = E1 + 0.5 × E2 · E1 = tasks where direct LLM access alone cuts time by at least 50%, E2 = tasks where software built on top of an LLM cuts time by at least 50%. Values take only 0 / 0.5 / 1.0.
Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Anthropic Economic Index, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page
All O*NET 31.0 task statements (30)
All O*NET 31.0 task statements for this occupation (English, as published; task type core or supplemental). Exposure values are not listed here; they are in the table above, next to each task statement as worded in the O*NET version each source used.
| Task (O*NET 31.0) | Type |
|---|---|
| Position stones and metal pieces, and set, mount, and secure items in place, using setting and hand tools. | Core |
| Smooth soldered joints and rough spots, using hand files and emery paper, and polish smoothed areas with polishing wheels or buffing wire. | Core |
| Create jewelry from materials such as gold, silver, platinum, and precious or semiprecious stones. | Core |
| Make repairs, such as enlarging or reducing ring sizes, soldering pieces of jewelry together, and replacing broken clasps and mountings. | Core |
| Clean and polish metal items and jewelry pieces, using jewelers' tools, polishing wheels, and chemical baths. | Core |
| Cut and file pieces of jewelry such as rings, brooches, bracelets, and lockets. | Core |
| Select and acquire metals and gems for designs. | Core |
| Compute costs of labor and materials to determine production costs of products and articles. | Core |
| Examine assembled or finished products to ensure conformance to specifications, using magnifying glasses or precision measuring instruments. | Core |
| Pierce and cut open designs in ornamentation, using hand drills and scroll saws. | Core |
| Construct preliminary models of wax, metal, clay, or plaster, and form sample castings in molds. | Core |
| Pour molten metal alloys or other materials into molds to cast models of jewelry. | Core |
| Shape and straighten damaged or twisted articles by hand or using pliers. | Core |
| Soften metal to be used in designs by heating it with a gas torch and shape it, using hammers and dies. | Core |
| Grade stones based on their color, perfection, and quality of cut. | Core |
| Plate articles such as jewelry pieces and watch dials, using silver, gold, nickel, or other metals. | Core |
| Write or modify design specifications such as the metal contents and weights of items. | Core |
| Create new jewelry designs and modify existing designs, using computers as necessary. | Core |
| Record the weights and processing times of finished pieces. | Core |
| Mark, engrave, or emboss designs on metal pieces such as castings, wire, or jewelry, following specifications. | Core |
| Research and analyze reference materials, and consult with interested parties to develop new products or modify existing designs. | Core |
| Determine appraised values of diamonds and other gemstones based on price guides, market fluctuations, and stone grades and rarity. | Supplemental |
| Buy and sell jewelry, or serve as agents between buyers and sellers. | Supplemental |
| Lay out designs on metal stock, and cut along markings to fabricate pieces used to cast metal molds. | Supplemental |
| Cut designs in molds or other materials to be used as models in the fabrication of metal and jewelry products. | Supplemental |
| Design and fabricate molds, models, and machine accessories, and modify hand tools used to cast metal and jewelry pieces. | Supplemental |
| Anneal precious metal objects such as coffeepots, tea sets, and trays in gas ovens for prescribed times to soften metal for reworking. | Supplemental |
| Weigh, mix, and melt metal alloys or materials needed for jewelry models. | Supplemental |
| Rotate molds to distribute alloys and to prevent formation of air pockets. | Supplemental |
| Rout out locations where parts are to be joined to items, using routing machines. | Supplemental |
0.32/ 3· Robot exposure index
Scale, basis and source
Each physical task is graded 0–3 by the setting in which robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated could do it (0 none · 1 purpose-built robot settings such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line · 2 structured facilities such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port · 3 unstructured settings such as a private home or a construction site), and the grades are averaged by share of working time
Physical tasks among this occupation's O*NET 29.3 tasks
Anthropic estimated the grades and time shares with Claude Opus 5 using web search, as of 2026.
The robot exposure index is a different measure from the AI exposure figures on this site and cannot be added to or compared with them. It does not measure actual adoption or cost, and 0 also covers occupations with no physical tasks.
Tier of each physical task
Robot environment tiers (E0–E3)
E0 noneDetails
Rated not doable by robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated, even in a purpose-built setting
E1 purpose-built robot settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting built around the machine, such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line
E2 structured facilitiesDetails
Rated doable in a human work facility that an institution keeps to a working standard, such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port
E3 unstructured settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting that no institution keeps to a working standard, such as a private home or a construction site
Only tasks classified as physical are listed; other tasks have no tier in the source.
| Task (O*NET 29.3) | Robot environment tier |
|---|---|
| Position stones and metal pieces, and set, mount, and secure items in place, using setting and hand tools. | E0 none |
| Smooth soldered joints and rough spots, using hand files and emery paper, and polish smoothed areas with polishing wheels or buffing wire. | E0 none |
| Create jewelry from materials such as gold, silver, platinum, and precious or semiprecious stones. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Make repairs, such as enlarging or reducing ring sizes, soldering pieces of jewelry together, and replacing broken clasps and mountings. | E0 none |
| Clean and polish metal items and jewelry pieces, using jewelers' tools, polishing wheels, and chemical baths. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Cut and file pieces of jewelry such as rings, brooches, bracelets, and lockets. | E0 none |
| Examine assembled or finished products to ensure conformance to specifications, using magnifying glasses or precision measuring instruments. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Pierce and cut open designs in ornamentation, using hand drills and scroll saws. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Construct preliminary models of wax, metal, clay, or plaster, and form sample castings in molds. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Pour molten metal alloys or other materials into molds to cast models of jewelry. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Shape and straighten damaged or twisted articles by hand or using pliers. | E0 none |
| Soften metal to be used in designs by heating it with a gas torch and shape it, using hammers and dies. | E0 none |
| Grade stones based on their color, perfection, and quality of cut. | E0 none |
| Plate articles such as jewelry pieces and watch dials, using silver, gold, nickel, or other metals. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Record the weights and processing times of finished pieces. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Lay out designs on metal stock, and cut along markings to fabricate pieces used to cast metal molds. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Mark, engrave, or emboss designs on metal pieces such as castings, wire, or jewelry, following specifications. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Cut designs in molds or other materials to be used as models in the fabrication of metal and jewelry products. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Design and fabricate molds, models, and machine accessories, and modify hand tools used to cast metal and jewelry pieces. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Weigh, mix, and melt metal alloys or materials needed for jewelry models. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Rotate molds to distribute alloys and to prevent formation of air pockets. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Rout out locations where parts are to be joined to items, using routing machines. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
Occupation information
Employment outlook (BLS)
Values for the whole SOC 51-9071 group (Jewelers and precious stone and metal workers), not for this O*NET occupation alone.
- Employment, 2025
- 33K
- Projected employment, 2035
- 32K
- Change (2025–35)
- -3.2%
- Median annual wage, 2025
- $52,540
- Typical education needed for entry
- High school diploma or equivalent
Korea classification links (KSCO)
Links from the current release of the Korea Occupation Direct Crosswalk v1.1, made by AI Changing Work. Relation values are read from the O*NET-SOC occupation side.
| KSCO code | KSCO title | Relation | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| 79121 | 귀금속 세공원 | This occupation is broader | confirmed |
| 79122 | 보석 세공원 | This occupation is broader | confirmed |
| 79129 | 그 외 귀금속 및 보석 세공원 | This occupation is broader | confirmed |
Relation and status definitions(kr-direct v1.1)
ILO occupational description
AI Changing Work links the ISCO-08 unit groups below to this occupation by applying the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (2018 SOC to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to ISCO-08) as published, without case-by-case selection; each link may be whole or partial.
- ISCO-08 7313Jewellery and Precious Metal Workers
Sources: ILO ISCO-08 — details: Credits
ESCO occupational vocabulary
Each entry below is matched to this occupation in the published ESCO-O*NET Crosswalk (version 1, 2022). The match types are that crosswalk's; the wording is AI Changing Work's.
- jewellerESCO 7313.1Same scope
Jewellers fabricate and repair various jewelry articles. They create models from wax or metal, ready for the lost wax casting process. They may undertake the casting process (place wax model in casting ring, create moulds, pour molten metal into mould, or operate centrifugal casting machine to cast article.) Jewellers also cut, saw, file, and solder pieces of jewelry together, using a soldering torch, carving tools and handtools and polish the article.
- filigree makerESCO 7313.1.1This occupation is broader
Filigree makers create a delicate kind of jewellery, usually of gold and silver, called a filigree. They solder together tiny beads, twisted threads or a combination of the two to the surface of an object in the same metal, arranged in an artistic motif.
- goldsmithESCO 7313.1.2This occupation is broader
Goldsmiths design, manufacture and sell jewellery. They also adjust, repair and appraise gems and jewellery for customers using experience in the working of gold and other precious metals.
- jewellery assemblerESCO 8219.5This occupation is broader
Jewellery assemblers assemble jewelry parts to form different types of jewellery such as bracelets, necklaces or earrings. They grip links with pliers or position the link in the slot of a linking ring, twist link joints open using pliers, attach all parts together and repair broken chains.
- jewellery designerESCO 2163.1.5This occupation is broader
Jewellery designers use a variety of materials, including gold, silver and precious stones to design and plan pieces of jewellery that can have a wearable or decorative purpose. They are involved in the different stages of the making process and may design for individual clients or for mass production clients.
- jewellery mounterESCO 7313.1.4This occupation is broader
Jewellery mounters create the framework for a piece of jewellery, on which the precious stones are added to later.
- jewellery repairerESCO 7313.1.6This occupation is broader
Jewellery repairers use specialised hand tools to carry out adjustments and repairs to all types of jewellery pieces. They resize rings or necklaces, reset gems, and repair broken jewellery parts. Jewellery repairers identify the suitable precious metals to be used as replacements, solder and smooth joints. They clean and polish the repaired pieces to be returned to the customer.
- silversmithESCO 7313.1.8This occupation is broader
Silversmiths design, manufacture and sell jewelry. They also adjust, repair and appraise gems and jewelry. Silversmiths are specialized in working with silver and other precious metals.
- precious stone cutterESCO 7313.2Overlapping, not the same
Precious stone cutters use cutting machines and tools to cut or carve diamonds and other gemstones according to diagrams and patterns while considering different specifications. They are experts at fabricating jewellery such as rings, brooches, chains and bracelets from gemstones.
- precious stone setterESCO 7313.1.7Overlapping, not the same
Precious stone setters use tools to insert diamonds and other gemstones into jewellery settings according to specifications. The setting of the gemstone depends on its size and its shape.
Source: European Commission, DG EMPL — ESCO API 2026-08-08 (bridge v1.2.1)
License: CC BY 4.0 (EU Reuse Notice)
ESCO reuse terms and the modification notice are in Credits.
France classification links (ROME)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and ROME 4.0 job profiles, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side. Links marked “provisional” were adopted on the judgments of two judges from the same model family (Claude) alone, or by an operator rule applied to their judgments, so they rest on weaker evidence than confirmed links.
| ROME code | ROME title (French) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| B1605 | Bijoutier / Bijoutière | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| B1606 | Joaillier / Joaillière | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| B1610 | Sertisseur / Sertisseuse en bijouterie ou joaillerie | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| B1613 | Orfèvre | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| B1612 | Concepteur / Conceptrice numérique en bijouterie joaillerie | Related, not a match |
| B1603 | Opérateur / Opératrice en bijouterie | Related, not a matchprovisional |
| B1607 | Lapidaire - Diamantaire | Related, not a matchprovisional |
| B1608 | Orfèvre planeur / Orfèvre planeuse | Related, not a matchprovisional |
| B1609 | Responsable d'atelier en bijouterie ou joaillerie | Related, not a matchprovisional |
| B1614 | Monteur / Monteuse en orfèvrerie | Related, not a matchprovisional |
| B1615 | Orfèvre tourneur repousseur / Orfèvre tourneuse repousseuse | Related, not a matchprovisional |
Source: France Travail — Répertoire Opérationnel des Métiers et des Emplois (ROME 4.0), version 61, last updated 15 June 2026 (https://www.data.gouv.fr/datasets/repertoire-operationnel-des-metiers-et-des-emplois-rome). Licence Ouverte 2.0.
ROME codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET-SOC occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a France Travail correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: fr-direct v1)
Spain classification links (CNO-11)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and CNO-11 occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| CNO-11 code | CNO-11 title (Spanish) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 7613 | Joyeros, orfebres y plateros | Same scopeprovisional |
Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), National Classification of Occupations 2011 (CNO-11, Royal Decree 1591/2010) — www.ine.es · Licensed CC BY 4.0. CNO-11 codes and Spanish titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not an INE correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: es-direct v1)
Germany classification links (KldB)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and KldB occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| KldB code | KldB title (German) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 93522 | Berufe in der kunsthandwerklichen Schmuckwarenherstellung, Edelstein- und Edelmetallbearbeitung - fachlich ausgerichtete Tätigkeiten | Same scope |
| 93524 | Berufe in der kunsthandwerklichen Schmuckwarenherstellung, Edelstein- und Edelmetallbearbeitung - hoch komplexe Tätigkeiten | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| 93523 | Berufe in der kunsthandwerklichen Schmuckwarenherstellung, Edelstein- und Edelmetallbearbeitung - komplexe Spezialistentätigkeiten | Related, not a match |
| 94724 | Kunstsachverständige - hoch komplexe Tätigkeiten | Related, not a match |
| 93593 | Aufsichtskräfte - Kunsthandwerkliche Metallgestaltung | Related, not a matchprovisional |
Source: © Statistik der Bundesagentur für Arbeit — Klassifikation der Berufe 2010 – überarbeitete Fassung 2020, https://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de. KldB codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own mapping (eigene Zuordnung) and are not a Bundesagentur für Arbeit correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: de-direct v1)
Japan classification links (JSCO)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and JSCO occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| JSCO code | JSCO title (Japanese) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 539 | その他の製品製造・加工処理従事者（金属製品を除く） | This occupation is narrowerprovisional |
| 223 | 工芸美術家 | Related, not a matchprovisional |
Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC), Japan Standard Occupational Classification (Dec. 2009, MIC Notification No. 555). JSCO codes and Japanese titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a MIC correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: jp-direct v1)
Sources, licenses and AI Changing Work's modification and translation notices for this page: Credits & sources