Glass Blowers, Molders, Benders, and Finishers
Production Occupations- O*NET-SOC code
- 51-9195.04
Shape molten glass according to patterns.
- Data source: BLSPublished: 2026-08
Low· relative
LowFour relative bandsVery highGroup-level value
Scale, basis and source
Four relative bands (Low / Moderate / High / Very high)
831 detailed occupations in the BLS Employment Projections table. Assigned per National Employment Matrix (NEM) code, so occupations sharing a NEM code carry the same band
- Data source: AnthropicPublished: 2026-03
0.000
0.000Range of values carried here0.745Group-level value
Scale, basis and source
Observed exposure index, 0–1 as published
Mapped onto O*NET tasks
Published per SOC 2018 occupation; every O*NET occupation with the same SOC 2018 code carries this value
- Data source: ILOPublished: 2025
0.14–0.24· 6 ISCO-08 groups
Scale, basis and source
Generative AI exposure index, 0–1 as published
Published per ISCO-08 unit group. Linked to this occupation, wholly or in part, by applying U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (ISCO-08 to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to 2018 SOC) as published
What kind of figure this source publishes
The BLS category is a relative rank, not an absolute level, and it is not a first-hand measurement: it groups an occupation's percentile ranks across several published studies into four bands. It is not an employment or wage forecast, not a probability of adoption, and it does not separate automation from augmentation.
ILO value for each linked ISCO-08 group
- ISCO-08 7314Potters and Related Workers0.18
- ISCO-08 7315Glass Makers, Cutters, Grinders and Finishers0.19
- ISCO-08 7516Tobacco Preparers and Tobacco Products Makers0.14
- ISCO-08 8131Chemical Products Plant and Machine Operators0.24
- ISCO-08 8141Rubber Products Machine Operators0.18
- ISCO-08 8181Glass and Ceramics Plant Operators0.17
Task-level exposure
Show 17 hidden tasks19 rated tasks · 2 tasks with β ≥ 0.5 (10.5%)
β = direct exposure (E1) + 0.5 × exposure when tools are available (E2), per the source repository's definition.
- Source unit: O*NET 27.2 tasks → O*NET 31.0 occupation code
- All rated tasks are in the O*NET 31.0 task list.
- Source
- OpenAI "GPTs are GPTs" exposure rubric
- Release
- gh-main-0471612
- License
- MIT License, Copyright (c) 2024 OpenAI
Values in this tab are predicted labels, not observations. Eloundou et al. (2023) published two rating regimes — human raters and GPT-4 — and the β shown here is derived from the GPT-4 rater basis alone; the same task can take a different value under the other regime.
| Task (O*NET 27.2) | βE1 + 0.5 × E2 |
|---|---|
Record manufacturing information, such as quantities, sizes, or types of goods produced.O*NET Task ID 12631 | 1.0 |
Develop sketches of glass products into blueprint specifications, applying knowledge of glass technology and glass blowing.O*NET Task ID 12637 | 0.5 |
β = E1 + 0.5 × E2 · E1 = tasks where direct LLM access alone cuts time by at least 50%, E2 = tasks where software built on top of an LLM cuts time by at least 50%. Values take only 0 / 0.5 / 1.0.
Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page
All O*NET 31.0 task statements (19)
All O*NET 31.0 task statements for this occupation (English, as published; task type core or supplemental). Exposure values are not listed here; they are in the table above, next to each task statement as worded in the O*NET version each source used.
| Task (O*NET 31.0) | Type |
|---|---|
| Inspect, weigh, and measure products to verify conformance to specifications, using instruments such as micrometers, calipers, magnifiers, or rulers. | Core |
| Record manufacturing information, such as quantities, sizes, or types of goods produced. | Core |
| Heat glass to pliable stage, using gas flames or ovens and rotating glass to heat it uniformly. | Core |
| Blow tubing into specified shapes to prevent glass from collapsing, using compressed air or own breath, or blow and rotate gathers in molds or on boards to obtain final shapes. | Core |
| Shape, bend, or join sections of glass, using paddles, pressing and flattening hand tools, or cork. | Core |
| Develop sketches of glass products into blueprint specifications, applying knowledge of glass technology and glass blowing. | Core |
| Determine types and quantities of glass required to fabricate products. | Core |
| Place electrodes in tube ends and heat them with glass burners to fuse them into place. | Core |
| Cut lengths of tubing to specified sizes, using files or cutting wheels. | Core |
| Design and create glass objects, using blowpipes and artisans' hand tools and equipment. | Core |
| Operate and maintain finishing machines to grind, drill, sand, bevel, decorate, wash, or polish glass or glass products. | Core |
| Operate electric kilns that heat and mold glass sheets to the shape and curve of metal jigs. | Core |
| Set up and adjust machine press stroke lengths and pressures and regulate oven temperatures, according to glass types to be processed. | Supplemental |
| Place rubber hoses on ends of tubing and charge tubing with gas. | Supplemental |
| Superimpose bent tubing on asbestos patterns to ensure accuracy. | Supplemental |
| Strike necks of finished articles to separate articles from blowpipes. | Supplemental |
| Spray or swab molds with oil solutions to prevent adhesion of glass. | Supplemental |
| Place glass into dies or molds of presses and control presses to form products, such as glassware components or optical blanks. | Supplemental |
| Repair broken scrolls by replacing them with new sections of tubing. | Supplemental |
0.82/ 3· Robot exposure index
Scale, basis and source
Each physical task is graded 0–3 by the setting in which robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated could do it (0 none · 1 purpose-built robot settings such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line · 2 structured facilities such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port · 3 unstructured settings such as a private home or a construction site), and the grades are averaged by share of working time
Physical tasks among this occupation's O*NET 29.3 tasks
Anthropic estimated the grades and time shares with Claude Opus 5 using web search, as of 2026.
The robot exposure index is a different measure from the AI exposure figures on this site and cannot be added to or compared with them. It does not measure actual adoption or cost, and 0 also covers occupations with no physical tasks.
Tier of each physical task
Robot environment tiers (E0–E3)
E0 noneDetails
Rated not doable by robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated, even in a purpose-built setting
E1 purpose-built robot settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting built around the machine, such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line
E2 structured facilitiesDetails
Rated doable in a human work facility that an institution keeps to a working standard, such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port
E3 unstructured settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting that no institution keeps to a working standard, such as a private home or a construction site
Only tasks classified as physical are listed; other tasks have no tier in the source.
| Task (O*NET 29.3) | Robot environment tier |
|---|---|
| Inspect, weigh, and measure products to verify conformance to specifications, using instruments such as micrometers, calipers, magnifiers, or rulers. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Heat glass to pliable stage, using gas flames or ovens and rotating glass to heat it uniformly. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Blow tubing into specified shapes to prevent glass from collapsing, using compressed air or own breath, or blow and rotate gathers in molds or on boards to obtain final shapes. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Set up and adjust machine press stroke lengths and pressures and regulate oven temperatures, according to glass types to be processed. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Shape, bend, or join sections of glass, using paddles, pressing and flattening hand tools, or cork. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Place rubber hoses on ends of tubing and charge tubing with gas. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Superimpose bent tubing on asbestos patterns to ensure accuracy. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Spray or swab molds with oil solutions to prevent adhesion of glass. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Cut lengths of tubing to specified sizes, using files or cutting wheels. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Place glass into dies or molds of presses and control presses to form products, such as glassware components or optical blanks. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Design and create glass objects, using blowpipes and artisans' hand tools and equipment. | E0 none |
| Repair broken scrolls by replacing them with new sections of tubing. | E0 none |
| Operate and maintain finishing machines to grind, drill, sand, bevel, decorate, wash, or polish glass or glass products. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
Occupation information
Employment outlook (BLS)
Values for the whole SOC 51-9195 group (Molders, shapers, and casters, except metal and plastic), not for this O*NET occupation alone.
- Employment, 2025
- 43K
- Projected employment, 2035
- 46K
- Change (2025–35)
- +5.8%
- Median annual wage, 2025
- $46,170
- Typical education needed for entry
- High school diploma or equivalent
Korea classification links (KSCO)
Links from the current release of the Korea Occupation Direct Crosswalk v1.1, made by AI Changing Work. Relation values are read from the O*NET-SOC occupation side.
| KSCO code | KSCO title | Relation | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| 79992 | 유리 관련 기능 종사원 | This occupation is narrower | confirmed |
Relation and status definitions(kr-direct v1.1)
ILO occupational description
AI Changing Work links the ISCO-08 unit groups below to this occupation by applying the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (2018 SOC to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to ISCO-08) as published, without case-by-case selection; each link may be whole or partial.
- ISCO-08 7314Potters and Related Workers
- ISCO-08 7315Glass Makers, Cutters, Grinders and Finishers
- ISCO-08 7516Tobacco Preparers and Tobacco Products Makers
- ISCO-08 8131Chemical Products Plant and Machine Operators
- ISCO-08 8141Rubber Products Machine Operators
- ISCO-08 8181Glass and Ceramics Plant Operators
Sources: ILO ISCO-08 — details: Credits
ESCO occupational vocabulary
Each entry below is matched to this occupation in the published ESCO-O*NET Crosswalk (version 1, 2022). The match types are that crosswalk's; the wording is AI Changing Work's.
- drawing kiln operatorESCO 8181.4This occupation is broader
Drawing kiln operators are responsible for continuous sheet flat glass production by manipulating the drawing kiln that processes molten glass.
- glass artistESCO 2651.7This occupation is broader
Glass artists create original artworks by assembling pieces of glass. They can be involved in restoration processes (such as those going on in cathedrals, churches, etc.) and can create accessoires, windows or decorations.
- glass forming machine operatorESCO 8181.8This occupation is broader
Glass forming machine operators operate and maintain machines that press or blow molten glass in moulds to form or shape products, such as neons, bottles, jars and drinking glasses. They set up and adjust machines, and weigh, measure and check production samples to check conformity to the set specifications.
- glass polisherESCO 8181.9This occupation is broader
Glass polishers finish plate glass to make a variety of glass products. They polish the edges of the glass using grinding and polishing wheels, and spray solutions on glass or operate vacuum coating machines to provide a mirrored surface.
- glass bevellerESCO 7315.2Overlapping, not the same
Glass bevellers measure, cut, assemble and install flat glass and mirrors. They also load and unload glass, mirrors and equipment, drive to installation sites, install metal or wood frameworks that need to be fitted with glass, and work according to client specifications.
- glass-blowerESCO 7315.1Overlapping, not the same
Glass-blowers design, produce and decorate glass artefacts such as stained glass windows, mirrors and architectural glass. Some glass-blowers specialise in restoring, renovating and repairing original pieces. They may also work as scientific glass-blowers, designing and repairing laboratory glass.
Source: European Commission, DG EMPL — ESCO API 2026-08-08 (bridge v1.2.1)
License: CC BY 4.0 (EU Reuse Notice)
ESCO reuse terms and the modification notice are in Credits.
France classification links (ROME)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and ROME 4.0 job profiles, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side. Links marked “provisional” were adopted on the judgments of two judges from the same model family (Claude) alone, or by an operator rule applied to their judgments, so they rest on weaker evidence than confirmed links.
| ROME code | ROME title (French) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| B1602 | Souffleur / Souffleuse de verre | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| H2811 | Plieur / Plieuse de verre plat | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| H2801 | Agent / Agente de fabrication du verre | Related, not a match |
| H2808 | Conducteur / Conductrice de presses en production transformation du verre | Related, not a matchprovisional |
| H3409 | Polisseur / Polisseuse sur verre | Related, not a matchprovisional |
Source: France Travail — Répertoire Opérationnel des Métiers et des Emplois (ROME 4.0), version 61, last updated 15 June 2026 (https://www.data.gouv.fr/datasets/repertoire-operationnel-des-metiers-et-des-emplois-rome). Licence Ouverte 2.0.
ROME codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET-SOC occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a France Travail correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: fr-direct v1)
Spain classification links (CNO-11)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and CNO-11 occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| CNO-11 code | CNO-11 title (Spanish) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 7615 | Sopladores, modeladores, laminadores, cortadores y pulidores de vidrio | This occupation is narrower |
| 8191 | Operadores de hornos e instalaciones de vidriería y cerámica | Related, not a match |
Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), National Classification of Occupations 2011 (CNO-11, Royal Decree 1591/2010) — www.ine.es · Licensed CC BY 4.0. CNO-11 codes and Spanish titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not an INE correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: es-direct v1)
Germany classification links (KldB)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and KldB occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| KldB code | KldB title (German) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 21332 | Berufe in der industriellen Glasbläserei - fachlich ausgerichtete Tätigkeiten | This occupation is broader |
| 93432 | Berufe in der kunsthandwerklichen Glasbläserei - fachlich ausgerichtete Tätigkeiten | This occupation is broader |
| 21322 | Berufe im Glasapparatebau - fachlich ausgerichtete Tätigkeiten | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| 21312 | Berufe in der Glasherstellung - fachlich ausgerichtete Tätigkeiten | Overlapping, not the sameprovisional |
| 21323 | Berufe im Glasapparatebau - komplexe Spezialistentätigkeiten | Related, not a matchprovisional |
Source: © Statistik der Bundesagentur für Arbeit — Klassifikation der Berufe 2010 – überarbeitete Fassung 2020, https://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de. KldB codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own mapping (eigene Zuordnung) and are not a Bundesagentur für Arbeit correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: de-direct v1)
Japan classification links (JSCO)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and JSCO occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| JSCO code | JSCO title (Japanese) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 532 | 窯業・土石製品製造従事者 | This occupation is narrowerprovisional |
| 223 | 工芸美術家 | Related, not a matchprovisional |
Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC), Japan Standard Occupational Classification (Dec. 2009, MIC Notification No. 555). JSCO codes and Japanese titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a MIC correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: jp-direct v1)
Sources, licenses and AI Changing Work's modification and translation notices for this page: Credits & sources