Ambulance Drivers and Attendants, Except Emergency Medical Technicians

Transportation and Material Moving Occupations

O*NET-SOC code: 53-3011.00

Drive ambulance or assist ambulance driver in transporting sick, injured, or convalescent persons. Assist in lifting patients.

Data source: BLSPublished: 2026-08
Low· relative
LowFour relative bandsVery high
Group-level value
Scale, basis and source
Four relative bands (Low / Moderate / High / Very high)
831 detailed occupations in the BLS Employment Projections table. Assigned per National Employment Matrix (NEM) code, so occupations sharing a NEM code carry the same band
Source dataset (XLSX download)
Data source: AnthropicPublished: 2026-03
0.000
0.000Range of values carried here0.745
Scale, basis and source
Observed exposure index, 0–1 as published
Mapped onto O*NET tasks
Published per SOC 2018 occupation; every O*NET occupation with the same SOC 2018 code carries this value
Source dataset (CSV download)
Data source: ILOPublished: 2025
0.28
0.09Range of values carried here0.70
Group-level value
Scale, basis and source
Generative AI exposure index, 0–1 as published
Published per ISCO-08 unit group. Linked to this occupation, wholly or in part, by applying U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (ISCO-08 to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to 2018 SOC) as published
Source dataset (PDF download)

What kind of figure this source publishes

The BLS category is a relative rank, not an absolute level, and it is not a first-hand measurement: it groups an occupation's percentile ranks across several published studies into four bands. It is not an employment or wage forecast, not a probability of adoption, and it does not separate automation from augmentation.

Task-level exposure

Exposed tasks only

11 rated tasks · 1 tasks with β ≥ 0.5 (9.1%)

β = direct exposure (E1) + 0.5 × exposure when tools are available (E2), per the source repository's definition.

Source unit: O*NET 27.2 tasks → O*NET 31.0 occupation code
All rated tasks are in the O*NET 31.0 task list.

Source: OpenAI "GPTs are GPTs" exposure rubric
Release: gh-main-0471612
License: MIT License, Copyright (c) 2024 OpenAI

Values in this tab are predicted labels, not observations. Eloundou et al. (2023) published two rating regimes — human raters and GPT-4 — and the β shown here is derived from the GPT-4 rater basis alone; the same task can take a different value under the other regime.

Task (O*NET 27.2)	βE1 + 0.5 × E2
Report facts concerning accidents or emergencies to hospital personnel or law enforcement officials. O*NET Task ID 8612	1.0
Drive ambulances or assist ambulance drivers in transporting sick, injured, or convalescent persons. O*NET Task ID 8606	0.0
Remove and replace soiled linens or equipment to maintain sanitary conditions. O*NET Task ID 8607	0.0
Place patients on stretchers, and load stretchers into ambulances, usually with assistance from other attendants. O*NET Task ID 8608	0.0
Accompany and assist emergency medical technicians on calls. O*NET Task ID 8609	0.0
Earn and maintain appropriate certifications. O*NET Task ID 8610	0.0
Replace supplies and disposable items on ambulances. O*NET Task ID 8611	0.0
Administer first aid, such as bandaging, splinting, or administering oxygen. O*NET Task ID 8613	0.0
Restrain or shackle violent patients. O*NET Task ID 8614	0.0
Perform minor maintenance on emergency medical services vehicles, such as ambulances. O*NET Task ID 21028	0.0
Clean and wash rigs, ambulances, or equipment. O*NET Task ID 21029	0.0

β = E1 + 0.5 × E2 · E1 = tasks where direct LLM access alone cuts time by at least 50%, E2 = tasks where software built on top of an LLM cuts time by at least 50%. Values take only 0 / 0.5 / 1.0.

Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page

All O*NET 31.0 task statements (11)

All O*NET 31.0 task statements for this occupation (English, as published; task type core or supplemental). Exposure values are not listed here; they are in the table above, next to each task statement as worded in the O*NET version each source used.

Task (O*NET 31.0)	Type
Drive ambulances or assist ambulance drivers in transporting sick, injured, or convalescent persons.	Core
Remove and replace soiled linens or equipment to maintain sanitary conditions.	Core
Place patients on stretchers, and load stretchers into ambulances, usually with assistance from other attendants.	Core
Accompany and assist emergency medical technicians on calls.	Core
Earn and maintain appropriate certifications.	Core
Replace supplies and disposable items on ambulances.	Core
Report facts concerning accidents or emergencies to hospital personnel or law enforcement officials.	Core
Administer first aid, such as bandaging, splinting, or administering oxygen.	Core
Restrain or shackle violent patients.	Core
Perform minor maintenance on emergency medical services vehicles, such as ambulances.	Core
Clean and wash rigs, ambulances, or equipment.	Core

Anthropic, "What work can robots do?"2026-09

1.06/ 3· Robot exposure index

0 none3 unstructured settings

Scale, basis and source

Each physical task is graded 0–3 by the setting in which robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated could do it (0 none · 1 purpose-built robot settings such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line · 2 structured facilities such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port · 3 unstructured settings such as a private home or a construction site), and the grades are averaged by share of working time

Physical tasks among this occupation's O*NET 29.3 tasks

Anthropic estimated the grades and time shares with Claude Opus 5 using web search, as of 2026.

Source dataset

The robot exposure index is a different measure from the AI exposure figures on this site and cannot be added to or compared with them. It does not measure actual adoption or cost, and 0 also covers occupations with no physical tasks.

Tier of each physical task

Robot environment tiers (E0–E3)

E0 noneDetails
Rated not doable by robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated, even in a purpose-built setting
E1 purpose-built robot settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting built around the machine, such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line
E2 structured facilitiesDetails
Rated doable in a human work facility that an institution keeps to a working standard, such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port
E3 unstructured settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting that no institution keeps to a working standard, such as a private home or a construction site

Only tasks classified as physical are listed; other tasks have no tier in the source.

Task (O*NET 29.3)	Robot environment tier
Drive ambulances or assist ambulance drivers in transporting sick, injured, or convalescent persons.	E2 structured facilities
Remove and replace soiled linens or equipment to maintain sanitary conditions.	E1 purpose-built robot settings
Place patients on stretchers, and load stretchers into ambulances, usually with assistance from other attendants.	E0 none
Accompany and assist emergency medical technicians on calls.	E0 none
Replace supplies and disposable items on ambulances.	E1 purpose-built robot settings
Administer first aid, such as bandaging, splinting, or administering oxygen.	E0 none
Restrain or shackle violent patients.	E0 none
Perform minor maintenance on emergency medical services vehicles, such as ambulances.	E0 none
Clean and wash rigs, ambulances, or equipment.	E0 none

Employment outlook (BLS)

Employment, 2025: 14K
Projected employment, 2035: 14K
Change (2025–35): -1.3%
Median annual wage, 2025: $35,450
Typical education needed for entry: High school diploma or equivalent

lowest $30,890median wage across 825 detailed occupations, BLS EP 2025–35highest $559,030

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections 2025–35 — Employment by detailed occupation, 2025 and projected 2035

Korea classification links (KSCO)

Links from the current release of the Korea Occupation Direct Crosswalk v1.1, made by AI Changing Work. Relation values are read from the O*NET-SOC occupation side.

KSCO code	KSCO title	Relation	Status
87295	구급차 운전원	Same scope	confirmed

Relation and status definitions(kr-direct v1.1)

ILO occupational description

AI Changing Work links the ISCO-08 unit groups below to this occupation by applying the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (2018 SOC to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to ISCO-08) as published, without case-by-case selection; each link may be whole or partial.

ISCO-08 8322Car, Taxi and Van Drivers

The definition, tasks and examples below are the ILO's description of that unit group, not of this occupation.

Car, taxi and van drivers drive and tend motor cars and vans to transport passengers, mail or goods.

Tasks

(a) driving and tending passenger, vans, cars or taxis;
(b) driving and tending cars, vans or small trucks to deliver mail or goods;
(c) assisting passengers with handling of luggage;
(d) collecting fares, payments for deliveries, or documents certifying deliveries;
(e) operating telecommunications equipment to report location and availability, and follow directions of control centre;
(f) determining most appropriate route;
(g) assisting physically challenged passengers;
(h) operating equipment to facilitate the loading and unloading of physically challenged passengers.

Example occupations

Ambulance driver · Car driver · Parking Valet · Taxi driver · Van driver

Sources: ILO ISCO-08 — details: Credits

ESCO occupational vocabulary

Each entry below is matched to this occupation in the published ESCO-O*NET Crosswalk (version 1, 2022). The match types are that crosswalk's; the wording is AI Changing Work's.

emergency ambulance driverESCO 3258.1Same scope
Emergency ambulance drivers use emergency vehicles to respond to medical emergencies and support the work of paramedics, move patients safely, take note of changes in the patient's vital signs and report to the paramedics in charge, ensuring the medical equipment is well stored, transported and functional, under supervision and on order of a doctor of medicine.
patient transport services driverESCO 8322.5Overlapping, not the same
Patient transport services drivers transfer disabled, vulnerable and elderly patients to and from health care facilities such as hospitals or social care settings. They drive the ambulance and maintain all the related equipment but under non-emergency circumstances.

Source: European Commission, DG EMPL — ESCO API 2026-08-08 (bridge v1.2.1)

License: CC BY 4.0 (EU Reuse Notice)

View original

ESCO reuse terms and the modification notice are in Credits.

France classification links (ROME)

AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and ROME 4.0 job profiles, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side. Links marked “provisional” were adopted on the judgments of two judges from the same model family (Claude) alone, or by an operator rule applied to their judgments, so they rest on weaker evidence than confirmed links.

ROME code	ROME title (French)	Relation
J1310	Auxiliaire ambulancier / Auxiliaire ambulancière	This occupation is broaderprovisional
J1305	Ambulancier / Ambulancière	Related, not a matchprovisional
J1311	Transporteur / Transporteuse de produits de santé	Related, not a matchprovisional
N4108	Conducteur accompagnateur / Conductrice accompagnatrice de personnes à mobilité réduite	Related, not a matchprovisional

Source: France Travail — Répertoire Opérationnel des Métiers et des Emplois (ROME 4.0), version 61, last updated 15 June 2026 (https://www.data.gouv.fr/datasets/repertoire-operationnel-des-metiers-et-des-emplois-rome). Licence Ouverte 2.0.

ROME codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET-SOC occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a France Travail correspondence.

(AI Changing Work link release: fr-direct v1)

Spain classification links (CNO-11)

AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and CNO-11 occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.

CNO-11 code	CNO-11 title (Spanish)	Relation
8412	Conductores asalariados de automóviles, taxis y furgonetas	This occupation is narrowerprovisional
5622	Técnicos de emergencias sanitarias	Related, not a matchprovisional

Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), National Classification of Occupations 2011 (CNO-11, Royal Decree 1591/2010) — www.ine.es · Licensed CC BY 4.0. CNO-11 codes and Spanish titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not an INE correspondence.

(AI Changing Work link release: es-direct v1)

Germany classification links (KldB)

AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and KldB occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.

KldB code	KldB title (German)	Relation
52182	Fahrzeugführer/innen im Straßenverkehr (sonstige spezifische Tätigkeitsangabe) - fachlich ausgerichtete Tätigkeiten	This occupation is narrower
81341	Berufe im Rettungsdienst - Helfer-/Anlerntätigkeiten	Overlapping, not the same

Source: © Statistik der Bundesagentur für Arbeit — Klassifikation der Berufe 2010 – überarbeitete Fassung 2020, https://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de. KldB codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own mapping (eigene Zuordnung) and are not a Bundesagentur für Arbeit correspondence.

(AI Changing Work link release: de-direct v1)

Japan classification links (JSCO)

AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and JSCO occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.

JSCO code	JSCO title (Japanese)	Relation
452	消防員	This occupation is narrowerprovisional
612	乗用自動車運転者	Related, not a matchprovisional

Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC), Japan Standard Occupational Classification (Dec. 2009, MIC Notification No. 555). JSCO codes and Japanese titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a MIC correspondence.

(AI Changing Work link release: jp-direct v1)

Sources, licenses and AI Changing Work's modification and translation notices for this page: Credits & sources