Driver/Sales Workers
Transportation and Material Moving Occupations- O*NET-SOC code
- 53-3031.00
Drive truck or other vehicle over established routes or within an established territory and sell or deliver goods, such as food products, including restaurant take-out items, or pick up or deliver items such as commercial laundry. May also take orders, collect payment, or stock merchandise at point of delivery.
- Data source: BLSPublished: 2026-08
Moderate· relative
LowFour relative bandsVery highGroup-level value
Scale, basis and source
Four relative bands (Low / Moderate / High / Very high)
831 detailed occupations in the BLS Employment Projections table. Assigned per National Employment Matrix (NEM) code, so occupations sharing a NEM code carry the same band
- Data source: AnthropicPublished: 2026-03
0.028
0.000Range of values carried here0.745Scale, basis and source
Observed exposure index, 0–1 as published
Mapped onto O*NET tasks
Published per SOC 2018 occupation; every O*NET occupation with the same SOC 2018 code carries this value
- Data source: ILOPublished: 2025
0.28
0.09Range of values carried here0.70Group-level value
Scale, basis and source
Generative AI exposure index, 0–1 as published
Published per ISCO-08 unit group. Linked to this occupation, wholly or in part, by applying U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (ISCO-08 to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to 2018 SOC) as published
What kind of figure this source publishes
The BLS category is a relative rank, not an absolute level, and it is not a first-hand measurement: it groups an occupation's percentile ranks across several published studies into four bands. It is not an employment or wage forecast, not a probability of adoption, and it does not separate automation from augmentation.
Task-level exposure
Show 11 hidden tasks12 rated tasks · 5 tasks with β ≥ 0.5 (41.7%)
β = direct exposure (E1) + 0.5 × exposure when tools are available (E2), per the source repository's definition.
- Source unit: O*NET 27.2 tasks → O*NET 31.0 occupation code
- 1 rated task is not in the O*NET 31.0 task list; its score is kept as published for O*NET 27.2.
- Source
- OpenAI "GPTs are GPTs" exposure rubric
- Release
- gh-main-0471612
- License
- MIT License, Copyright (c) 2024 OpenAI
| Task (O*NET 20.1) | Claude.aiRaw / share % |
|---|---|
Listen to and resolve customers' complaints regarding products or services.53-3031.00 | 0.0097100.0 |
Values in this tab are predicted labels, not observations. Eloundou et al. (2023) published two rating regimes — human raters and GPT-4 — and the β shown here is derived from the GPT-4 rater basis alone; the same task can take a different value under the other regime. The unit and the meaning differ from the observed shares (%) in the other tabs, so do not place them on the same axis.
| Task (O*NET 27.2) | βE1 + 0.5 × E2 |
|---|---|
Write customer orders and sales contracts according to company guidelines.O*NET Task ID 3157 | 1.0 |
Record sales or delivery information on daily sales or delivery record.O*NET Task ID 3161 | 1.0 |
Collect money from customers, make change, and record transactions on customer receipts.O*NET Task ID 3154 | 0.5 |
Listen to and resolve customers' complaints regarding products or services.O*NET Task ID 3155 | 0.5 |
Inform regular customers of new products or services and price changes.O*NET Task ID 3156 | 0.5 |
β = E1 + 0.5 × E2 · E1 = tasks where direct LLM access alone cuts time by at least 50%, E2 = tasks where software built on top of an LLM cuts time by at least 50%. Values take only 0 / 0.5 / 1.0.
Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Anthropic Economic Index, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page
All O*NET 31.0 task statements (11)
All O*NET 31.0 task statements for this occupation (English, as published; task type core or supplemental). Exposure values are not listed here; they are in the table above, next to each task statement as worded in the O*NET version each source used.
| Task (O*NET 31.0) | Type |
|---|---|
| Collect money from customers, make change, and record transactions on customer receipts. | Core |
| Listen to and resolve customers' complaints regarding products or services. | Core |
| Inform regular customers of new products or services and price changes. | Core |
| Drive trucks to deliver such items as food, medical supplies, or newspapers. | Core |
| Record sales or delivery information on daily sales or delivery record. | Core |
| Maintain trucks and food-dispensing equipment and clean inside of machines that dispense food or beverages. | Core |
| Write customer orders and sales contracts according to company guidelines. | Supplemental |
| Collect coins from vending machines, refill machines, and remove aged merchandise. | Supplemental |
| Review lists of dealers, customers, or station drops and load trucks. | Supplemental |
| Arrange merchandise and sales promotion displays or issue sales promotion materials to customers. | Supplemental |
| Sell food specialties, such as sandwiches and beverages, to office workers and patrons of sports events. | Supplemental |
1.75/ 3· Robot exposure index
Scale, basis and source
Each physical task is graded 0–3 by the setting in which robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated could do it (0 none · 1 purpose-built robot settings such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line · 2 structured facilities such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port · 3 unstructured settings such as a private home or a construction site), and the grades are averaged by share of working time
Physical tasks among this occupation's O*NET 29.3 tasks
Anthropic estimated the grades and time shares with Claude Opus 5 using web search, as of 2026.
The robot exposure index is a different measure from the AI exposure figures on this site and cannot be added to or compared with them. It does not measure actual adoption or cost, and 0 also covers occupations with no physical tasks.
Tier of each physical task
Robot environment tiers (E0–E3)
E0 noneDetails
Rated not doable by robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated, even in a purpose-built setting
E1 purpose-built robot settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting built around the machine, such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line
E2 structured facilitiesDetails
Rated doable in a human work facility that an institution keeps to a working standard, such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port
E3 unstructured settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting that no institution keeps to a working standard, such as a private home or a construction site
Only tasks classified as physical are listed; other tasks have no tier in the source.
| Task (O*NET 29.3) | Robot environment tier |
|---|---|
| Collect money from customers, make change, and record transactions on customer receipts. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Drive trucks to deliver such items as food, medical supplies, or newspapers. | E3 unstructured settings |
| Maintain trucks and food-dispensing equipment and clean inside of machines that dispense food or beverages. | E0 none |
| Collect coins from vending machines, refill machines, and remove aged merchandise. | E0 none |
| Review lists of dealers, customers, or station drops and load trucks. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Arrange merchandise and sales promotion displays or issue sales promotion materials to customers. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Sell food specialties, such as sandwiches and beverages, to office workers and patrons of sports events. | E2 structured facilities |
Occupation information
Employment outlook (BLS)
- Employment, 2025
- 443K
- Projected employment, 2035
- 478K
- Change (2025–35)
- +7.9%
- Median annual wage, 2025
- $38,770
- Typical education needed for entry
- High school diploma or equivalent
Korea classification links (KSCO)
Links from the current release of the Korea Occupation Direct Crosswalk v1.1, made by AI Changing Work. Relation values are read from the O*NET-SOC occupation side.
| KSCO code | KSCO title | Relation | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| 92241 | 식음료 정기배달원 | This occupation is broader | confirmed |
| 92242 | 신문 정기배달원 | This occupation is broader | confirmed |
| 92249 | 그 외 정기배달원 | This occupation is broader | confirmed |
| 92291 | 음식점 배달원 | This occupation is broader | confirmed |
| 92299 | 그 외 배달원 | Overlapping, not the same | confirmed |
Relation and status definitions(kr-direct v1.1)
ILO occupational description
AI Changing Work links the ISCO-08 unit groups below to this occupation by applying the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (2018 SOC to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to ISCO-08) as published, without case-by-case selection; each link may be whole or partial.
- ISCO-08 8322Car, Taxi and Van Drivers
The definition, tasks and examples below are the ILO's description of that unit group, not of this occupation.
Car, taxi and van drivers drive and tend motor cars and vans to transport passengers, mail or goods.
Tasks
- (a) driving and tending passenger, vans, cars or taxis;
- (b) driving and tending cars, vans or small trucks to deliver mail or goods;
- (c) assisting passengers with handling of luggage;
- (d) collecting fares, payments for deliveries, or documents certifying deliveries;
- (e) operating telecommunications equipment to report location and availability, and follow directions of control centre;
- (f) determining most appropriate route;
- (g) assisting physically challenged passengers;
- (h) operating equipment to facilitate the loading and unloading of physically challenged passengers.
Example occupations
Ambulance driver · Car driver · Parking Valet · Taxi driver · Van driver
Sources: ILO ISCO-08 — details: Credits
ESCO occupational vocabulary
Each entry below is matched to this occupation in the published ESCO-O*NET Crosswalk (version 1, 2022). The match types are that crosswalk's; the wording is AI Changing Work's.
- motorcycle delivery personESCO 8321.1This occupation is broader
Motorcycle delivery persons perform the transportation of all kinds of packets containing objects, loose pieces, prepared meals, medications and documents that require special treatment in terms of urgency, value or fragility. They transport and deliver their packets by motorcycle.
- bicycle courierESCO 9331.1Overlapping, not the same
Bicycle couriers collect and deliver packages and mail by bicycle.
- cargo vehicle driverESCO 8332.2Overlapping, not the same
Cargo vehicle drivers operate vehicles such as trucks and vans. They may also take care of the loading and unloading of cargo.
Source: European Commission, DG EMPL — ESCO API 2026-08-08 (bridge v1.2.1)
License: CC BY 4.0 (EU Reuse Notice)
ESCO reuse terms and the modification notice are in Credits.
France classification links (ROME)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and ROME 4.0 job profiles, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side. Links marked “provisional” were adopted on the judgments of two judges from the same model family (Claude) alone, or by an operator rule applied to their judgments, so they rest on weaker evidence than confirmed links.
| ROME code | ROME title (French) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| N4105 | Conducteur-livreur / Conductrice-livreuse | Overlapping, not the sameprovisional |
| D1110 | Vendeur ambulant / Vendeuse ambulante | Related, not a matchprovisional |
| N4104 | Coursier / Coursière | Related, not a matchprovisional |
Source: France Travail — Répertoire Opérationnel des Métiers et des Emplois (ROME 4.0), version 61, last updated 15 June 2026 (https://www.data.gouv.fr/datasets/repertoire-operationnel-des-metiers-et-des-emplois-rome). Licence Ouverte 2.0.
ROME codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET-SOC occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a France Travail correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: fr-direct v1)
Spain classification links (CNO-11)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and CNO-11 occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| CNO-11 code | CNO-11 title (Spanish) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 8412 | Conductores asalariados de automóviles, taxis y furgonetas | This occupation is narrowerprovisional |
| 8411 | Conductores propietarios de automóviles, taxis y furgonetas | Related, not a matchprovisional |
| 8440 | Conductores de motocicletas y ciclomotores | Related, not a matchprovisional |
Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), National Classification of Occupations 2011 (CNO-11, Royal Decree 1591/2010) — www.ine.es · Licensed CC BY 4.0. CNO-11 codes and Spanish titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not an INE correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: es-direct v1)
Germany classification links (KldB)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and KldB occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| KldB code | KldB title (German) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 52182 | Fahrzeugführer/innen im Straßenverkehr (sonstige spezifische Tätigkeitsangabe) - fachlich ausgerichtete Tätigkeiten | Overlapping, not the same |
| 62122 | Verkaufsstand- und Marktverkäufer/innen - fachlich ausgerichtete Tätigkeiten | Overlapping, not the same |
Source: © Statistik der Bundesagentur für Arbeit — Klassifikation der Berufe 2010 – überarbeitete Fassung 2020, https://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de. KldB codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own mapping (eigene Zuordnung) and are not a Bundesagentur für Arbeit correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: de-direct v1)
Japan classification links (JSCO)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and JSCO occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| JSCO code | JSCO title (Japanese) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 705 | 配達員 | This occupation is narrower |
| 341 | 食料品営業職業従事者 | Related, not a match |
Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC), Japan Standard Occupational Classification (Dec. 2009, MIC Notification No. 555). JSCO codes and Japanese titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a MIC correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: jp-direct v1)
Sources, licenses and AI Changing Work's modification and translation notices for this page: Credits & sources