Shuttle Drivers and Chauffeurs

Transportation and Material Moving Occupations

O*NET-SOC code: 53-3053.00

Drive a motor vehicle to transport passengers on a planned or scheduled basis. May collect a fare. Includes nonemergency medical transporters and hearse drivers.

Data source: BLSPublished: 2026-08
Moderate· relative
LowFour relative bandsVery high
Group-level value
Scale, basis and source
Four relative bands (Low / Moderate / High / Very high)
831 detailed occupations in the BLS Employment Projections table. Assigned per National Employment Matrix (NEM) code, so occupations sharing a NEM code carry the same band
Source dataset (XLSX download)
Data source: AnthropicPublished: 2026-03
0.000
0.000Range of values carried here0.745
Scale, basis and source
Observed exposure index, 0–1 as published
Mapped onto O*NET tasks
Published per SOC 2018 occupation; every O*NET occupation with the same SOC 2018 code carries this value
Source dataset (CSV download)
Data source: ILOPublished: 2025
0.18–0.28· 2 ISCO-08 groups
Scale, basis and source
Generative AI exposure index, 0–1 as published
Published per ISCO-08 unit group. Linked to this occupation, wholly or in part, by applying U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (ISCO-08 to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to 2018 SOC) as published
Source dataset (PDF download)

What kind of figure this source publishes

The BLS category is a relative rank, not an absolute level, and it is not a first-hand measurement: it groups an occupation's percentile ranks across several published studies into four bands. It is not an employment or wage forecast, not a probability of adoption, and it does not separate automation from augmentation.

ILO value for each linked ISCO-08 group

ISCO-08 8322Car, Taxi and Van Drivers0.28
ISCO-08 8331Bus and Tram Drivers0.18

Task-level exposure

Exposed tasks only

26 rated tasks · 8 tasks with β ≥ 0.5 (30.8%)

β = direct exposure (E1) + 0.5 × exposure when tools are available (E2), per the source repository's definition.

Source unit: O*NET 27.2 tasks → O*NET 31.0 occupation code
All rated tasks are in the O*NET 31.0 task list.

Source: OpenAI "GPTs are GPTs" exposure rubric
Release: gh-main-0471612
License: MIT License, Copyright (c) 2024 OpenAI

Tasks of O*NET-SOC 2010 occupations 53-3022.00 Bus Drivers, School or Special Client; 53-3041.00 Taxi Drivers and Chauffeurs, linked to this occupation by the O*NET-SOC 2010 to 2019 crosswalk

Task (O*NET 20.1)	Claude.aiRaw / share %
Read maps and follow written and verbal geographic directions. 53-3022.00	0.010744.1
Prepare and submit reports that may include the number of passengers or trips, hours worked, mileage, fuel consumption, or fares received. 53-3022.00	0.003112.7
Communicate with dispatchers by radio, telephone, or computer to exchange information and receive requests for passenger service. 53-3041.00	0.002510.2
Drive taxicabs, limousines, company cars, or privately owned vehicles to transport passengers. 53-3041.00	0.00249.7
Comply with traffic regulations to operate vehicles in a safe and courteous manner. 53-3022.00	0.00218.5
Maintain knowledge of first-aid procedures. 53-3022.00	0.00187.6
Determine fares based on trip distances and times, using taximeters and fee schedules, and announce fares to passengers. 53-3041.00	0.00177.2
Not observed on any surface — 29 task(s) — These tasks have no row in the source for this release. The 0 in the share row is a display-stage composition ratio; absence is what the — in the raw row states.
Follow safety rules as students board and exit buses or cross streets near bus stops.	—0
Check the condition of a vehicle's tires, brakes, windshield wipers, lights, oil, fuel, water, and safety equipment to ensure that everything is in working order.	—0
Maintain order among pupils during trips to ensure safety.	—0
Pick up and drop off students at regularly scheduled neighborhood locations, following strict time schedules.	—0
Report any bus malfunctions or needed repairs.	—0
Drive gasoline, diesel, or electrically powered multi-passenger vehicles to transport students between neighborhoods, schools, and school activities.	—0
Keep bus interiors clean for passengers.	—0
Report delays, accidents, or other traffic and transportation situations, using telephones or mobile two-way radios.	—0
Regulate heating, lighting, and ventilation systems for passenger comfort.	—0
Escort small children across roads and highways.	—0
Make minor repairs to vehicles.	—0
Test vehicle equipment, such as lights, brakes, horns, or windshield wipers, to ensure proper operation.	—0
Notify dispatchers or company mechanics of vehicle problems.	—0
Pick up passengers at prearranged locations, at taxi stands, or by cruising streets in high traffic areas.	—0
Perform routine vehicle maintenance, such as regulating tire pressure and adding gasoline, oil, and water.	—0
Record name, date, and taxi identification information on trip sheets, along with trip information, such as time and place of pickup and drop-off, and total fee.	—0
Complete accident reports when necessary.	—0
Provide passengers with assistance entering and exiting vehicles and help them with any luggage.	—0
Arrange to pick up particular customers or groups on a regular schedule.	—0
Vacuum and clean interiors and wash and polish exteriors of automobiles.	—0
Pick up or meet employers according to requests, appointments, or schedules.	—0
Perform minor vehicle repairs, such as cleaning spark plugs, or take vehicles to mechanics for servicing.	—0
Perform errands for customers or employers, such as delivering or picking up mail and packages.	—0
Follow relevant safety regulations and state laws governing vehicle operation and ensure that passengers follow safety regulations.	—0
Collect fares or vouchers from passengers and make change or issue receipts as necessary.	—0
Turn the taximeter on when passengers enter the cab and turn it off when they reach the final destination.	—0
Report to taxicab services or garages to receive vehicle assignments.	—0
Provide passengers with information about the local area and points of interest or give advice on hotels and restaurants.	—0
Operate vehicles with specialized equipment, such as wheelchair lifts, to transport and secure passengers with special needs.	—0

Values in this tab are predicted labels, not observations. Eloundou et al. (2023) published two rating regimes — human raters and GPT-4 — and the β shown here is derived from the GPT-4 rater basis alone; the same task can take a different value under the other regime. The unit and the meaning differ from the observed shares (%) in the other tabs, so do not place them on the same axis.

Task (O*NET 27.2)	βE1 + 0.5 × E2
Communicate with dispatchers by radio, telephone, or computer to exchange information and receive requests for passenger service. O*NET Task ID 23735	1.0
Complete accident reports when necessary. O*NET Task ID 23736	1.0
Maintain knowledge of first-aid procedures. O*NET Task ID 23740	1.0
Prepare and submit reports that may include the number of passengers or trips, hours worked, mileage driven fuel consumed, or fares received. O*NET Task ID 23748	1.0
Report delays, accidents, or other traffic and transportation situations, using telephones or mobile two-way radios. O*NET Task ID 23755	1.0
Arrange to pick up particular customers or groups on a regular schedule. O*NET Task ID 23732	0.5
Provide passengers with information or advice about the local area, points of interest, hotels, or restaurants. O*NET Task ID 23750	0.5
Record vehicle routes. O*NET Task ID 23752	0.5
Check the condition of a vehicle's tires, brakes, windshield wipers, lights, oil, fuel, water, and safety equipment to ensure that everything is in working order. O*NET Task ID 23733	0.0
Collect fares or vouchers from passengers, and make change or issue receipts as necessary. O*NET Task ID 23734	0.0
Comply with traffic regulations to operate vehicles in a safe and courteous manner. O*NET Task ID 23737	0.0
Drive shuttle busses, limousines, company cars, or privately owned vehicles to transport passengers. O*NET Task ID 23738	0.0
Follow relevant safety regulations and state laws governing vehicle operation, and ensure that passengers follow safety regulations. O*NET Task ID 23739	0.0
Notify dispatchers or company mechanics of vehicle problems. O*NET Task ID 23741	0.0
Operate vehicles with specialized equipment, such as wheelchair lifts, to transport and secure passengers with special needs. O*NET Task ID 23742	0.0
Perform errands for customers or employers, such as delivering or picking up mail and packages. O*NET Task ID 23743	0.0
Perform minor vehicle repairs, such as cleaning spark plugs, or take vehicles to mechanics for servicing. O*NET Task ID 23744	0.0
Perform routine vehicle maintenance, such as regulating tire pressure and adding gasoline, oil, and water. O*NET Task ID 23745	0.0
Pick up and drop off passengers at regularly scheduled neighborhood locations, following strict time schedules. O*NET Task ID 23746	0.0
Pick up or meet passengers according to requests, appointments, or schedules. O*NET Task ID 23747	0.0
Provide passengers with assistance entering and exiting vehicles, and help them with any luggage. O*NET Task ID 23749	0.0
Read maps and follow written and verbal geographic directions. O*NET Task ID 23751	0.0
Regulate heating, lighting, and ventilation systems for passenger comfort. O*NET Task ID 23753	0.0
Report any vehicle malfunctions or needed repairs. O*NET Task ID 23754	0.0
Test vehicle equipment, such as lights, brakes, horns, or windshield wipers, to ensure proper operation. O*NET Task ID 23756	0.0
Vacuum and clean interiors, and wash and polish exteriors of automobiles. O*NET Task ID 23757	0.0

β = E1 + 0.5 × E2 · E1 = tasks where direct LLM access alone cuts time by at least 50%, E2 = tasks where software built on top of an LLM cuts time by at least 50%. Values take only 0 / 0.5 / 1.0.

Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Anthropic Economic Index, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page

All O*NET 31.0 task statements (26)

All O*NET 31.0 task statements for this occupation (English, as published; task type core or supplemental). Exposure values are not listed here; they are in the table above, next to each task statement as worded in the O*NET version each source used.

Task (O*NET 31.0)	Type
Arrange to pick up particular customers or groups on a regular schedule.	Core
Check the condition of a vehicle's tires, brakes, windshield wipers, lights, oil, fuel, water, and safety equipment to ensure that everything is in working order.	Core
Communicate with dispatchers by radio, telephone, or computer to exchange information and receive requests for passenger service.	Core
Complete accident reports when necessary.	Core
Comply with traffic regulations to operate vehicles in a safe and courteous manner.	Core
Drive shuttle busses, limousines, company cars, or privately owned vehicles to transport passengers.	Core
Follow relevant safety regulations and state laws governing vehicle operation, and ensure that passengers follow safety regulations.	Core
Maintain knowledge of first-aid procedures.	Core
Notify dispatchers or company mechanics of vehicle problems.	Core
Operate vehicles with specialized equipment, such as wheelchair lifts, to transport and secure passengers with special needs.	Core
Perform routine vehicle maintenance, such as regulating tire pressure and adding gasoline, oil, and water.	Core
Pick up and drop off passengers at regularly scheduled neighborhood locations, following strict time schedules.	Core
Pick up or meet passengers according to requests, appointments, or schedules.	Core
Prepare and submit reports that may include the number of passengers or trips, hours worked, mileage driven fuel consumed, or fares received.	Core
Provide passengers with assistance entering and exiting vehicles, and help them with any luggage.	Core
Provide passengers with information or advice about the local area, points of interest, hotels, or restaurants.	Core
Read maps and follow written and verbal geographic directions.	Core
Record vehicle routes.	Core
Regulate heating, lighting, and ventilation systems for passenger comfort.	Core
Report any vehicle malfunctions or needed repairs.	Core
Report delays, accidents, or other traffic and transportation situations, using telephones or mobile two-way radios.	Core
Test vehicle equipment, such as lights, brakes, horns, or windshield wipers, to ensure proper operation.	Core
Vacuum and clean interiors, and wash and polish exteriors of automobiles.	Core
Collect fares or vouchers from passengers, and make change or issue receipts as necessary.	Supplemental
Perform errands for customers or employers, such as delivering or picking up mail and packages.	Supplemental
Perform minor vehicle repairs, such as cleaning spark plugs, or take vehicles to mechanics for servicing.	Supplemental

Anthropic, "What work can robots do?"2026-09

1.97/ 3· Robot exposure index

0 none3 unstructured settings

Scale, basis and source

Each physical task is graded 0–3 by the setting in which robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated could do it (0 none · 1 purpose-built robot settings such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line · 2 structured facilities such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port · 3 unstructured settings such as a private home or a construction site), and the grades are averaged by share of working time

Physical tasks among this occupation's O*NET 29.3 tasks

Anthropic estimated the grades and time shares with Claude Opus 5 using web search, as of 2026.

Source dataset

The robot exposure index is a different measure from the AI exposure figures on this site and cannot be added to or compared with them. It does not measure actual adoption or cost, and 0 also covers occupations with no physical tasks.

Tier of each physical task

Robot environment tiers (E0–E3)

E0 noneDetails
Rated not doable by robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated, even in a purpose-built setting
E1 purpose-built robot settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting built around the machine, such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line
E2 structured facilitiesDetails
Rated doable in a human work facility that an institution keeps to a working standard, such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port
E3 unstructured settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting that no institution keeps to a working standard, such as a private home or a construction site

Only tasks classified as physical are listed; other tasks have no tier in the source.

Task (O*NET 29.3)	Robot environment tier
Check the condition of a vehicle's tires, brakes, windshield wipers, lights, oil, fuel, water, and safety equipment to ensure that everything is in working order.	E0 none
Collect fares or vouchers from passengers, and make change or issue receipts as necessary.	E2 structured facilities
Comply with traffic regulations to operate vehicles in a safe and courteous manner.	E3 unstructured settings
Drive shuttle busses, limousines, company cars, or privately owned vehicles to transport passengers.	E3 unstructured settings
Follow relevant safety regulations and state laws governing vehicle operation, and ensure that passengers follow safety regulations.	E3 unstructured settings
Operate vehicles with specialized equipment, such as wheelchair lifts, to transport and secure passengers with special needs.	E0 none
Perform errands for customers or employers, such as delivering or picking up mail and packages.	E2 structured facilities
Perform minor vehicle repairs, such as cleaning spark plugs, or take vehicles to mechanics for servicing.	E3 unstructured settings
Perform routine vehicle maintenance, such as regulating tire pressure and adding gasoline, oil, and water.	E2 structured facilities
Pick up and drop off passengers at regularly scheduled neighborhood locations, following strict time schedules.	E3 unstructured settings
Pick up or meet passengers according to requests, appointments, or schedules.	E3 unstructured settings
Provide passengers with assistance entering and exiting vehicles, and help them with any luggage.	E0 none
Regulate heating, lighting, and ventilation systems for passenger comfort.	E3 unstructured settings
Test vehicle equipment, such as lights, brakes, horns, or windshield wipers, to ensure proper operation.	E1 purpose-built robot settings
Vacuum and clean interiors, and wash and polish exteriors of automobiles.	E1 purpose-built robot settings

Employment outlook (BLS)

Employment, 2025: 252K
Projected employment, 2035: 269K
Change (2025–35): +7.1%
Median annual wage, 2025: $37,290
Typical education needed for entry: No formal educational credential

lowest $30,890median wage across 825 detailed occupations, BLS EP 2025–35highest $559,030

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections 2025–35 — Employment by detailed occupation, 2025 and projected 2035

Korea classification links (KSCO)

Links from the current release of the Korea Occupation Direct Crosswalk v1.1, made by AI Changing Work. Relation values are read from the O*NET-SOC occupation side.

KSCO code	KSCO title	Relation	Status
87291	승용차 및 승합차 운전원	This occupation is broader	confirmed
87293	대리 운전원	Overlapping, not the same	confirmed

Relation and status definitions(kr-direct v1.1)

ILO occupational description

AI Changing Work links the ISCO-08 unit groups below to this occupation by applying the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (2018 SOC to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to ISCO-08) as published, without case-by-case selection; each link may be whole or partial.

ISCO-08 8322Car, Taxi and Van Drivers
ISCO-08 8331Bus and Tram Drivers

Sources: ILO ISCO-08 — details: Credits

ESCO occupational vocabulary

Each entry below is matched to this occupation in the published ESCO-O*NET Crosswalk (version 1, 2022). The match types are that crosswalk's; the wording is AI Changing Work's.

hearse driverESCO 8322.3This occupation is broader
Hearse drivers operate and maintain specialised vehicles to transport deceased persons from their homes, hospital or funeral home to their final resting place. They also assist the funeral attendants with their duties.
patient transport services driverESCO 8322.5This occupation is broader
Patient transport services drivers transfer disabled, vulnerable and elderly patients to and from health care facilities such as hospitals or social care settings. They drive the ambulance and maintain all the related equipment but under non-emergency circumstances.
private chauffeurESCO 8322.6This occupation is broader
Private chauffeurs transport their employers to a particular destination safely and on time. They use navigation devices to reach the destination in the shortest time possible, advise on weather and traffic conditions and comply with legal driving regulations.
bus driverESCO 8331.1Overlapping, not the same
Bus drivers operate buses or coaches, take fares, and look after passengers.
taxi driverESCO 8322.7Overlapping, not the same
Taxi drivers operate a licensed private passenger transportation vehicle, looking after customers, taking fares and managing vehicle servicing.
tram driverESCO 8331.2Overlapping, not the same
Tram drivers operate trams, take fares, and look after passengers.
trolley bus driverESCO 8331.1.1Overlapping, not the same
Trolley bus drivers operate trolley buses or guided buses, take fares, and look after passengers.

Source: European Commission, DG EMPL — ESCO API 2026-08-08 (bridge v1.2.1)

License: CC BY 4.0 (EU Reuse Notice)

View original

ESCO reuse terms and the modification notice are in Credits.

France classification links (ROME)

AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and ROME 4.0 job profiles, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side. Links marked “provisional” were adopted on the judgments of two judges from the same model family (Claude) alone, or by an operator rule applied to their judgments, so they rest on weaker evidence than confirmed links.

ROME code	ROME title (French)	Relation
N4102	Conducteur / Conductrice de transport de particuliers	This occupation is broaderprovisional
N4108	Conducteur accompagnateur / Conductrice accompagnatrice de personnes à mobilité réduite	This occupation is broaderprovisional
N4128	Conducteur / Conductrice de navettes moins de 10 places	This occupation is broaderprovisional
N4129	Conducteur / Conductrice de corbillard	This occupation is broaderprovisional
N4124	Conducteur / Conductrice de taxi moto	Related, not a matchprovisional

Source: France Travail — Répertoire Opérationnel des Métiers et des Emplois (ROME 4.0), version 61, last updated 15 June 2026 (https://www.data.gouv.fr/datasets/repertoire-operationnel-des-metiers-et-des-emplois-rome). Licence Ouverte 2.0.

ROME codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET-SOC occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a France Travail correspondence.

(AI Changing Work link release: fr-direct v1)

Spain classification links (CNO-11)

AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and CNO-11 occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.

CNO-11 code	CNO-11 title (Spanish)	Relation
8412	Conductores asalariados de automóviles, taxis y furgonetas	This occupation is narrower
8411	Conductores propietarios de automóviles, taxis y furgonetas	Related, not a match
8420	Conductores de autobuses y tranvías	Related, not a match

Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), National Classification of Occupations 2011 (CNO-11, Royal Decree 1591/2010) — www.ine.es · Licensed CC BY 4.0. CNO-11 codes and Spanish titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not an INE correspondence.

(AI Changing Work link release: es-direct v1)

Germany classification links (KldB)

AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and KldB occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.

KldB code	KldB title (German)	Relation
52112	Berufskraftfahrer/innen (Personentransport/PKW) - fachlich ausgerichtete Tätigkeiten	Overlapping, not the sameprovisional
52132	Bus- und Straßenbahnfahrer/innen - fachlich ausgerichtete Tätigkeiten	Related, not a matchprovisional
52182	Fahrzeugführer/innen im Straßenverkehr (sonstige spezifische Tätigkeitsangabe) - fachlich ausgerichtete Tätigkeiten	Related, not a matchprovisional

Source: © Statistik der Bundesagentur für Arbeit — Klassifikation der Berufe 2010 – überarbeitete Fassung 2020, https://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de. KldB codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own mapping (eigene Zuordnung) and are not a Bundesagentur für Arbeit correspondence.

(AI Changing Work link release: de-direct v1)

Japan classification links (JSCO)

AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and JSCO occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.

JSCO code	JSCO title (Japanese)	Relation
612	乗用自動車運転者	Overlapping, not the same
611	バス運転者	Related, not a match
613	貨物自動車運転者	Related, not a match

Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC), Japan Standard Occupational Classification (Dec. 2009, MIC Notification No. 555). JSCO codes and Japanese titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a MIC correspondence.

(AI Changing Work link release: jp-direct v1)

Sources, licenses and AI Changing Work's modification and translation notices for this page: Credits & sources