Shuttle Drivers and Chauffeurs
Transportation and Material Moving Occupations- O*NET-SOC code
- 53-3053.00
Drive a motor vehicle to transport passengers on a planned or scheduled basis. May collect a fare. Includes nonemergency medical transporters and hearse drivers.
- Data source: BLSPublished: 2026-08
Moderate· relative
LowFour relative bandsVery highGroup-level value
Scale, basis and source
Four relative bands (Low / Moderate / High / Very high)
831 detailed occupations in the BLS Employment Projections table. Assigned per National Employment Matrix (NEM) code, so occupations sharing a NEM code carry the same band
- Data source: AnthropicPublished: 2026-03
0.000
0.000Range of values carried here0.745Scale, basis and source
Observed exposure index, 0–1 as published
Mapped onto O*NET tasks
Published per SOC 2018 occupation; every O*NET occupation with the same SOC 2018 code carries this value
- Data source: ILOPublished: 2025
0.18–0.28· 2 ISCO-08 groups
Scale, basis and source
Generative AI exposure index, 0–1 as published
Published per ISCO-08 unit group. Linked to this occupation, wholly or in part, by applying U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (ISCO-08 to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to 2018 SOC) as published
What kind of figure this source publishes
The BLS category is a relative rank, not an absolute level, and it is not a first-hand measurement: it groups an occupation's percentile ranks across several published studies into four bands. It is not an employment or wage forecast, not a probability of adoption, and it does not separate automation from augmentation.
ILO value for each linked ISCO-08 group
- ISCO-08 8322Car, Taxi and Van Drivers0.28
- ISCO-08 8331Bus and Tram Drivers0.18
Task-level exposure
Show 29 hidden tasks26 rated tasks · 8 tasks with β ≥ 0.5 (30.8%)
β = direct exposure (E1) + 0.5 × exposure when tools are available (E2), per the source repository's definition.
- Source unit: O*NET 27.2 tasks → O*NET 31.0 occupation code
- All rated tasks are in the O*NET 31.0 task list.
- Source
- OpenAI "GPTs are GPTs" exposure rubric
- Release
- gh-main-0471612
- License
- MIT License, Copyright (c) 2024 OpenAI
Tasks of O*NET-SOC 2010 occupations 53-3022.00 Bus Drivers, School or Special Client; 53-3041.00 Taxi Drivers and Chauffeurs, linked to this occupation by the O*NET-SOC 2010 to 2019 crosswalk
| Task (O*NET 20.1) | Claude.aiRaw / share % |
|---|---|
Read maps and follow written and verbal geographic directions.53-3022.00 | 0.010744.1 |
Prepare and submit reports that may include the number of passengers or trips, hours worked, mileage, fuel consumption, or fares received.53-3022.00 | 0.003112.7 |
Communicate with dispatchers by radio, telephone, or computer to exchange information and receive requests for passenger service.53-3041.00 | 0.002510.2 |
Drive taxicabs, limousines, company cars, or privately owned vehicles to transport passengers.53-3041.00 | 0.00249.7 |
Comply with traffic regulations to operate vehicles in a safe and courteous manner.53-3022.00 | 0.00218.5 |
Maintain knowledge of first-aid procedures.53-3022.00 | 0.00187.6 |
Determine fares based on trip distances and times, using taximeters and fee schedules, and announce fares to passengers.53-3041.00 | 0.00177.2 |
Values in this tab are predicted labels, not observations. Eloundou et al. (2023) published two rating regimes — human raters and GPT-4 — and the β shown here is derived from the GPT-4 rater basis alone; the same task can take a different value under the other regime. The unit and the meaning differ from the observed shares (%) in the other tabs, so do not place them on the same axis.
| Task (O*NET 27.2) | βE1 + 0.5 × E2 |
|---|---|
Communicate with dispatchers by radio, telephone, or computer to exchange information and receive requests for passenger service.O*NET Task ID 23735 | 1.0 |
Complete accident reports when necessary.O*NET Task ID 23736 | 1.0 |
Maintain knowledge of first-aid procedures.O*NET Task ID 23740 | 1.0 |
Prepare and submit reports that may include the number of passengers or trips, hours worked, mileage driven fuel consumed, or fares received.O*NET Task ID 23748 | 1.0 |
Report delays, accidents, or other traffic and transportation situations, using telephones or mobile two-way radios.O*NET Task ID 23755 | 1.0 |
Arrange to pick up particular customers or groups on a regular schedule.O*NET Task ID 23732 | 0.5 |
Provide passengers with information or advice about the local area, points of interest, hotels, or restaurants.O*NET Task ID 23750 | 0.5 |
Record vehicle routes.O*NET Task ID 23752 | 0.5 |
β = E1 + 0.5 × E2 · E1 = tasks where direct LLM access alone cuts time by at least 50%, E2 = tasks where software built on top of an LLM cuts time by at least 50%. Values take only 0 / 0.5 / 1.0.
Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Anthropic Economic Index, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page
All O*NET 31.0 task statements (26)
All O*NET 31.0 task statements for this occupation (English, as published; task type core or supplemental). Exposure values are not listed here; they are in the table above, next to each task statement as worded in the O*NET version each source used.
| Task (O*NET 31.0) | Type |
|---|---|
| Arrange to pick up particular customers or groups on a regular schedule. | Core |
| Check the condition of a vehicle's tires, brakes, windshield wipers, lights, oil, fuel, water, and safety equipment to ensure that everything is in working order. | Core |
| Communicate with dispatchers by radio, telephone, or computer to exchange information and receive requests for passenger service. | Core |
| Complete accident reports when necessary. | Core |
| Comply with traffic regulations to operate vehicles in a safe and courteous manner. | Core |
| Drive shuttle busses, limousines, company cars, or privately owned vehicles to transport passengers. | Core |
| Follow relevant safety regulations and state laws governing vehicle operation, and ensure that passengers follow safety regulations. | Core |
| Maintain knowledge of first-aid procedures. | Core |
| Notify dispatchers or company mechanics of vehicle problems. | Core |
| Operate vehicles with specialized equipment, such as wheelchair lifts, to transport and secure passengers with special needs. | Core |
| Perform routine vehicle maintenance, such as regulating tire pressure and adding gasoline, oil, and water. | Core |
| Pick up and drop off passengers at regularly scheduled neighborhood locations, following strict time schedules. | Core |
| Pick up or meet passengers according to requests, appointments, or schedules. | Core |
| Prepare and submit reports that may include the number of passengers or trips, hours worked, mileage driven fuel consumed, or fares received. | Core |
| Provide passengers with assistance entering and exiting vehicles, and help them with any luggage. | Core |
| Provide passengers with information or advice about the local area, points of interest, hotels, or restaurants. | Core |
| Read maps and follow written and verbal geographic directions. | Core |
| Record vehicle routes. | Core |
| Regulate heating, lighting, and ventilation systems for passenger comfort. | Core |
| Report any vehicle malfunctions or needed repairs. | Core |
| Report delays, accidents, or other traffic and transportation situations, using telephones or mobile two-way radios. | Core |
| Test vehicle equipment, such as lights, brakes, horns, or windshield wipers, to ensure proper operation. | Core |
| Vacuum and clean interiors, and wash and polish exteriors of automobiles. | Core |
| Collect fares or vouchers from passengers, and make change or issue receipts as necessary. | Supplemental |
| Perform errands for customers or employers, such as delivering or picking up mail and packages. | Supplemental |
| Perform minor vehicle repairs, such as cleaning spark plugs, or take vehicles to mechanics for servicing. | Supplemental |
1.97/ 3· Robot exposure index
Scale, basis and source
Each physical task is graded 0–3 by the setting in which robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated could do it (0 none · 1 purpose-built robot settings such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line · 2 structured facilities such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port · 3 unstructured settings such as a private home or a construction site), and the grades are averaged by share of working time
Physical tasks among this occupation's O*NET 29.3 tasks
Anthropic estimated the grades and time shares with Claude Opus 5 using web search, as of 2026.
The robot exposure index is a different measure from the AI exposure figures on this site and cannot be added to or compared with them. It does not measure actual adoption or cost, and 0 also covers occupations with no physical tasks.
Tier of each physical task
Robot environment tiers (E0–E3)
E0 noneDetails
Rated not doable by robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated, even in a purpose-built setting
E1 purpose-built robot settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting built around the machine, such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line
E2 structured facilitiesDetails
Rated doable in a human work facility that an institution keeps to a working standard, such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port
E3 unstructured settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting that no institution keeps to a working standard, such as a private home or a construction site
Only tasks classified as physical are listed; other tasks have no tier in the source.
| Task (O*NET 29.3) | Robot environment tier |
|---|---|
| Check the condition of a vehicle's tires, brakes, windshield wipers, lights, oil, fuel, water, and safety equipment to ensure that everything is in working order. | E0 none |
| Collect fares or vouchers from passengers, and make change or issue receipts as necessary. | E2 structured facilities |
| Comply with traffic regulations to operate vehicles in a safe and courteous manner. | E3 unstructured settings |
| Drive shuttle busses, limousines, company cars, or privately owned vehicles to transport passengers. | E3 unstructured settings |
| Follow relevant safety regulations and state laws governing vehicle operation, and ensure that passengers follow safety regulations. | E3 unstructured settings |
| Operate vehicles with specialized equipment, such as wheelchair lifts, to transport and secure passengers with special needs. | E0 none |
| Perform errands for customers or employers, such as delivering or picking up mail and packages. | E2 structured facilities |
| Perform minor vehicle repairs, such as cleaning spark plugs, or take vehicles to mechanics for servicing. | E3 unstructured settings |
| Perform routine vehicle maintenance, such as regulating tire pressure and adding gasoline, oil, and water. | E2 structured facilities |
| Pick up and drop off passengers at regularly scheduled neighborhood locations, following strict time schedules. | E3 unstructured settings |
| Pick up or meet passengers according to requests, appointments, or schedules. | E3 unstructured settings |
| Provide passengers with assistance entering and exiting vehicles, and help them with any luggage. | E0 none |
| Regulate heating, lighting, and ventilation systems for passenger comfort. | E3 unstructured settings |
| Test vehicle equipment, such as lights, brakes, horns, or windshield wipers, to ensure proper operation. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Vacuum and clean interiors, and wash and polish exteriors of automobiles. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
Occupation information
Employment outlook (BLS)
- Employment, 2025
- 252K
- Projected employment, 2035
- 269K
- Change (2025–35)
- +7.1%
- Median annual wage, 2025
- $37,290
- Typical education needed for entry
- No formal educational credential
Korea classification links (KSCO)
Links from the current release of the Korea Occupation Direct Crosswalk v1.1, made by AI Changing Work. Relation values are read from the O*NET-SOC occupation side.
| KSCO code | KSCO title | Relation | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| 87291 | 승용차 및 승합차 운전원 | This occupation is broader | confirmed |
| 87293 | 대리 운전원 | Overlapping, not the same | confirmed |
Relation and status definitions(kr-direct v1.1)
ILO occupational description
AI Changing Work links the ISCO-08 unit groups below to this occupation by applying the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (2018 SOC to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to ISCO-08) as published, without case-by-case selection; each link may be whole or partial.
- ISCO-08 8322Car, Taxi and Van Drivers
- ISCO-08 8331Bus and Tram Drivers
Sources: ILO ISCO-08 — details: Credits
ESCO occupational vocabulary
Each entry below is matched to this occupation in the published ESCO-O*NET Crosswalk (version 1, 2022). The match types are that crosswalk's; the wording is AI Changing Work's.
- hearse driverESCO 8322.3This occupation is broader
Hearse drivers operate and maintain specialised vehicles to transport deceased persons from their homes, hospital or funeral home to their final resting place. They also assist the funeral attendants with their duties.
- patient transport services driverESCO 8322.5This occupation is broader
Patient transport services drivers transfer disabled, vulnerable and elderly patients to and from health care facilities such as hospitals or social care settings. They drive the ambulance and maintain all the related equipment but under non-emergency circumstances.
- private chauffeurESCO 8322.6This occupation is broader
Private chauffeurs transport their employers to a particular destination safely and on time. They use navigation devices to reach the destination in the shortest time possible, advise on weather and traffic conditions and comply with legal driving regulations.
- bus driverESCO 8331.1Overlapping, not the same
Bus drivers operate buses or coaches, take fares, and look after passengers.
- taxi driverESCO 8322.7Overlapping, not the same
Taxi drivers operate a licensed private passenger transportation vehicle, looking after customers, taking fares and managing vehicle servicing.
- tram driverESCO 8331.2Overlapping, not the same
Tram drivers operate trams, take fares, and look after passengers.
- trolley bus driverESCO 8331.1.1Overlapping, not the same
Trolley bus drivers operate trolley buses or guided buses, take fares, and look after passengers.
Source: European Commission, DG EMPL — ESCO API 2026-08-08 (bridge v1.2.1)
License: CC BY 4.0 (EU Reuse Notice)
ESCO reuse terms and the modification notice are in Credits.
France classification links (ROME)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and ROME 4.0 job profiles, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side. Links marked “provisional” were adopted on the judgments of two judges from the same model family (Claude) alone, or by an operator rule applied to their judgments, so they rest on weaker evidence than confirmed links.
| ROME code | ROME title (French) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| N4102 | Conducteur / Conductrice de transport de particuliers | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| N4108 | Conducteur accompagnateur / Conductrice accompagnatrice de personnes à mobilité réduite | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| N4128 | Conducteur / Conductrice de navettes moins de 10 places | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| N4129 | Conducteur / Conductrice de corbillard | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| N4124 | Conducteur / Conductrice de taxi moto | Related, not a matchprovisional |
Source: France Travail — Répertoire Opérationnel des Métiers et des Emplois (ROME 4.0), version 61, last updated 15 June 2026 (https://www.data.gouv.fr/datasets/repertoire-operationnel-des-metiers-et-des-emplois-rome). Licence Ouverte 2.0.
ROME codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET-SOC occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a France Travail correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: fr-direct v1)
Spain classification links (CNO-11)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and CNO-11 occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| CNO-11 code | CNO-11 title (Spanish) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 8412 | Conductores asalariados de automóviles, taxis y furgonetas | This occupation is narrower |
| 8411 | Conductores propietarios de automóviles, taxis y furgonetas | Related, not a match |
| 8420 | Conductores de autobuses y tranvías | Related, not a match |
Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), National Classification of Occupations 2011 (CNO-11, Royal Decree 1591/2010) — www.ine.es · Licensed CC BY 4.0. CNO-11 codes and Spanish titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not an INE correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: es-direct v1)
Germany classification links (KldB)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and KldB occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| KldB code | KldB title (German) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 52112 | Berufskraftfahrer/innen (Personentransport/PKW) - fachlich ausgerichtete Tätigkeiten | Overlapping, not the sameprovisional |
| 52132 | Bus- und Straßenbahnfahrer/innen - fachlich ausgerichtete Tätigkeiten | Related, not a matchprovisional |
| 52182 | Fahrzeugführer/innen im Straßenverkehr (sonstige spezifische Tätigkeitsangabe) - fachlich ausgerichtete Tätigkeiten | Related, not a matchprovisional |
Source: © Statistik der Bundesagentur für Arbeit — Klassifikation der Berufe 2010 – überarbeitete Fassung 2020, https://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de. KldB codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own mapping (eigene Zuordnung) and are not a Bundesagentur für Arbeit correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: de-direct v1)
Japan classification links (JSCO)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and JSCO occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| JSCO code | JSCO title (Japanese) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 612 | 乗用自動車運転者 | Overlapping, not the same |
| 611 | バス運転者 | Related, not a match |
| 613 | 貨物自動車運転者 | Related, not a match |
Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC), Japan Standard Occupational Classification (Dec. 2009, MIC Notification No. 555). JSCO codes and Japanese titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a MIC correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: jp-direct v1)
Sources, licenses and AI Changing Work's modification and translation notices for this page: Credits & sources