Taxi Drivers
Transportation and Material Moving Occupations- O*NET-SOC code
- 53-3054.00
Drive a motor vehicle to transport passengers on an unplanned basis and charge a fare, usually based on a meter.
- Data source: BLSPublished: 2026-08
Moderate· relative
LowFour relative bandsVery highGroup-level value
Scale, basis and source
Four relative bands (Low / Moderate / High / Very high)
831 detailed occupations in the BLS Employment Projections table. Assigned per National Employment Matrix (NEM) code, so occupations sharing a NEM code carry the same band
- Data source: AnthropicPublished: 2026-03
0.000
0.000Range of values carried here0.745Scale, basis and source
Observed exposure index, 0–1 as published
Mapped onto O*NET tasks
Published per SOC 2018 occupation; every O*NET occupation with the same SOC 2018 code carries this value
- Data source: ILOPublished: 2025
0.28
0.09Range of values carried here0.70Group-level value
Scale, basis and source
Generative AI exposure index, 0–1 as published
Published per ISCO-08 unit group. Linked to this occupation, wholly or in part, by applying U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (ISCO-08 to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to 2018 SOC) as published
What kind of figure this source publishes
The BLS category is a relative rank, not an absolute level, and it is not a first-hand measurement: it groups an occupation's percentile ranks across several published studies into four bands. It is not an employment or wage forecast, not a probability of adoption, and it does not separate automation from augmentation.
Task-level exposure
Exposed tasks only16 rated tasks · 5 tasks with β ≥ 0.5 (31.3%)
β = direct exposure (E1) + 0.5 × exposure when tools are available (E2), per the source repository's definition.
- Source unit: O*NET 27.2 tasks → O*NET 31.0 occupation code
- All rated tasks are in the O*NET 31.0 task list.
- Source
- OpenAI "GPTs are GPTs" exposure rubric
- Release
- gh-main-0471612
- License
- MIT License, Copyright (c) 2024 OpenAI
Tasks of O*NET-SOC 2010 occupation 53-3041.00 Taxi Drivers and Chauffeurs, linked to this occupation by the O*NET-SOC 2010 to 2019 crosswalk
| Task (O*NET 20.1) | Claude.aiRaw / share % | APIRaw / share % |
|---|---|---|
Communicate with dispatchers by radio, telephone, or computer to exchange information and receive requests for passenger service.53-3041.00 | 0.003640.9 | 0.0021100.0 |
Provide passengers with information about the local area and points of interest or give advice on hotels and restaurants.53-3041.00 | 0.003337.5 | —0 |
Determine fares based on trip distances and times, using taximeters and fee schedules, and announce fares to passengers.53-3041.00 | 0.001921.6 | —0 |
| Not observed on any surface — 18 task(s) — These tasks have no row in the source for this release. The 0 in the share row is a display-stage composition ratio; absence is what the — in the raw row states. | ||
Test vehicle equipment, such as lights, brakes, horns, or windshield wipers, to ensure proper operation. | —0 | —0 |
Notify dispatchers or company mechanics of vehicle problems. | —0 | —0 |
Drive taxicabs, limousines, company cars, or privately owned vehicles to transport passengers. | —0 | —0 |
Pick up passengers at prearranged locations, at taxi stands, or by cruising streets in high traffic areas. | —0 | —0 |
Perform routine vehicle maintenance, such as regulating tire pressure and adding gasoline, oil, and water. | —0 | —0 |
Record name, date, and taxi identification information on trip sheets, along with trip information, such as time and place of pickup and drop-off, and total fee. | —0 | —0 |
Complete accident reports when necessary. | —0 | —0 |
Provide passengers with assistance entering and exiting vehicles and help them with any luggage. | —0 | —0 |
Arrange to pick up particular customers or groups on a regular schedule. | —0 | —0 |
Vacuum and clean interiors and wash and polish exteriors of automobiles. | —0 | —0 |
Pick up or meet employers according to requests, appointments, or schedules. | —0 | —0 |
Perform minor vehicle repairs, such as cleaning spark plugs, or take vehicles to mechanics for servicing. | —0 | —0 |
Perform errands for customers or employers, such as delivering or picking up mail and packages. | —0 | —0 |
Follow relevant safety regulations and state laws governing vehicle operation and ensure that passengers follow safety regulations. | —0 | —0 |
Collect fares or vouchers from passengers and make change or issue receipts as necessary. | —0 | —0 |
Turn the taximeter on when passengers enter the cab and turn it off when they reach the final destination. | —0 | —0 |
Report to taxicab services or garages to receive vehicle assignments. | —0 | —0 |
Operate vehicles with specialized equipment, such as wheelchair lifts, to transport and secure passengers with special needs. | —0 | —0 |
Values in this tab are predicted labels, not observations. Eloundou et al. (2023) published two rating regimes — human raters and GPT-4 — and the β shown here is derived from the GPT-4 rater basis alone; the same task can take a different value under the other regime. The unit and the meaning differ from the observed shares (%) in the other tabs, so do not place them on the same axis.
| Task (O*NET 27.2) | βE1 + 0.5 × E2 |
|---|---|
Communicate with dispatchers by radio, telephone, or computer to exchange information and receive requests for passenger service.O*NET Task ID 23759 | 1.0 |
Complete accident reports when necessary.O*NET Task ID 23760 | 1.0 |
Determine fares based on trip distances and times, using taximeters and fee schedules, and announce fares to passengers.O*NET Task ID 23761 | 1.0 |
Notify dispatchers or company mechanics of vehicle problems.O*NET Task ID 23764 | 1.0 |
Provide passengers with information or advice about the local area, points of interest, hotels, or restaurants.O*NET Task ID 23769 | 0.5 |
Collect fares or vouchers from passengers, and make change or issue receipts as necessary.O*NET Task ID 23758 | 0.0 |
Drive taxicabs or privately owned vehicles to transport passengers.O*NET Task ID 23762 | 0.0 |
Follow relevant safety regulations and state laws governing vehicle operation, and ensure that passengers follow safety regulations.O*NET Task ID 23763 | 0.0 |
Perform minor vehicle repairs, such as cleaning spark plugs, or take vehicles to mechanics for servicing.O*NET Task ID 23765 | 0.0 |
Perform routine vehicle maintenance, such as regulating tire pressure and adding gasoline, oil, and water.O*NET Task ID 23766 | 0.0 |
Pick up passengers at prearranged locations, at taxi stands, or by cruising streets in high-traffic areas.O*NET Task ID 23767 | 0.0 |
Provide passengers with assistance entering and exiting vehicles, and help them with any luggage.O*NET Task ID 23768 | 0.0 |
Report to taxicab services or garages to receive vehicle assignments.O*NET Task ID 23770 | 0.0 |
Test vehicle equipment, such as lights, brakes, horns, or windshield wipers, to ensure proper operation.O*NET Task ID 23771 | 0.0 |
Turn the taximeter on when passengers enter the cab, and turn it off when they reach the final destination.O*NET Task ID 23772 | 0.0 |
Vacuum and clean interiors and wash and polish exteriors of automobiles.O*NET Task ID 23773 | 0.0 |
β = E1 + 0.5 × E2 · E1 = tasks where direct LLM access alone cuts time by at least 50%, E2 = tasks where software built on top of an LLM cuts time by at least 50%. Values take only 0 / 0.5 / 1.0.
Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Anthropic Economic Index, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page
All O*NET 31.0 task statements (16)
All O*NET 31.0 task statements for this occupation (English, as published; task type core or supplemental). Exposure values are not listed here; they are in the table above, next to each task statement as worded in the O*NET version each source used.
| Task (O*NET 31.0) | Type |
|---|---|
| Collect fares or vouchers from passengers, and make change or issue receipts as necessary. | — |
| Communicate with dispatchers by radio, telephone, or computer to exchange information and receive requests for passenger service. | — |
| Complete accident reports when necessary. | — |
| Determine fares based on trip distances and times, using taximeters and fee schedules, and announce fares to passengers. | — |
| Drive taxicabs or privately owned vehicles to transport passengers. | — |
| Follow relevant safety regulations and state laws governing vehicle operation, and ensure that passengers follow safety regulations. | — |
| Notify dispatchers or company mechanics of vehicle problems. | — |
| Perform minor vehicle repairs, such as cleaning spark plugs, or take vehicles to mechanics for servicing. | — |
| Perform routine vehicle maintenance, such as regulating tire pressure and adding gasoline, oil, and water. | — |
| Pick up passengers at prearranged locations, at taxi stands, or by cruising streets in high-traffic areas. | — |
| Provide passengers with assistance entering and exiting vehicles, and help them with any luggage. | — |
| Provide passengers with information or advice about the local area, points of interest, hotels, or restaurants. | — |
| Report to taxicab services or garages to receive vehicle assignments. | — |
| Test vehicle equipment, such as lights, brakes, horns, or windshield wipers, to ensure proper operation. | — |
| Turn the taximeter on when passengers enter the cab, and turn it off when they reach the final destination. | — |
| Vacuum and clean interiors and wash and polish exteriors of automobiles. | — |
2.22/ 3· Robot exposure index
Scale, basis and source
Each physical task is graded 0–3 by the setting in which robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated could do it (0 none · 1 purpose-built robot settings such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line · 2 structured facilities such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port · 3 unstructured settings such as a private home or a construction site), and the grades are averaged by share of working time
Physical tasks among this occupation's O*NET 29.3 tasks
Anthropic estimated the grades and time shares with Claude Opus 5 using web search, as of 2026.
The robot exposure index is a different measure from the AI exposure figures on this site and cannot be added to or compared with them. It does not measure actual adoption or cost, and 0 also covers occupations with no physical tasks.
Tier of each physical task
Robot environment tiers (E0–E3)
E0 noneDetails
Rated not doable by robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated, even in a purpose-built setting
E1 purpose-built robot settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting built around the machine, such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line
E2 structured facilitiesDetails
Rated doable in a human work facility that an institution keeps to a working standard, such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port
E3 unstructured settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting that no institution keeps to a working standard, such as a private home or a construction site
Only tasks classified as physical are listed; other tasks have no tier in the source.
| Task (O*NET 29.3) | Robot environment tier |
|---|---|
| Collect fares or vouchers from passengers, and make change or issue receipts as necessary. | E3 unstructured settings |
| Drive taxicabs or privately owned vehicles to transport passengers. | E3 unstructured settings |
| Follow relevant safety regulations and state laws governing vehicle operation, and ensure that passengers follow safety regulations. | E3 unstructured settings |
| Perform minor vehicle repairs, such as cleaning spark plugs, or take vehicles to mechanics for servicing. | E3 unstructured settings |
| Perform routine vehicle maintenance, such as regulating tire pressure and adding gasoline, oil, and water. | E2 structured facilities |
| Pick up passengers at prearranged locations, at taxi stands, or by cruising streets in high-traffic areas. | E2 structured facilities |
| Provide passengers with assistance entering and exiting vehicles, and help them with any luggage. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Report to taxicab services or garages to receive vehicle assignments. | E2 structured facilities |
| Test vehicle equipment, such as lights, brakes, horns, or windshield wipers, to ensure proper operation. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Vacuum and clean interiors and wash and polish exteriors of automobiles. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
Occupation information
Employment outlook (BLS)
- Employment, 2025
- 204K
- Projected employment, 2035
- 228K
- Change (2025–35)
- +11.5%
- Median annual wage, 2025
- $42,100
- Typical education needed for entry
- No formal educational credential
Korea classification links (KSCO)
Links from the current release of the Korea Occupation Direct Crosswalk v1.1, made by AI Changing Work. Relation values are read from the O*NET-SOC occupation side.
| KSCO code | KSCO title | Relation | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| 87210 | 택시 운전원 | Same scope | confirmed |
Relation and status definitions(kr-direct v1.1)
ILO occupational description
AI Changing Work links the ISCO-08 unit groups below to this occupation by applying the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (2018 SOC to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to ISCO-08) as published, without case-by-case selection; each link may be whole or partial.
- ISCO-08 8322Car, Taxi and Van Drivers
The definition, tasks and examples below are the ILO's description of that unit group, not of this occupation.
Car, taxi and van drivers drive and tend motor cars and vans to transport passengers, mail or goods.
Tasks
- (a) driving and tending passenger, vans, cars or taxis;
- (b) driving and tending cars, vans or small trucks to deliver mail or goods;
- (c) assisting passengers with handling of luggage;
- (d) collecting fares, payments for deliveries, or documents certifying deliveries;
- (e) operating telecommunications equipment to report location and availability, and follow directions of control centre;
- (f) determining most appropriate route;
- (g) assisting physically challenged passengers;
- (h) operating equipment to facilitate the loading and unloading of physically challenged passengers.
Example occupations
Ambulance driver · Car driver · Parking Valet · Taxi driver · Van driver
Sources: ILO ISCO-08 — details: Credits
ESCO occupational vocabulary
Each entry below is matched to this occupation in the published ESCO-O*NET Crosswalk (version 1, 2022). The match types are that crosswalk's; the wording is AI Changing Work's.
- taxi driverESCO 8322.7Same scope
Taxi drivers operate a licensed private passenger transportation vehicle, looking after customers, taking fares and managing vehicle servicing.
- armoured car driverESCO 8322.1Overlapping, not the same
Armoured car drivers drive the armoured car to transfer valuable items, such as money, to different locations. They never leave the car. They work in cooperation with the armoured car guards who deliver the valuables to their final recipients. Armoured car drivers ensure vehicle security at all times by following company policies.
- bus driverESCO 8331.1Overlapping, not the same
Bus drivers operate buses or coaches, take fares, and look after passengers.
- cargo vehicle driverESCO 8332.2Overlapping, not the same
Cargo vehicle drivers operate vehicles such as trucks and vans. They may also take care of the loading and unloading of cargo.
- hearse driverESCO 8322.3Overlapping, not the same
Hearse drivers operate and maintain specialised vehicles to transport deceased persons from their homes, hospital or funeral home to their final resting place. They also assist the funeral attendants with their duties.
- patient transport services driverESCO 8322.5Overlapping, not the same
Patient transport services drivers transfer disabled, vulnerable and elderly patients to and from health care facilities such as hospitals or social care settings. They drive the ambulance and maintain all the related equipment but under non-emergency circumstances.
- private chauffeurESCO 8322.6Overlapping, not the same
Private chauffeurs transport their employers to a particular destination safely and on time. They use navigation devices to reach the destination in the shortest time possible, advise on weather and traffic conditions and comply with legal driving regulations.
- trolley bus driverESCO 8331.1.1Overlapping, not the same
Trolley bus drivers operate trolley buses or guided buses, take fares, and look after passengers.
Source: European Commission, DG EMPL — ESCO API 2026-08-08 (bridge v1.2.1)
License: CC BY 4.0 (EU Reuse Notice)
ESCO reuse terms and the modification notice are in Credits.
France classification links (ROME)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and ROME 4.0 job profiles, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side. Links marked “provisional” were adopted on the judgments of two judges from the same model family (Claude) alone, or by an operator rule applied to their judgments, so they rest on weaker evidence than confirmed links.
| ROME code | ROME title (French) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| N4131 | Conducteur / Conductrice de taxi | Same scopeprovisional |
| N4124 | Conducteur / Conductrice de taxi moto | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| N4112 | Conducteur / Conductrice VTC | Related, not a matchprovisional |
Source: France Travail — Répertoire Opérationnel des Métiers et des Emplois (ROME 4.0), version 61, last updated 15 June 2026 (https://www.data.gouv.fr/datasets/repertoire-operationnel-des-metiers-et-des-emplois-rome). Licence Ouverte 2.0.
ROME codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET-SOC occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a France Travail correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: fr-direct v1)
Spain classification links (CNO-11)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and CNO-11 occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| CNO-11 code | CNO-11 title (Spanish) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 8411 | Conductores propietarios de automóviles, taxis y furgonetas | Overlapping, not the same |
| 8412 | Conductores asalariados de automóviles, taxis y furgonetas | Related, not a match |
| 9812 | Conductores de vehículos de tracción animal para el transporte de personas y similares | Related, not a matchprovisional |
Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), National Classification of Occupations 2011 (CNO-11, Royal Decree 1591/2010) — www.ine.es · Licensed CC BY 4.0. CNO-11 codes and Spanish titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not an INE correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: es-direct v1)
Germany classification links (KldB)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and KldB occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| KldB code | KldB title (German) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 52112 | Berufskraftfahrer/innen (Personentransport/PKW) - fachlich ausgerichtete Tätigkeiten | This occupation is narrowerprovisional |
Source: © Statistik der Bundesagentur für Arbeit — Klassifikation der Berufe 2010 – überarbeitete Fassung 2020, https://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de. KldB codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own mapping (eigene Zuordnung) and are not a Bundesagentur für Arbeit correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: de-direct v1)
Japan classification links (JSCO)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and JSCO occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| JSCO code | JSCO title (Japanese) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 612 | 乗用自動車運転者 | This occupation is narrower |
Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC), Japan Standard Occupational Classification (Dec. 2009, MIC Notification No. 555). JSCO codes and Japanese titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a MIC correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: jp-direct v1)
Sources, licenses and AI Changing Work's modification and translation notices for this page: Credits & sources