Crystallographers

Life, Physical & Social Sciences

AI exposure

Data source: BLSPublished: 2026-08
Very high· relative
LowFour relative bandsVery high
Group-level value
Scale, basis and source
Four relative bands (Low / Moderate / High / Very high)
831 detailed occupations in the BLS Employment Projections table. Assigned per National Employment Matrix (NEM) code, so occupations sharing a NEM code carry the same band
Source dataset (XLSX download)
Data source: AnthropicPublished: 2026-03
0.273
0.000Range of values carried here0.745
Scale, basis and source
Observed exposure index, 0–1 as published
Mapped onto O*NET tasks
Source dataset
Data source: ILOPublished: 2025
0.38
0.09Range of values carried here0.70
Group-level value
Scale, basis and source
Generative AI exposure index, 0–1 as published
ISCO-08 unit group — every occupation sharing the code gets this value
Computed by this site, not published by the ILO: of the 1,012 occupations this site links to the ILO dataset, 48% score at or above this value.
Source dataset

What kind of figure this source publishes

The BLS category is a relative rank, not an absolute level, and it is not a first-hand measurement: it groups an occupation's percentile ranks across several published studies into four bands. It is not an employment or wage forecast, not a probability of adoption, and it does not separate automation from augmentation.

Task-level exposure

Show 1 hidden task

Values in this tab are predicted labels, not observations. Eloundou et al. (2023) published two rating regimes — human raters and GPT-4 — and the β shown here is derived from the GPT-4 rater basis alone; the same task can take a different value under the other regime. The unit and the meaning differ from the observed shares (%) in the other tabs, so do not place them on the same axis.

Task	βE1 + 0.5 × E2
Perform complex calculations as part of the analysis and evaluation of data, using computers. O*NET Task ID 10903	1.0
Describe and express observations and conclusions in mathematical terms. O*NET Task ID 10904	1.0
Report experimental results by writing papers for scientific journals or by presenting information at scientific conferences. O*NET Task ID 10906	1.0
Design computer simulations to model physical data so that it can be better understood. O*NET Task ID 10907	1.0
Develop theories and laws on the basis of observation and experiments, and apply these theories and laws to problems in areas such as nuclear energy, optics, and aerospace technology. O*NET Task ID 10911	1.0
Develop manufacturing, assembly, and fabrication processes of lasers, masers, infrared, and other light-emitting and light-sensitive devices. O*NET Task ID 10913	1.0
Write research proposals to receive funding. O*NET Task ID 21174	1.0
Analyze data from research conducted to detect and measure physical phenomena. O*NET Task ID 10905	0.5
Collaborate with other scientists in the design, development, and testing of experimental, industrial, or medical equipment, instrumentation, and procedures. O*NET Task ID 10908	0.5
Teach physics to students. O*NET Task ID 10912	0.5
Conduct application evaluations and analyze results to determine commercial, industrial, scientific, medical, military, or other uses for electro-optical devices. O*NET Task ID 10914	0.5
Develop standards of permissible concentrations of radioisotopes in liquids and gases. O*NET Task ID 10915	0.5
Conduct research pertaining to potential environmental impacts of atomic energy-related industrial development to determine licensing qualifications. O*NET Task ID 10916	0.5
Advise authorities of procedures to be followed in radiation incidents or hazards, and assist in civil defense planning. O*NET Task ID 10917	0.5
Show 4 more tasks ▾Show less ▴

β = E1 + 0.5 × E2 · E1 = tasks where direct LLM access alone cuts time by at least 50%, E2 = tasks where software built on top of an LLM cuts time by at least 50%. Values take only 0 / 0.5 / 1.0.

Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page

Occupation information

ILO

ILO occupational description

Physicists and Astronomers

Physicists and astronomers conduct research and improve or develop concepts, theories and operational methods concerning matter, space, time, energy, forces and fields and the interrelationship between these physical phenomena. They apply scientific knowledge relating to physics and astronomy in industrial, medical, military or other fields.

Tasks

(a) conducting research and improving or developing concepts, theories, instrumentation, software and operational methods related to physics and astronomy;
(b) conducting experiments, tests and analyses on the structure and properties of matter in fields such as mechanics, thermodynamics, electronics, communications, power generation and distribution, aerodynamics, optics and lasers, remote sensing, medicine, sonics, magnetism, and nuclear physics;
(c) evaluating results of investigations and experiments and expressing conclusions, mainly using mathematical techniques and models;
(d) applying principles, techniques and processes to develop or improve industrial, medical, military and other practical applications of the principles and techniques of physics or astronomy;
(e) ensuring the safe and effective delivery of radiation (ionising and non-ionising) to patients to achieve a diagnostic or therapeutic result as prescribed by a medical practitioner;
(f) ensuring the accurate measurement and characterization of physical quantities used in medical applications;
(g) testing, commissioning and evaluating equipment used in applications such as imaging, medical treatment and dosimetry;
(h) advising and consulting with medical practitioners and other health care professionals in optimizing the balance between the beneficial and deleterious effects of radiation;
(i) observing, analysing and interpreting celestial phenomena and developing methods, numerical models and techniques to extend knowledge of fields such as navigation, satellite communication, space exploration, celestial bodies and cosmic radiation;
(j) developing, implementing and maintaining standards and protocols for the measurement of physical phenomena and for the use of nuclear technology in industrial and medical applications;
(k) preparing scientific papers and reports.

Example occupations

Astronomer · Medical Physicist · Nuclear Physicist · Physicist

ISCO-08 2111

Sources: ILO ISCO-08 — details: Credits

KEIS2025

Shown in the original Korean. This dataset is published under KOGL Type 4, which prohibits derivative works including translation, so the text is reproduced unaltered.

자연과학 시험원KNOW K000000825
Job outlook: 증가(0%) 현상유지(40%) 감소(60%)
Wages (10,000 KRW): lower(25%) 3.95K average(50%) 4.75K upper(25%) 5.5K
minacross 461 KNOW occupationsmax
Job satisfaction: 70
minacross 461 KNOW occupationsmax
Details
Duties
- -표본을 수집하고 실험, 검사 및 분석용 재료와 장비를 준비한다.
- -실험, 검사 및 분석을 보조하거나 직접 수행한다.
- - 프로젝트에 필요한 재료 등의 세부 견적서를 주어진 명세서에 따라 작성하여 준비한다.
- -프로젝트에 필요한 재료 및 인력의 양과 배용의 세부 견적서를 작성한다.
- -실험용 재료와 장비를 준비하고, 실험기구 및 장비를 설치 조작하여 실험을 보조한다.
- -물질을 구성하고 있는 성분의 종류와 조성비 분석 등의 검사 및 분석업무를 보조하거나 자연과학자의 지시하에 직접 실험을 수행하기도 한다.
- -실험이 끝나면 사용한 실험기구 및 장비를 정리하고, 유지·관리한다.
- -공학적 계산을 하며, 각종 도표 및 보고서를 작성한다.
- -연구과정에서 야기되는 문제들을 확인하고, 이를 해결하기 위하여 기술적인 지식을 응용한다.
See details on KNOW (Korea Employment Information Service) (external site)
Work abilities
수리력(96) · 품질관리분석(94) · 장비 선정(93) · 추리력(91) · 조작 및 통제(90)
Knowledge
화학(92) · 물리(81) · 영어(77) · 사무(70) · 생물(70)
Work environment
위험한 상태 노출(93) · 정확성, 정밀성 유지(92) · 반복적인 신체행동, 정신적 활동(91) · 마감시간(85) · 이메일 이용하기(85)

The KNOW occupations and KECO codes listed here were linked to this page's occupation by this site; this is not a correspondence defined by the Korea Employment Information Service or the Ministry of Employment and Labor.

AI exposure

Task-level exposure

Occupation information

ILO occupational description

ESCO occupational vocabulary