Desktop Publishers

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AI exposure

  • Data source: BLSPublished: 2026-08

    Very high· relative

    LowFour relative bandsVery high

    Group-level value

    Scale, basis and source

    Four relative bands (Low / Moderate / High / Very high)

    831 detailed occupations in the BLS Employment Projections table. Assigned per National Employment Matrix (NEM) code, so occupations sharing a NEM code carry the same band

    Source dataset (XLSX download)

  • Data source: AnthropicPublished: 2026-03

    0.464

    0.000Range of values carried here0.745
    Scale, basis and source

    Observed exposure index, 0–1 as published

    Mapped onto O*NET tasks

    Source dataset

  • Data source: ILOPublished: 2025

    0.38

    0.09Range of values carried here0.70

    Group-level value

    Scale, basis and source

    Generative AI exposure index, 0–1 as published

    ISCO-08 unit group — every occupation sharing the code gets this value

    Computed by this site, not published by the ILO: of the 1,012 occupations this site links to the ILO dataset, 48% score at or above this value.

    Source dataset

What kind of figure this source publishes

The BLS category is a relative rank, not an absolute level, and it is not a first-hand measurement: it groups an occupation's percentile ranks across several published studies into four bands. It is not an employment or wage forecast, not a probability of adoption, and it does not separate automation from augmentation.

Task-level exposure

Show 1 hidden task

Values in this tab are predicted labels, not observations. Eloundou et al. (2023) published two rating regimes — human raters and GPT-4 — and the β shown here is derived from the GPT-4 rater basis alone; the same task can take a different value under the other regime. The unit and the meaning differ from the observed shares (%) in the other tabs, so do not place them on the same axis.

TaskβE1 + 0.5 × E2
Check preliminary and final proofs for errors and make necessary corrections.

O*NET Task ID 2815

1.0
Enter text into computer keyboard and select the size and style of type, column width, and appropriate spacing for printed materials.

O*NET Task ID 2818

1.0
Store copies of publications on paper, magnetic tape, film, or diskette.

O*NET Task ID 2819

1.0
Study layout or other design instructions to determine work to be done and sequence of operations.

O*NET Task ID 2825

1.0
Convert various types of files for printing or for the Internet, using computer software.

O*NET Task ID 2827

1.0
Transmit, deliver, or mail publication master to printer for production into film and plates.

O*NET Task ID 2830

1.0
Operate desktop publishing software and equipment to design, lay out, and produce camera-ready copy.

O*NET Task ID 2816

0.5
View monitors for visual representation of work in progress and for instructions and feedback throughout process, making modifications as necessary.

O*NET Task ID 2817

0.5
Position text and art elements from a variety of databases in a visually appealing way to design print or web pages, using knowledge of type styles and size and layout patterns.

O*NET Task ID 2820

0.5
Enter digitized data into electronic prepress system computer memory, using scanner, camera, keyboard, or mouse.

O*NET Task ID 2821

0.5

β = E1 + 0.5 × E2 · E1 = tasks where direct LLM access alone cuts time by at least 50%, E2 = tasks where software built on top of an LLM cuts time by at least 50%. Values take only 0 / 0.5 / 1.0.

Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page

Occupation information