Four relative bands (Low / Moderate / High / Very high)
831 detailed occupations in the BLS Employment Projections table. Assigned per National Employment Matrix (NEM) code, so occupations sharing a NEM code carry the same band
The BLS category is a relative rank, not an absolute level, and it is not a first-hand measurement: it groups an occupation's percentile ranks across several published studies into four bands. It is not an employment or wage forecast, not a probability of adoption, and it does not separate automation from augmentation.
Values in this tab are predicted labels, not observations. Eloundou et al. (2023) published two rating regimes — human raters and GPT-4 — and the β shown here is derived from the GPT-4 rater basis alone; the same task can take a different value under the other regime. The unit and the meaning differ from the observed shares (%) in the other tabs, so do not place them on the same axis.
Task
βE1 + 0.5 × E2
Maintain student attendance records, grades, and other required records.Details
O*NET Task ID 6010
1.0
Prepare course materials, such as syllabi, homework assignments, and handouts.Details
O*NET Task ID 6011
1.0
Compile bibliographies of specialized materials for outside reading assignments.Details
O*NET Task ID 6024
1.0
Write grant proposals to procure external research funding.Details
O*NET Task ID 6026
1.0
Maintain geographic information systems laboratories, performing duties such as updating software.Details
O*NET Task ID 6027
1.0
Prepare and deliver lectures to undergraduate or graduate students on topics such as urbanization, environmental systems, and cultural geography.Details
O*NET Task ID 6006
0.5
Evaluate and grade students' class work, assignments, and papers.Details
O*NET Task ID 6007
0.5
Compile, administer, and grade examinations, or assign this work to others.Details
O*NET Task ID 6008
0.5
Keep abreast of developments in the field by reading current literature, talking with colleagues, and participating in professional conferences.Details
O*NET Task ID 6012
0.5
Supervise undergraduate or graduate teaching, internship, and research work.Details
O*NET Task ID 6013
0.5
Plan, evaluate, and revise curricula, course content, course materials, and methods of instruction.Details
O*NET Task ID 6014
0.5
Conduct research in a particular field of knowledge and publish findings in professional journals, books, or electronic media.Details
O*NET Task ID 6017
0.5
Collaborate with colleagues to address teaching and research issues.Details
O*NET Task ID 6018
0.5
Select and obtain materials and supplies, such as textbooks.Details
O*NET Task ID 6019
0.5
Advise students on academic and vocational curricula and on career issues.Details
O*NET Task ID 6020
0.5
Participate in student recruitment, registration, and placement activities.Details
O*NET Task ID 6022
0.5
Perform administrative duties, such as serving as department head.Details
O*NET Task ID 6025
0.5
Perform spatial analysis and modeling using geographic information system techniques.Details
O*NET Task ID 6028
0.5
Provide professional consulting services to government or industry.Details
O*NET Task ID 6030
0.5
β = E1 + 0.5 × E2 · E1 = tasks where direct LLM access alone cuts time by at least 50%, E2 = tasks where software built on top of an LLM cuts time by at least 50%. Values take only 0 / 0.5 / 1.0.
Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page
Occupation information
ILO occupational description
University and Higher Education Teachers
University and higher education teachers prepare and deliver lectures and conduct tutorials in one or more subjects within a prescribed course of study at a university or other higher educational institution. They conduct research, and prepare scholarly papers and books.
Tasks
(a) designing and modifying curricula and preparing courses of study in accordance with requirements;
(b) preparing and delivering lectures and conducting tutorials, seminars and laboratory experiments;
(c) stimulating discussion and independent thought among students;
(d) supervising, where appropriate, experimental and practical work undertaken by students;
(e) administering, evaluating and marking examination papers and tests;
(f) directing research of post-graduate students or other members of department;
(g) researching into and developing concepts, theories and operational methods for application in industrial and other fields;
(h) preparing scholarly books, papers or articles;
(i) participating in departmental and faculty meetings and in conferences and seminars;
Example occupations
Higher education lecturer · Professor · University lecturer · University tutor
Performing arts theatre instructors educate students in specific theory and, primarily, practice-based theatre courses at a specialised theatre, or acting, school or conservatory at a higher education level. They provide theoretical instruction in service of the practical skills and techniques the students must subsequently master in theatre. Performing arts theatre instructors monitor the students' progress, assist individually when necessary, and evaluate their knowledge and performance of theatre practice through assignments, tests and examinations.
economics lecturerESCO 2310.1.14
Economics lecturers are subject professors, assistant professors, teachers, lectures, assistant lecturers, mentors who instruct students in their own specialised field of study, economics. They develop curriculum, prepare classes (lectures, practical classes, seminars, trainings etc.), monitor learning outcomes, supervise student study path. They conduct academic research in their field of economics and present their findings at the conferences and in publications. They are involved in some university management functions.
medicine lecturerESCO 2310.1.25
Medicine lecturers are subject professors, teachers, or lecturers, and often doctors who instruct students who have obtained an upper secondary education diploma in their own specialised field of study, medicine, which is predominantly academic in nature. They work with their university research assistants and university teaching assistants for the preparation of lectures and of exams, for grading papers and exams, for leading laboratory practices, and for leading review and feedback sessions for the students. They also conduct academic research in their respective field of medicine, publish their findings and liaise with other university colleagues.
university teaching assistantESCO 2310.1.42
University teaching assistants are graduate students or recent graduates employed on a temporary contract at a university or a college for teaching-related responsibilities. They assist the professor, lecturer or teacher of the specific course they are in charge of in the preparation of lectures and of exams, grading papers and exams and leading review and feedback sessions for the students.
sociology lecturerESCO 2310.1.38
Sociology lecturers are subject professors, teachers, or lecturers who instruct students who have obtained an upper secondary education diploma in their own specialised field of study, sociology, which is predominantly academic in nature. They work with their university research assistants and university teaching assistants
for the preparation of lectures and of exams, grading papers and exams and leading review and feedback sessions for the students. They also conduct academic research in their field of sociology, publish their findings and liaise with other university colleagues.
nursing lecturerESCO 2310.1.28
Nursing lecturers are subject professors, teachers, or lecturers, and often doctors who instruct students who have obtained an upper secondary education diploma in their own specialised field of study, nursing, which is predominantly academic in nature. They work with their university research assistants and university teaching assistants for the preparation of lectures and of exams, for grading papers and exams, for leading laboratory practices, and for leading review and feedback sessions for the students. They also conduct academic research in their respective field of nursing, publish their findings and liaise with other university colleagues.
business lecturerESCO 2310.1.7
Business lecturers are subject professors, teachers, or lecturers who instruct students who have obtained an upper secondary education diploma in their own specialised field of study, business, which is predominantly academic in nature. They work with their university research assistants and university teaching assistants
for the preparation of lectures and of exams, grading papers and exams and leading review and feedback sessions for the students. They also conduct academic research in their field of business, publish their findings and liaise with other university colleagues.
earth science lecturerESCO 2310.1.13
Earth science lecturers are subject professors, teachers, or lecturers who instruct students who have obtained an upper secondary education diploma in their own specialised field of study, earth science, which is predominantly academic in nature. They work with their university research assistants and university teaching assistants in preparation of lectures and of exams, grading papers and exams and leading review and feedback sessions for the students. They also conduct academic research in their field of earth science, publish their findings and liaise with other university colleagues.
social work practice educatorESCO 2310.2
Social work practice educators teach, supervise and assess social work students prior, during and after they have obtained their degree. They contribute to their placement and have the authority to recommend students on the basis of appropriate evidence.
veterinary medicine lecturerESCO 2310.1.43
Veterinary medicine lecturers are subject professors, teachers, or lecturers, and often doctors who instruct students who have obtained an upper secondary education diploma in their own specialised field of study, veterinary medicine, which is predominantly academic in nature. They work with their university research assistants and university teaching assistants for the preparation of lectures and of exams, for grading papers and exams, for leading laboratory practices, and for leading review and feedback sessions for the students. They also conduct academic research in their respective field of veterinary medicine, publish their findings and liaise with other university colleagues.
dentistry lecturerESCO 2310.1.12
Dentistry lecturers are subject professors, teachers, or lecturers, and often doctors who instruct students who have obtained an upper secondary education diploma in their own specialised field of study, dentistry, which is predominantly academic in nature. They work with their university research assistants and university teaching assistants for the preparation of lectures and of exams, for grading papers and exams, for leading laboratory practices, and for leading review and feedback sessions for the students. They also conduct academic research in their respective field of dentistry, publish their findings and liaise with other university colleagues.
journalism lecturerESCO 2310.1.21
Journalism lecturers and media are subject professors, teachers, or lecturers who instruct students who have obtained an upper secondary education diploma in their own specialised field of study, journalism and media, which is predominantly academic in nature. They work with theiruniversity research assistants and university teaching assistants for the preparation of lectures and of exams, for grading papers and exams and for leading review and feedback sessions for the students. They also conduct academic research in their respective field of journalism and media, publish their findings and liaise with other university colleagues.
Source:European Commission, DG EMPL — ESCO API 2026-08-08 (bridge v1.2.1)
ESCO reuse terms and the modification notice are in Credits.
Shown in the original Korean. This dataset is published under KOGL Type 4, which prohibits derivative works including translation, so the text is reproduced unaltered.
The KNOW occupations and KECO codes listed here were linked to this page's occupation by this site; this is not a correspondence defined by the Korea Employment Information Service or the Ministry of Employment and Labor.
Projected change: +2.7%
Median wage: $98K
lowest $31Kmedian wage across 825 detailed occupations, BLS EP 2025–35highest $559K
Employment: 4K
Typical entry-level education: Doctoral or professional degree
