Immunologists

Life, Physical & Social Sciences

AI exposure

Data source: BLSPublished: 2026-08
Very high· relative
LowFour relative bandsVery high
Group-level value
Scale, basis and source
Four relative bands (Low / Moderate / High / Very high)
831 detailed occupations in the BLS Employment Projections table. Assigned per National Employment Matrix (NEM) code, so occupations sharing a NEM code carry the same band
Source dataset (XLSX download)
Data source: AnthropicPublished: 2026-03
0.038
0.000Range of values carried here0.745
Scale, basis and source
Observed exposure index, 0–1 as published
Mapped onto O*NET tasks
Source dataset
Data source: ILOPublished: 2025
0.40
0.09Range of values carried here0.70
Group-level value
Scale, basis and source
Generative AI exposure index, 0–1 as published
ISCO-08 unit group — every occupation sharing the code gets this value
Computed by this site, not published by the ILO: of the 1,012 occupations this site links to the ILO dataset, 39% score at or above this value.
Source dataset

What kind of figure this source publishes

The BLS category is a relative rank, not an absolute level, and it is not a first-hand measurement: it groups an occupation's percentile ranks across several published studies into four bands. It is not an employment or wage forecast, not a probability of adoption, and it does not separate automation from augmentation.

Task-level exposure

Show 7 hidden tasks

Task	Claude.aiRaw / share %	APIRaw / share %
Teach principles of medicine and medical and laboratory procedures to physicians, residents, students, and technicians. 19-1042	0.008232.9	—0
Evaluate effects of drugs, gases, pesticides, parasites, and microorganisms at various levels. 19-1042	0.006726.9	—0
Write and publish articles in scientific journals. 19-1042	0.003313.3	—0
Standardize drug dosages, methods of immunization, and procedures for manufacture of drugs and medicinal compounds. 19-1042	0.00249.6	0.0016100.0
Study animal and human health and physiological processes. 19-1042	0.00228.8	—0
Conduct research to develop methodologies, instrumentation, and procedures for medical application, analyzing data and presenting findings to the scientific audience and general public. 19-1042	0.00218.4	—0

Values in this tab are predicted labels, not observations. Eloundou et al. (2023) published two rating regimes — human raters and GPT-4 — and the β shown here is derived from the GPT-4 rater basis alone; the same task can take a different value under the other regime. The unit and the meaning differ from the observed shares (%) in the other tabs, so do not place them on the same axis.

Task	βE1 + 0.5 × E2
Write and publish articles in scientific journals. O*NET Task ID 20201	1.0
Write applications for research grants. O*NET Task ID 23906	1.0
Plan and direct studies to investigate human or animal disease, preventive methods, and treatments for disease. O*NET Task ID 7513	0.5
Evaluate effects of drugs, gases, pesticides, parasites, and microorganisms at various levels. O*NET Task ID 7515	0.5
Teach principles of medicine and medical and laboratory procedures to physicians, residents, students, and technicians. O*NET Task ID 7516	0.5
Prepare and analyze organ, tissue, and cell samples to identify toxicity, bacteria, or microorganisms or to study cell structure. O*NET Task ID 7517	0.5
Standardize drug dosages, methods of immunization, and procedures for manufacture of drugs and medicinal compounds. O*NET Task ID 7518	0.5
Investigate cause, progress, life cycle, or mode of transmission of diseases or parasites. O*NET Task ID 7519	0.5
Confer with health departments, industry personnel, physicians, and others to develop health safety standards and public health improvement programs. O*NET Task ID 7520	0.5
Study animal and human health and physiological processes. O*NET Task ID 7521	0.5
Consult with and advise physicians, educators, researchers, and others regarding medical applications of physics, biology, and chemistry. O*NET Task ID 7522	0.5
Conduct research to develop methodologies, instrumentation, and procedures for medical application, analyzing data and presenting findings to the scientific audience and general public. O*NET Task ID 20200	0.5
Show 2 more tasks ▾Show less ▴

β = E1 + 0.5 × E2 · E1 = tasks where direct LLM access alone cuts time by at least 50%, E2 = tasks where software built on top of an LLM cuts time by at least 50%. Values take only 0 / 0.5 / 1.0.

Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Anthropic Economic Index, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page

Occupation information

ILO

ILO occupational description

Biologists, Botanists, Zoologists and Related Professionals

Biologists, botanists, zoologists and related professionals study living organisms and their interactions with each other and with the environment, and apply this knowledge to solve human health and environmental problems. They work in diverse fields such as botany, zoology, ecology, marine biology, genetics, immunology, pharmacology, toxicology, physiology, bacteriology and virology.

Tasks

(a) undertaking research in laboratories and in the field to increase scientific knowledge of living organisms; to discover new information; to test hypotheses; to solve problems in areas such as the environment, agriculture and health; and to develop new products, processes and techniques for pharmaceutical, agricultural and environmental use;
(b) designing and conducting experiments and tests;
(c) gathering human, animal, insect and plant specimens and data, and studying their origin, development, chemical and physical form, structure, composition, and life and reproductive processes;
(d) examining living organisms using a variety of specialised equipment, instruments, technologies and techniques such as electron microscopes, telemetry, global positioning systems, biotechnology, satellite imaging, genetic engineering, digital imaging analysis, polymerase chain reaction and computer modelling;
(e) identifying, classifying, recording and monitoring living organisms and maintaining databases;
(f) writing scientific papers and reports detailing research and any new findings which are then made available to the scientific community in scientific journals or at conferences for scrutiny and further debate;
(g) designing and carrying out environmental impact assessments to identify changes caused by natural or human factors;
(h) providing advice to governments, organizations and businesses in areas such as conservation, management of natural resources, the effects of climate change and pollution.

Example occupations

Animal behaviourist · Bacteriologist · Biochemist · Biologist · Biomedical researcher · Biotechnologist · Botanist · Cell geneticist · Marine biologist · Microbiologist · Molecular biologist · Molecular geneticist · Pharmacologist · Zoologist

ISCO-08 2131

Sources: ILO ISCO-08 — details: Credits

ESCO occupational vocabulary

pharmacologistESCO 2131.7
Pharmacologists study the manner in which drugs and medicaments interact with organisms, living systems, and their parts (i.e. cells, tissues, or organs). Their research aims at identifying substances that can be ingested by humans and that exert adequate biochemical functions for curing illnesses.
biophysicistESCO 2131.4.4
Biophysicists study the existing relation between living organisms and physics. They conduct research on living organisms based on the methods of physics that aim to explain the complexity of life, predict patterns, and draw conclusions about aspects of life. Biophysicists' research fields cover DNA, proteins, molecules, cells, and environments.
physiologistESCO 2131.4.10
Physiologists study and exert research on the functioning of different living organisms, the parts they are composed of, and their interactions. They understand the fashion in which living systems react to factors such as diseases, physical activity, and stress, and use that information to develop methods and solutions to even out the effect that those stimuli have in living bodies.
toxicologistESCO 2131.4.12
Toxicologists study the effects that chemical substances or biological and physical agents have in living organisms, more specifically, on the environment and on the animal and human health. They determine doses of the exposure to substances for arising toxic effects in environments, people, and living organisms, and also perform experiments on animals and cell cultures.
botanistESCO 2131.4.6
Botanists are occupied with the maintenance of an range of plants from around the world, often in a botanic garden. They conduct scientific studies and travel in order to study plants growing in the wild. Botanists are responsible for the maintenance and development of the botanic garden.
geneticistESCO 2131.4.8
Geneticists study and focus their research on genetics. They analyse the fashion in which genes interact, operate, and inherit traits and characteristics. Based on their research, they attend patients with inherited diseases and conditions, congenital malformations, and genetic matters at large.
bioinformatics scientistESCO 2131.3
Bioinformatics scientists analyse biological processes using computer programmes. They maintain or construct databases containing biological information. Bioinformatics scientists gather and analyse biological data and may also assist scientists in various fields, including in biotechnology and pharmaceutics. They perform scientific research and statistical analyses, and report on their findings. Bioinformatics scientists may also collect DNA samples, discover data patterns and conduct genetic research.
aquaculture biologistESCO 2131.4.1
Aquaculture biologists apply knowledge gained from research about aquatic animals and plant life and their interactions with each other and the environment, in order to improve aquaculture production, prevent animal health and environmental problems and to provide solutions if necessary.
food biotechnologistESCO 2131.5
Food biotechnologists study the life cycle of food from its preservation up to the spoilage and the food-borne pathogens. They research and understand food-borne diseases in order to prevent them. They ensure that food products abide by government regulations regarding food health and safety.
biochemistESCO 2131.4.2
Biochemists study and perform research on the reactions caused by chemicals in living organisms. This includes performing research for the development or improvement of chemical-based products (e.g. medicine) aimed at improving the health of living organisms and at better understanding their reactions.
animal behaviouristESCO 2131.1
Animal behaviourists work with animals and people to study, observe, assess and understand animal behaviour in relation to specific factors and to prevent or address inappropriate or problematic behaviours within individual animals through the development of suitable environments and management regimes, in accordance with national legislation.
microbiologistESCO 2131.4.9
Microbiologists study and research the life forms, characteristics, and processes of microscopic organisms. They study microorganisms such as bacteria, protozoa, fungi, etc. in order to diagnose and counteract the effects that these microorganisms might have in animals, in the environment, in the food industry, or in the health care industry.

Source: European Commission, DG EMPL — ESCO API 2026-08-08 (bridge v1.2.1)

License: CC BY 4.0 (EU Reuse Notice)

View original

ESCO reuse terms and the modification notice are in Credits.

KEIS2025

Shown in the original Korean. This dataset is published under KOGL Type 4, which prohibits derivative works including translation, so the text is reproduced unaltered.

생명과학 연구원KNOW K000001140
Job outlook: 증가(23%) 현상유지(30%) 감소(46%)
Wages (10,000 KRW): lower(25%) 5.425K average(50%) 6.3K upper(25%) 8.05K
minacross 461 KNOW occupationsmax
Job satisfaction: 71
minacross 461 KNOW occupationsmax
Details
Duties
- -정상적 및 비정상적 조건하에서의 인간의 성장, 호흡, 혈액, 분비, 이동, 임신 및 기타 기능 등을 연구한다.
- -현미경, X선 장비, 분광분석기 및 기타 장비들을 사용하여 내·외적 환경요인이 생명과정에 미치는 영향을 실험·조사한다.
- -내분비선 및 선(gland)의 기능을 연구한다.
- -고도, 소음, 평형, 동작, 광도, 온도 및 습도 등 환경요소의 변화에 대한 생명반응을 조사한다.
- -신체조절, 영양섭취, 지구력 및 기타 관련문제에 대하여 연구한다.
- -인체의 두뇌와 감각기관 및 신경조직에 관하여 연구한다.
See details on KNOW (Korea Employment Information Service) (external site)
Work abilities
기술 분석(98) · 문제 해결(98) · 추리력(97) · 학습전략(97) · 글쓰기(97)
Knowledge
생물(100) · 의료(96) · 화학(95) · 영어(92) · 산수와 수학(87)
Work environment
질병 혹은 감염 위험 노출(97) · 이메일 이용하기(86) · 연설, 발표, 회의하기(80) · 위험한 상태 노출(79) · 정확성, 정밀성 유지(78)
Related occupations
생명과학 시험원 · 농림어업 관련 시험원
생명과학 시험원KNOW K000000852
Job outlook: 증가(33%) 현상유지(35%) 감소(32%)
Wages (10,000 KRW): lower(25%) 4.75K average(50%) 5.5K upper(25%) 8.5K
minacross 461 KNOW occupationsmax
Job satisfaction: 73.6
minacross 461 KNOW occupationsmax
Details
Duties
- -실험기구 및 장비를 설치하고 조작, 유지관리하며 실험을 관찰하고 결과를 기록한다.
- -연구자의 지시 하에 실험, 검사 및 분석을 보조하거나 직접 실험절차를 수행한다.
- -연구대상모집단의 자료 및 표본을 수집하기 위한 현장조사를 수행하거나 보조한다.
- -물고기 부화장, 온실 및 가축생산 과정, 식수조림과 같은 운영프로그램을 수행하거나 감독한다.
- -농축산물검사자는 농축산물에 대한 검사를 수행하고 가공, 저장, 처치 및 운송장비의 위생절차를 확인하고 감시한다.
- -국내 식물보호를 위해 종자 농산물을 인증하고 검역을 감시하며, 식물 및 식물제품의 처치나 파괴, 수입 및 수출제품의 소독을 감독한다.
- -임업시험원 및 기술공은 식수조림, 나무수확물의 손질과 관련된 식림운영에 있어서 기술적인 기능을 수행하며 감독한다.
See details on KNOW (Korea Employment Information Service) (external site)
Work abilities
추리력(96) · 문제 해결(95) · 논리적 분석(95) · 기억력(93) · 선택적 집중력(88)
Knowledge
생물(99) · 화학(96) · 의료(87) · 영어(83) · 산수와 수학(77)
Work environment
반복적인 신체행동, 정신적 활동(94) · 질병 혹은 감염 위험 노출(92) · 이메일 이용하기(90) · 공문, 문서 주고받기(87) · 정확성, 정밀성 유지(87)
Related occupations
생명과학 연구원 · 농림어업 관련 시험원
농림어업 관련 시험원KNOW K000001157
Job outlook: 증가(6%) 현상유지(26%) 감소(66%)
Wages (10,000 KRW): lower(25%) 3.775K average(50%) 4.55K upper(25%) 6.125K
minacross 461 KNOW occupationsmax
Job satisfaction: 70.7
minacross 461 KNOW occupationsmax
Details
Duties
- -농업의 개념, 이론 및 운영방법의 개선, 개발과 관련하여 농업전문가의 지휘 감독 하에 기술적인 업무를 수행한다.
- -자료를 수집하고 실험, 조사, 검사, 분석을 보조하거나 직접 수행한다.
- -연구과정에서 야기되는 문제를 확인하고 해결하기 위하여 연구책임자와 기술적 지식을 응용한다.
- -시험단계 및 실험기기를 유지, 관리, 보수한다.
See details on KNOW (Korea Employment Information Service) (external site)
Work abilities
논리적 분석(84) · 전산(80) · 기술 분석(77) · 읽고 이해하기(72) · 글쓰기(72)
Knowledge
생물(97) · 식품생산(90) · 화학(84) · 지리(77) · 물리(74)
Work environment
공문, 문서 주고받기(83) · 앉아서 근무(72) · 실외 근무(72) · 실내 근무(70) · 이메일 이용하기(62)
Related occupations
생명과학 시험원 · 생명과학 연구원

The KNOW occupations and KECO codes listed here were linked to this page's occupation by this site; this is not a correspondence defined by the Korea Employment Information Service or the Ministry of Employment and Labor.