Judges and Magistrates
LegalAI exposure
- Data source: BLSPublished: 2026-08
High· relative
LowFour relative bandsVery highGroup-level value
Scale, basis and source
Four relative bands (Low / Moderate / High / Very high)
831 detailed occupations in the BLS Employment Projections table. Assigned per National Employment Matrix (NEM) code, so occupations sharing a NEM code carry the same band
- Data source: AnthropicPublished: 2026-03
0.311
0.000Range of values carried here0.745Scale, basis and source
- Data source: ILOPublished: 2025
0.31
0.09Range of values carried here0.70Group-level value
Scale, basis and source
Generative AI exposure index, 0–1 as published
ISCO-08 unit group — every occupation sharing the code gets this value
Computed by this site, not published by the ILO: of the 1,012 occupations this site links to the ILO dataset, 65% score at or above this value.
What kind of figure this source publishes
The BLS category is a relative rank, not an absolute level, and it is not a first-hand measurement: it groups an occupation's percentile ranks across several published studies into four bands. It is not an employment or wage forecast, not a probability of adoption, and it does not separate automation from augmentation.
Task-level exposure
Exposed tasks only| Task | Claude.aiRaw / share % | APIRaw / share % |
|---|---|---|
Read documents on pleadings and motions to ascertain facts and issues.23-1023 | 0.0100100.0 | 0.0200100.0 |
Research legal issues and write opinions on the issues.23-1023 | 0.00000.0 | 0.00000.0 |
Write decisions on cases.23-1023 | 0.00000.0 | —0 |
Provide information regarding the judicial system or other legal issues through the media and public speeches. | —0 | 0.00000.0 |
| Not observed on any surface — 17 task(s) — These tasks have no row in the source for this release. The 0 in the share row is a display-stage composition ratio; absence is what the — in the raw row states. | ||
Instruct juries on applicable laws, direct juries to deduce the facts from the evidence presented, and hear their verdicts. | —0 | —0 |
Sentence defendants in criminal cases, on conviction by jury, according to applicable government statutes. | —0 | —0 |
Rule on admissibility of evidence and methods of conducting testimony. | —0 | —0 |
Preside over hearings and listen to allegations made by plaintiffs to determine whether the evidence supports the charges. | —0 | —0 |
Interpret and enforce rules of procedure or establish new rules in situations where there are no procedures already established by law. | —0 | —0 |
Monitor proceedings to ensure that all applicable rules and procedures are followed. | —0 | —0 |
Advise attorneys, juries, litigants, and court personnel regarding conduct, issues, and proceedings. | —0 | —0 |
Award compensation for damages to litigants in civil cases in relation to findings by juries or by the court. | —0 | —0 |
Settle disputes between opposing attorneys. | —0 | —0 |
Supervise other judges, court officers, and the court's administrative staff. | —0 | —0 |
Impose restrictions upon parties in civil cases until trials can be held. | —0 | —0 |
Issue arrest warrants. | —0 | —0 |
Conduct preliminary hearings to decide issues, such as whether there is reasonable and probable cause to hold defendants in felony cases. | —0 | —0 |
Rule on custody and access disputes, and enforce court orders regarding custody and support of children. | —0 | —0 |
Grant divorces and divide assets between spouses. | —0 | —0 |
Participate in judicial tribunals to help resolve disputes. | —0 | —0 |
Perform wedding ceremonies. | —0 | —0 |
Values in this tab are predicted labels, not observations. Eloundou et al. (2023) published two rating regimes — human raters and GPT-4 — and the β shown here is derived from the GPT-4 rater basis alone; the same task can take a different value under the other regime. The unit and the meaning differ from the observed shares (%) in the other tabs, so do not place them on the same axis.
| Task | βE1 + 0.5 × E2 |
|---|---|
Sentence defendants in criminal cases, on conviction by jury, according to applicable government statutes.O*NET Task ID 5644 | 0.5 |
Rule on admissibility of evidence and methods of conducting testimony.O*NET Task ID 5645 | 0.5 |
Preside over hearings and listen to allegations made by plaintiffs to determine whether the evidence supports the charges.O*NET Task ID 5646 | 0.5 |
Read documents on pleadings and motions to ascertain facts and issues.O*NET Task ID 5647 | 0.5 |
Interpret and enforce rules of procedure or establish new rules in situations where there are no procedures already established by law.O*NET Task ID 5648 | 0.5 |
Monitor proceedings to ensure that all applicable rules and procedures are followed.O*NET Task ID 5649 | 0.5 |
Advise attorneys, juries, litigants, and court personnel regarding conduct, issues, and proceedings.O*NET Task ID 5650 | 0.5 |
Research legal issues and write opinions on the issues.O*NET Task ID 5651 | 0.5 |
Conduct preliminary hearings to decide issues, such as whether there is reasonable and probable cause to hold defendants in felony cases.O*NET Task ID 5652 | 0.5 |
Write decisions on cases.O*NET Task ID 5653 | 0.5 |
Instruct juries on applicable laws, direct juries to deduce the facts from the evidence presented, and hear their verdicts.O*NET Task ID 5643 | 0.0 |
Supervise other judges, court officers, and the court's administrative staff.O*NET Task ID 5656 | 0.0 |
Participate in judicial tribunals to help resolve disputes.O*NET Task ID 5660 | 0.0 |
Perform wedding ceremonies.O*NET Task ID 5661 | 0.0 |
β = E1 + 0.5 × E2 · E1 = tasks where direct LLM access alone cuts time by at least 50%, E2 = tasks where software built on top of an LLM cuts time by at least 50%. Values take only 0 / 0.5 / 1.0.
Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Anthropic Economic Index, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page
Occupation information
Recent Changes Related to This Occupation
Mar 2026: Same paper assigns ATE 0.43 by 2027 in SF Bay Tier 1. 100% of legal occupations in scope cross moderate-risk threshold by 2027 in Tier 1; only 14.3% cross in Tier 3 (New York) by 2030.
[Source: arXiv 2604.00186 (Gupta & Kumar, 2026)]Mar 2026: ATE framework identifies judges among highest-risk occupations (ATE 0.43-0.47) for agentic AI displacement — AI systems increasingly capable of end-to-end legal reasoning workflows.
[Source: Gupta & Kumar (2026) Agentic AI and Occupational Displacement]These summaries were written by AI Changing Work from the source linked with each one, and any figures in them are given as AI Changing Work summarised them; they can differ from the source's own wording and from figures shown elsewhere on this page, so check the source before relying on them. AI Changing Work matched this page's occupation to an O*NET occupation and chose, by its own judgment, case by case, which summaries relate to that O*NET occupation; a summary appearing here does not mean that its source names this occupation.