Four relative bands (Low / Moderate / High / Very high)
831 detailed occupations in the BLS Employment Projections table. Assigned per National Employment Matrix (NEM) code, so occupations sharing a NEM code carry the same band
The BLS category is a relative rank, not an absolute level, and it is not a first-hand measurement: it groups an occupation's percentile ranks across several published studies into four bands. It is not an employment or wage forecast, not a probability of adoption, and it does not separate automation from augmentation.
Task-level exposure
Values in this tab are predicted labels, not observations. Eloundou et al. (2023) published two rating regimes — human raters and GPT-4 — and the β shown here is derived from the GPT-4 rater basis alone; the same task can take a different value under the other regime. The unit and the meaning differ from the observed shares (%) in the other tabs, so do not place them on the same axis.
Task
βE1 + 0.5 × E2
Prepare project proposals.Details
O*NET Task ID 7206
1.0
Conduct own research in field of expertise.Details
O*NET Task ID 7214
1.0
Confer with scientists, engineers, regulators, or others to plan or review projects or to provide technical assistance.Details
O*NET Task ID 7203
0.5
Develop client relationships and communicate with clients to explain proposals, present research findings, establish specifications, or discuss project status.Details
O*NET Task ID 7204
0.5
Plan or direct research, development, or production activities.Details
O*NET Task ID 7205
0.5
Design or coordinate successive phases of problem analysis, solution proposals, or testing.Details
O*NET Task ID 7207
0.5
Review project activities and prepare and review research, testing, or operational reports.Details
O*NET Task ID 7208
0.5
Hire, supervise, or evaluate engineers, technicians, researchers, or other staff.Details
O*NET Task ID 7209
0.5
Determine scientific or technical goals within broad outlines provided by top management and make detailed plans to accomplish these goals.Details
O*NET Task ID 7210
0.5
Develop or implement policies, standards, or procedures for the architectural, scientific, or technical work performed to ensure regulatory compliance or operations enhancement.Details
O*NET Task ID 7211
0.5
Develop innovative technology or train staff for its implementation.Details
O*NET Task ID 7212
0.5
Provide for stewardship of plant or animal resources or habitats, studying land use, monitoring animal populations, or providing shelter, resources, or medical treatment for animals.Details
O*NET Task ID 7213
0.5
Recruit personnel or oversee the development or maintenance of staff competence.Details
O*NET Task ID 7215
0.5
Advise or assist in obtaining patents or meeting other legal requirements.Details
O*NET Task ID 7216
0.5
Prepare and administer budgets, approve and review expenditures, and prepare financial reports.Details
O*NET Task ID 7217
0.5
Make presentations at professional meetings to further knowledge in the field.Details
O*NET Task ID 7218
0.5
β = E1 + 0.5 × E2 · E1 = tasks where direct LLM access alone cuts time by at least 50%, E2 = tasks where software built on top of an LLM cuts time by at least 50%. Values take only 0 / 0.5 / 1.0.
Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page
Occupation information
ILO occupational description
Research and Development Managers
Research and development managers plan, direct and coordinate the research and development activities of an enterprise or organization or of enterprises that provide related services to other enterprises and organizations.
Tasks
(a) planning, directing and coordinating research and development activities, in-house or commissioned from external research organizations, to develop new or improved technical processes, products, knowledge, or utilization of materials;
(b) planning the overall research and development programme of an enterprise or organization, specifying goals and budgetary requirements;
(c) leading and managing the activities of research and development staff;
(d) establishing and managing budgets, controlling expenditure and ensuring the efficient use of resources;
(e) establishing and directing operational and administrative procedures;
(f) planning and directing daily operations;
(g) overseeing the selection, training and performance of staff;
(h) representing the enterprise or organization at conventions, seminars and conferences.
Clothing development managers define product concepts that are consistent with target consumer and overall marketing strategy. They receive scientific findings and specifications in order to lead the briefing and implementation of all relevant seasonal and strategic concepts, including distribution by channel, product, colour introductions, and merchandised assortments. They ensure realisation and execution within budget. They manage and execute the product line and category life cycle from concept determination through sales and distribution, contribution in research of market, industry trends to influence category concepts and products.
product development managerESCO 1223.2.1
Product development managers coordinate the development of new products from beginning to end. They receive briefings and start envisioning the new product considering design, technical and cost criteria. They conduct research on market needs and create prototypes of new products for untapped market opportunities. Product development managers also improve and boost technological quality.
games development managerESCO 1223.2.1.3
Games development managers supervise and coordinate the creation, development, distribution, and selling of games. They communicate with manufacturers to ensure the production of games.
insurance product managerESCO 1223.1.1
Insurance product managers set and direct the development of new insurance products, following the product lifecycle policy and the general insurance strategy. They also coordinate the marketing and sales activities related to the specific insurance products of the company. Insurance product managers inform their sales managers (or the sales department) about their newly developed insurance products.
research and development managerESCO 1223.2
Research and development managers coordinate the efforts of scientists, academical researchers, product developers, and market researchers towards the creation of new products, the improvement of current ones or other research activities, including scientific research. They manage and plan research and development activities of an organisation, specify goals and budget requirements and manage the staff.
ICT research managerESCO 1223.2.2.1
ICT research managers plan, manage and monitor research activities and evaluate emerging trends in the information and communication technology field to assess their relevance. They also design and oversee staff training on the use of new technology and recommend ways to implement new products and solutions that will maximise benefits for the organisation.
product managerESCO 1223.1
Product development managers are responsible for managing the lifecycle of a product. They research and develop new products in addition to managing existing ones through market research and strategic planning. Product managers perform marketing and planning activities to increase profits.
leather goods product development managerESCO 1223.2.1.4
Leather goods product development managers coordinate the leather goods design and product development process in order to comply with marketing specifications, deadlines, strategic requirements and policies of the company. They communicate and collaborate with other cross functional teams or professionals involved in leather goods production, such as logistics and marketing, costing, planning, production and quality assurance. They are responsible for the leather goods product collections development which involve activities such as tracking style development, reviewing design specification in order to meet the design vision, the manufacturing environment, and the rent-ability of the companies.
research managerESCO 1223.2.2
Research managers oversee the research and development functions of a research facility or program or university. They support the executive staff, coordinate work activities, and monitor staff and research projects. They may work in a wide array of sectors, such as the chemical, technical and life sciences sector. Research managers can also advise on research and execute research themselves.
footwear product development managerESCO 1223.2.1.2
Footwear product development managers coordinate the footwear design and the product and collection development process in order to comply with design specifications, deadlines, strategic requirements and policies of the company. They track style development and review design specification in order to meet the design vision, the manufacturing environment, and the company’s financial goals.
Source:European Commission, DG EMPL — ESCO API 2026-08-08 (bridge v1.2.1)
ESCO reuse terms and the modification notice are in Credits.
Shown in the original Korean. This dataset is published under KOGL Type 4, which prohibits derivative works including translation, so the text is reproduced unaltered.
경영 및 행정(86) · 사무(72) · 인사(71) · 상담(68) · 경제와 회계(68)
Work environment
건강 및 안전에 대한 책임(98) · 결과에 대한 책임(97) · 외부 고객 대하기(94) · 연설, 발표, 회의하기(92) · 다른 사람과의 상호작용(89)
Related occupations
사회복지 관련 관리자 · 초·중·고등학교 교장 및 교감 · 법률·경찰·소방 및 교도 관리자 · 보건 의료 관련 관리자 · 문화·예술 관련 관리자 · 대학교 총장 및 대학학장 · 정보 통신 관련 관리자 · 연구관리자
The KNOW occupations and KECO codes listed here were linked to this page's occupation by this site; this is not a correspondence defined by the Korea Employment Information Service or the Ministry of Employment and Labor.
Projected change: +8.2%
Median wage: $167K
lowest $31Kmedian wage across 825 detailed occupations, BLS EP 2025–35highest $559K
