Paving Equipment Operators

Construction, Maintenance & Repair

AI exposure

Data source: BLSPublished: 2026-08
Low· relative
LowFour relative bandsVery high
Group-level value
Scale, basis and source
Four relative bands (Low / Moderate / High / Very high)
831 detailed occupations in the BLS Employment Projections table. Assigned per National Employment Matrix (NEM) code, so occupations sharing a NEM code carry the same band
Source dataset (XLSX download)
Data source: AnthropicPublished: 2026-03
0.000
0.000Range of values carried here0.745
Scale, basis and source
Observed exposure index, 0–1 as published
Mapped onto O*NET tasks
Source dataset
Data source: ILOPublished: 2025
0.13
0.09Range of values carried here0.70
Group-level value
Scale, basis and source
Generative AI exposure index, 0–1 as published
ISCO-08 unit group — every occupation sharing the code gets this value
Computed by this site, not published by the ILO: of the 1,012 occupations this site links to the ILO dataset, 97% score at or above this value.
Source dataset

What kind of figure this source publishes

The BLS category is a relative rank, not an absolute level, and it is not a first-hand measurement: it groups an occupation's percentile ranks across several published studies into four bands. It is not an employment or wage forecast, not a probability of adoption, and it does not separate automation from augmentation.

Task-level exposure

Values in this tab are predicted labels, not observations. Eloundou et al. (2023) published two rating regimes — human raters and GPT-4 — and the β shown here is derived from the GPT-4 rater basis alone; the same task can take a different value under the other regime.

Task	βE1 + 0.5 × E2
Start machine, engage clutch, and push and move levers to guide machine along forms or guidelines and to control the operation of machine attachments. O*NET Task ID 4796	0.0
Inspect, clean, maintain, and repair equipment, using mechanics' hand tools, or report malfunctions to supervisors. O*NET Task ID 4797	0.0
Operate machines to spread, smooth, level, or steel-reinforce stone, concrete, or asphalt on road beds. O*NET Task ID 4798	0.0
Operate oil distributors, loaders, chip spreaders, dump trucks, and snow plows. O*NET Task ID 4799	0.0
Coordinate truck dumping. O*NET Task ID 4800	0.0
Set up and tear down equipment. O*NET Task ID 4801	0.0
Operate tamping machines or manually roll surfaces to compact earth fills, foundation forms, and finished road materials, according to grade specifications. O*NET Task ID 4802	0.0
Shovel blacktop. O*NET Task ID 4803	0.0
Drive machines onto truck trailers, and drive trucks to transport machines and material to and from job sites. O*NET Task ID 4804	0.0
Observe distribution of paving material to adjust machine settings or material flow, and indicate low spots for workers to add material. O*NET Task ID 4805	0.0
Light burners or start heating units of machines, and regulate screed temperatures and asphalt flow rates. O*NET Task ID 4806	0.0
Control paving machines to push dump trucks and to maintain a constant flow of asphalt or other material into hoppers or screeds. O*NET Task ID 4807	0.0
Set up forms and lay out guidelines for curbs, according to written specifications, using string, spray paint, and concrete or water mixes. O*NET Task ID 4808	0.0
Fill tanks, hoppers, or machines with paving materials. O*NET Task ID 4809	0.0
Drive and operate curbing machines to extrude concrete or asphalt curbing. O*NET Task ID 4810	0.0
Cut or break up pavement and drive guardrail posts, using machines equipped with interchangeable hammers. O*NET Task ID 4811	0.0
Install dies, cutters, and extensions to screeds onto machines, using hand tools. O*NET Task ID 4812	0.0
Operate machines that clean or cut expansion joints in concrete or asphalt and that rout out cracks in pavement. O*NET Task ID 4813	0.0
Place strips of material, such as cork, asphalt, or steel into joints, or place rolls of expansion-joint material on machines that automatically insert material. O*NET Task ID 4814	0.0
Control traffic. O*NET Task ID 20143	0.0

β = E1 + 0.5 × E2 · E1 = tasks where direct LLM access alone cuts time by at least 50%, E2 = tasks where software built on top of an LLM cuts time by at least 50%. Values take only 0 / 0.5 / 1.0.

Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page

Occupation information

ILO

ESCO occupational vocabulary

snow-clearing workerESCO 8342.9
Snow-clearing workers operate trucks and plows to remove snow and ice from public sidewalks, streets and other locations. They also dump salt and sand on the ground to de-ice the concerning locations.
grader operatorESCO 8342.4
Grader operators work with a heavy piece of mobile equipment that creates a flat surface by slicing off the top soil with a large blade. Graders usually provide a flat finish on the heavy earthmoving work performed by the scraper and bulldozer operators.
road roller operatorESCO 8342.7
Road roller operators work with equipment to compact a variety of materials, such as soil, gravel, concrete or asphalt, in the construction of roads and foundations. They walk behind, or sit on top of the road roller, depending on the type and size, and roll over the area to be compacted.
dredge operatorESCO 8342.2
Dredge operators work with industrial equipment to remove underwater material in order to make the area accessible to ships, to establish ports, to lay cables or for other purposes, and move the material to the desired location.
road construction workerESCO 8342.6
Road construction workers perform road construction on earthworks, substructure works and the pavement section of the road. They cover the compacted soil with one or more layers. Road construction workers usually lay a stabilising bed of sand or clay first before adding asphalt or concrete slabs in order to finish a road.
pile driving hammer operatorESCO 8342.5
Pile driving hammer operators work with a piece of heavy equipment that positions piles and hammers them into the ground using a rigging mechanism.
surface mine plant operatorESCO 8342.10
Surface mine plant operators control heavy-duty equipment such as excavators and dump trucks, often involving a high level of spatial awareness, to excavate, load and transport ore, raw mineral including sand, stone and clay and overburden at quarries and surface mines.
bulldozer operatorESCO 8342.1
Bulldozer operators operate a heavy vehicle to move earth, rubble or other material over the ground.
scraper operatorESCO 8342.8
Scraper operators work with a mobile piece of heavy equipment that scrapes the top layer of the ground and deposits it in a hopper to be hauled off. They drive the scraper over the surface to be scraped, adapting the speed of the machine to the hardness of the surface.
excavator operatorESCO 8342.3
Excavator operators use excavators to dig into earth or other materials to remove it. They are involved in a variety of projects, such as demolition, dredging, and the of digging holes, foundations and trenches.

Source: European Commission, DG EMPL — ESCO API 2026-08-08 (bridge v1.2.1)

License: CC BY 4.0 (EU Reuse Notice)

View original

ESCO reuse terms and the modification notice are in Credits.

AI exposure

Task-level exposure

Occupation information

ILO occupational description

ESCO occupational vocabulary