Values in this tab are predicted labels, not observations. Eloundou et al. (2023) published two rating regimes — human raters and GPT-4 — and the β shown here is derived from the GPT-4 rater basis alone; the same task can take a different value under the other regime. The unit and the meaning differ from the observed shares (%) in the other tabs, so do not place them on the same axis.
Task
βE1 + 0.5 × E2
Formulate mathematical or simulation models of problems, relating constants and variables, restrictions, alternatives, conflicting objectives, and their numerical parameters.Details
O*NET Task ID 7377
1.0
Break systems into their components, assign numerical values to each component, and examine the mathematical relationships between them.Details
O*NET Task ID 7385
1.0
Specify manipulative or computational methods to be applied to models.Details
O*NET Task ID 7386
1.0
Design, conduct, and evaluate experimental operational models in cases where models cannot be developed from existing data.Details
O*NET Task ID 7388
1.0
Collaborate with others in the organization to ensure successful implementation of chosen problem solutions.Details
O*NET Task ID 7378
0.5
Analyze information obtained from management to conceptualize and define operational problems.Details
O*NET Task ID 7379
0.5
Perform validation and testing of models to ensure adequacy, and reformulate models, as necessary.Details
O*NET Task ID 7380
0.5
Collaborate with senior managers and decision makers to identify and solve a variety of problems and to clarify management objectives.Details
O*NET Task ID 7381
0.5
Define data requirements, and gather and validate information, applying judgment and statistical tests.Details
O*NET Task ID 7382
0.5
Study and analyze information about alternative courses of action to determine which plan will offer the best outcomes.Details
O*NET Task ID 7383
0.5
Prepare management reports defining and evaluating problems and recommending solutions.Details
O*NET Task ID 7384
0.5
Observe the current system in operation, and gather and analyze information about each of the component problems, using a variety of sources.Details
O*NET Task ID 7387
0.5
Develop and apply time and cost networks to plan, control, and review large projects.Details
O*NET Task ID 7389
0.5
Develop business methods and procedures, including accounting systems, file systems, office systems, logistics systems, and production schedules.Details
O*NET Task ID 7390
0.5
Present the results of mathematical modeling and data analysis to management or other end users.Details
O*NET Task ID 20952
0.5
Educate staff in the use of mathematical models.Details
O*NET Task ID 20953
0.5
β = E1 + 0.5 × E2 · E1 = tasks where direct LLM access alone cuts time by at least 50%, E2 = tasks where software built on top of an LLM cuts time by at least 50%. Values take only 0 / 0.5 / 1.0.
Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page
Mathematicians, actuaries and statisticians conduct research and improve or develop mathematical, actuarial and statistical concepts, theories and operational methods and techniques and advise on or engage in their practical application in such fields as engineering, business and social and other sciences.
Tasks
(a) studying, improving and developing mathematical, actuarial and statistical theories and techniques;
(b) advising on or applying mathematical principles, models and techniques to a wide range of tasks in the fields of engineering, natural, social or life sciences;
(c) conducting logical analyses of management problems, especially in terms of input-output effectiveness, and formulating mathematical models of each problem usually for programmeming and solution by computer;
(c) designing and putting into operation pension schemes and life, health, social and other types of insurance systems;
(e) applying mathematics, statistics, probability and risk theory to assess potential financial impacts of future events;
(f) planning and organizing surveys and other statistical collections, and designing questionnaires;
(g) evaluating, processing, analysing, and interpreting statistical data and preparing them for publication;
(h) advising on or applying various data collection methods and statistical methods and techniques, and determining reliability of findings, especially in such fields as business or medicine as well as in other areas of natural, social or life sciences;
(i) preparing scientific papers and reports;
(j) supervising the work of mathematical, actuarial and statistical assistants and statistical clerks.
Actuarial consultants analyse, manage and provide guidance on financial impact of risks. They can work in fields related to insurance, pension, investment, banking, healthcare etc. Actuarial consultants apply technical and statistical models and theories to give strategic, commercial, and financial advice.
gambling, betting, and lottery game developerESCO 2120.3
Gambling, betting, and lottery game developers create, develop and produce content for new lottery and similar games for large audiences.
gambling, betting, and lottery quality assurance engineerESCO 2120.4
Gambling, betting and lottery quality assurance engineers design and plan methods to test the gambling, the lottery or betting games. They execute the tests. These games can be both for public or for private audience, and the tests are for both online and land-based gaming.
mathematicianESCO 2120.5
Mathematicians study and deepen existing mathematical theories in order to expand the knowledge and find new paradigms within the field. They can apply this knowledge to challenges presented in engineering and scientific projects in order to assure that measurements, quantities, and mathematic laws prove their viability.
statisticianESCO 2120.6
Statisticians collect, tabulate, and, most importantly, analyse quantitative information coming from a varied array of fields. They interpret and analyse statistical studies on fields such as health, demographics, finance, business, etc. and advise based on patterns and drawn analysis.
biometricianESCO 2120.6.1
Biometricians perform research in the field of biometrics. They carry statistical or biological research projects by measuring fingerprints, retinas, and human shapes for medical or industrial applications.
demographerESCO 2120.2
Demographers study a variety of parameters related with population. They develop, based on their observations, statistical analyses on the evolutions and changes of births, elderly, marriage and divorce, employment, mortality, immigration and related matters.
Source:European Commission, DG EMPL — ESCO API 2026-08-08 (bridge v1.2.1)
ESCO reuse terms and the modification notice are in Credits.
Shown in the original Korean. This dataset is published under KOGL Type 4, which prohibits derivative works including translation, so the text is reproduced unaltered.
The KNOW occupations and KECO codes listed here were linked to this page's occupation by this site; this is not a correspondence defined by the Korea Employment Information Service or the Ministry of Employment and Labor.
Projected change: +11.9%
Median wage: $89K
lowest $31Kmedian wage across 825 detailed occupations, BLS EP 2025–35highest $559K
