BLS 범주는 절대 수준이 아니라 상대 순위이며, 1차 측정도 아닙니다. 여러 선행 연구가 매긴 직업별 백분위 순위를 4단계로 묶은 값입니다. 고용·임금 예측도, 도입 확률도 아니며 자동화와 증강을 구분하지 않습니다.
작업별 노출도
이 탭의 값은 관측이 아니라 예측 라벨입니다. Eloundou et al.(2023)은 인간 평가자와 GPT-4 두 평가 기준을 공개했고, 이 표의 β는 그중 GPT-4 평가 기준 하나로만 유도한 값입니다 — 평가 기준이 다르면 같은 태스크라도 값이 달라질 수 있습니다. 다른 탭의 관측 비중(%)과는 단위도 의미도 다르니 같은 축에 놓고 비교하지 마세요.
작업
βE1 + 0.5 × E2
감사 결과에 관한 상세 보고서를 작성한다.자세히
Prepare detailed reports on audit findings.
O*NET 태스크 ID 21505
1.0
수정 분개를 작성한다.자세히
Prepare adjusting journal entries.
O*NET 태스크 ID 21515
1.0
계정 과목표를 수립하고 항목을 적절한 계정에 배정한다.자세히
Establish tables of accounts and assign entries to proper accounts.
O*NET 태스크 ID 21517
1.0
자산 활용도와 감사 결과를 경영진에 보고하고 운영과 재무 활동의 변경을 권고한다.자세히
Report to management about asset utilization and audit results, and recommend changes in operations and financial activities.
O*NET 태스크 ID 21506
0.5
미흡한 통제·중복 업무·낭비·부정이나 법률·규정·관리 정책 위반을 찾아내기 위해 데이터를 수집하고 분석한다.자세히
Collect and analyze data to detect deficient controls, duplicated effort, extravagance, fraud, or non-compliance with laws, regulations, and management policies.
O*NET 태스크 ID 21507
0.5
장부와 회계 시스템의 효율성·효과성, 거래 기록에 인정된 회계 절차를 사용하는지를 점검한다.자세히
Inspect account books and accounting systems for efficiency, effectiveness, and use of accepted accounting procedures to record transactions.
O*NET 태스크 ID 21508
0.5
사업장 감사를 감독하고 필요한 조사 범위를 결정한다.자세히
Supervise auditing of establishments, and determine scope of investigation required.
O*NET 태스크 ID 21509
0.5
재무와 규제 사안에 관해 회사 임원과 협의한다.자세히
Confer with company officials about financial and regulatory matters.
O*NET 태스크 ID 21510
0.5
시스템 신뢰성과 데이터 무결성을 확보할 통제 수단을 권고하면서 재무·정보 시스템을 조사하고 평가한다.자세히
Examine and evaluate financial and information systems, recommending controls to ensure system reliability and data integrity.
O*NET 태스크 ID 21511
0.5
기록이 정확한지 확인하려고 현금 시재·받을어음과 지급어음·유통 증권·지급 완료 수표를 점검한다.자세히
Inspect cash on hand, notes receivable and payable, negotiable securities, and canceled checks to confirm records are accurate.
O*NET 태스크 ID 21512
0.5
기록을 조사하고 근로자를 면담해 거래가 기록되고 법률과 규정을 준수하도록 한다.자세히
Examine records and interview workers to ensure recording of transactions and compliance with laws and regulations.
O*NET 태스크 ID 21513
0.5
정확성·완전성과 보고·절차 기준 부합 여부를 평가하기 위해 회계 기록·재무제표·그 밖의 재무 보고서를 작성하고 조사하거나 분석한다.자세히
Prepare, examine, or analyze accounting records, financial statements, or other financial reports to assess accuracy, completeness, and conformance to reporting and procedural standards.
O*NET 태스크 ID 21514
0.5
불일치가 있는지 계정을 검토하고 차이를 조정한다.자세히
Review accounts for discrepancies and reconcile differences.
O*NET 태스크 ID 21516
0.5
분개장과 원장 기입을 검증하려고 재고를 조사한다.자세히
Examine inventory to verify journal and ledger entries.
O*NET 태스크 ID 21518
0.5
미래의 수익과 비용을 예측하거나 조언을 제공하기 위해 사업 운영·추세·비용·수익·재무 약정·채무를 분석한다.자세히
Analyze business operations, trends, costs, revenues, financial commitments, and obligations to project future revenues and expenses or to provide advice.
O*NET 태스크 ID 21519
0.5
사업장의 재무에 관해 경영진에게 보고한다.자세히
Report to management regarding the finances of establishment.
O*NET 태스크 ID 21520
0.5
최신 컴퓨터 기술을 활용해 기록 관리 시스템과 회계 시스템을 개발·시행·수정하고 기록한다.자세히
Develop, implement, modify, and document recordkeeping and accounting systems, making use of current computer technology.
O*NET 태스크 ID 21521
0.5
이자율과 할인율, 연금, 주식·채권 평가, 감모성 자산의 상각 평가에 관한 지식을 사용해 납세 의무를 결정하려고 납세자의 재무 상태를 평가한다.자세히
Evaluate taxpayer finances to determine tax liability, using knowledge of interest and discount rates, annuities, valuation of stocks and bonds, and amortization valuation of depletable assets.
O*NET 태스크 ID 21522
0.5
조직의 목표가 관리 활동에 반영되는지, 직원이 그 목표를 이해하는지 조사한다.자세히
Examine whether the organization's objectives are reflected in its management activities, and whether employees understand the objectives.
O*NET 태스크 ID 21523
0.5
실업보험료·산재보상 적용 범위·부채·세법 준수 여부를 판단하기 위해 급여와 인사 기록을 감사한다.자세히
Audit payroll and personnel records to determine unemployment insurance premiums, workers' compensation coverage, liabilities, and compliance with tax laws.
O*NET 태스크 ID 21524
0.5
납세자 계정을 검토하고, 현장에서 또는 서신으로 또는 납세자를 사무소로 소환해 감사를 실시한다.자세히
Review taxpayer accounts, and conduct audits on-site, by correspondence, or by summoning taxpayer to office.
O*NET 태스크 ID 21525
0.5
납부·신고나 그 밖의 세무 요건을 준수하도록 납부할 세액을 산출하고 세금 신고서를 작성한다.자세히
Compute taxes owed and prepare tax returns, ensuring compliance with payment, reporting, or other tax requirements.
O*NET 태스크 ID 21526
0.5
보수, 직원 의료 복지 혜택, 회계나 데이터 처리 시스템 설계, 장기 세무나 재산 계획 같은 영역에 관해 고객에게 조언한다.자세히
Advise clients in areas such as compensation, employee health care benefits, the design of accounting or data processing systems, or long-range tax or estate plans.
O*NET 태스크 ID 21527
0.5
Represent clients before taxing authorities and provide support during litigation involving financial issues.자세히
O*NET 태스크 ID 21528
0.5
재무 기록의 정리·기재·취합·전송을 맡은 직원의 활동을 총괄한다.자세히
Direct activities of personnel engaged in filing, recording, compiling, and transmitting financial records.
O*NET 태스크 ID 21529
0.5
개발 중인 시스템과 프로그램이 계획대로 작동할지 판단하기 위해 도입 전 감사를 수행한다.자세히
Conduct pre-implementation audits to determine if systems and programs under development will work as planned.
O*NET 태스크 ID 21530
0.5
예산을 수립·관리하거나 분석하며, 예산 비용과 실제 비용을 비교하는 정기 보고서를 작성한다.자세히
Develop, maintain, or analyze budgets, preparing periodic reports that compare budgeted costs to actual costs.
O*NET 태스크 ID 21531
0.5
재무 상태를 평가하고 재무 계획을 돕기 위해 공인된 회계·통계 절차를 사용해 연차 보고서·재무제표·그 밖의 기록을 작성하거나 분석하거나 검증한다.자세히
Prepare, analyze, or verify annual reports, financial statements, and other records, using accepted accounting and statistical procedures to assess financial condition and facilitate financial planning.
O*NET 태스크 ID 21532
0.5
지급할 청구서를 처리한다.자세히
Process invoices for payment.
O*NET 태스크 ID 21533
0.5
유형 자산·순자산·부채·자본금·잉여금·수입·지출에 관한 데이터를 검토한다.자세히
Review data about material assets, net worth, liabilities, capital stock, surplus, income, or expenditures.
O*NET 태스크 ID 21534
0.5
β = E1 + 0.5 × E2 · E1 = LLM에 직접 접근하는 것만으로 소요시간이 50% 이상 줄어드는 태스크, E2 = LLM 위에 별도 소프트웨어를 얹으면 50% 이상 줄어드는 태스크. 값은 0 / 0.5 / 1.0 세 단계뿐입니다.
데이터 출처·라이선스 — O*NET®, Eloundou et al. (2023): 상세 고지는 크레딧 및 출처 페이지 참조
직업 정보
ILO(국제노동기구) 직업설명
Accountants
회계사
출처:본 저작물은 '국가데이터처'에서 2026년 작성하여 공공누리 제3유형(출처표시-변경금지)으로 개방한 '한국표준직업분류(KSCO 8차)-국제표준직업분류(ISCO-08) 연계표'를 이용하였으며, 해당 저작물은 '국가데이터처 통계분류포털, https://kssc.mods.go.kr'에서 무료로 다운받으실 수 있습니다. 원문을 변경하지 않고 그대로 인용하였습니다.
Accountants plan, organize and administer accounting systems for individuals and establishments. Some occupations classified here examine and analyse the accounting and financial records of individuals and establishments to ensure accuracy and compliance with established accounting standards and procedures.
작업
(a) advising on, planning and installing budgetary, accounts controlling and other accounting policies and systems;
(b) preparing and certifying financial statements for presentation to management, shareholders and statutory or other bodies;
(c) preparing tax returns, advising on taxation problems and contesting disputed claims before tax officials;
(d) preparing or reporting on profit forecasts and budgets;
(e) conducting financial investigations in such matters as suspected fraud, insolvency and bankruptcy;
(f) auditing accounts and bookkeeping records;
(g) conducting investigations and advising management on financial aspects of productivity, stockholdings, sales, new products, etc.;
(h) devising and controlling a system to determine unit cost of products and services.
Financial auditors collect and examine financial data for clients, organisations and companies. They ensure the financial data is properly maintained and free of material misstatements due to error or fraud, that it adds up, and functions legally and effectively. They review lending and credit policies or numbers in databases and documents, evaluate, consult and assist the source of the transaction if necessary. They use their review of the client's financial governance as assurance to give testimony to the shareholders, stakeholders and board of directors of the organisation or company that all is up to par.
budget analystESCO 2411.1.4
Budget analysts monitor the spending activities of public and private institutions and companies. They prepare budget reports, review the budget model used in the company and ensure compliance with the budgeting policies and other legal regulations.
tax advisorESCO 2411.1.12
Tax advisors use their expertise in tax legislation to provide commercially-focused advisory and consultancy services to a wide range of clients from all economic sectors. They explain complicated tax-related legislation to their clients and assist them in ensuring the most efficient and beneficial payment of taxes by devising tax-efficient strategies. They also inform them of fiscal changes and developments and may specialise in tax strategies concerning mergers or multinational reconstruction for business clients, trust and estate taxes for individual clients etc.
financial controllerESCO 2411.1.8
Financial controllers handle all tasks related to the budgeting and accounting aspects of a company or organisation. They implement and ensure compliance with internal financial and accounting procedures, and prepare documentation for external audits. They collect information related to financial statements such as assets, liabilities, equity, and cash flow in order to assess the company's financial position to prepare annual budgets and forecasts.
public finance accountantESCO 2411.1.11
Public finance accountants head the treasury department of a governmental institution. They manage the institution's financial administration, expenditure and income generation, and compliance with taxation and other financial legislation. They perform administrative duties to ensure record keeping, develop plans for budget management and perform financial forecasts.
cost analystESCO 2411.1.5
Cost analysts prepare regular costs, budgeting analyses and reports in order to contribute to the overall cost planning and forecasting activities of a business. They review and reconcile key balance sheets and identify new opportunities to save costs.
grants management officerESCO 2411.1.10
Grants management officers work professionally in the administration and management of grant funds. They look at grant applications from individuals, charities, community groups or university research departments and decide whether to award funding given out by charitable trusts, government or public bodies or not. However, sometimes they may refer the grant application to a senior officer or committee.
financial fraud examinerESCO 2411.1.9
Financial fraud examiners undertake anti-fraud investigations including financial statement irregularities, securities fraud and market abuse detection. They manage fraud risk assessments and prepare forensic reports including the analysis and verification of evidence. Financial fraud examiners liaise with regulatory bodies.
accounting analystESCO 2411.1.1
Accounting analysts evaluate the financial statements of clients, usually companies, which include the income sheet, the balance sheet, the statement of cash flows and additional notes to other financial statements. They interpret and implement new accounting systems and accounting procedures and will analyse and determine if the proposed systems conform to accounting regulations and meet user information requirements.
audit supervisorESCO 2411.1.2
Audit supervisors oversee audit staff, planning and reporting, and review the audit staff's automated audit work papers to ensure compliance with the company's methodology. They prepare reports, evaluate general auditing and operating practices, and communicate findings to the superior management.
bankruptcy trusteeESCO 2411.1.3
Bankruptcy trustees administer a client's bankruptcy case, investigate legal documentation for fraud possibilities and manage the money received from the sale of non-exempt property so as to distribute it to the owed creditors.
dividend analystESCO 2411.1.6
Dividend analysts calculate and allocate dividends and interest incomes of a company's earnings to a category of its shareholders. They assess business systems and processes in order to identify user needs and to deliver appropriate solutions. They also undertake dividend forecasts on amounts and payment schedules and identify potential risks, based on their financial and market price expertise.
출처:European Commission, DG EMPL — ESCO API 2026-08-08 (bridge v1.2.1)
