Marketing Managers
Management Occupations- O*NET-SOC 代码
- 11-2021.00
Plan, direct, or coordinate marketing policies and programs, such as determining the demand for products and services offered by a firm and its competitors, and identify potential customers. Develop pricing strategies with the goal of maximizing the firm's profits or share of the market while ensuring the firm's customers are satisfied. Oversee product development or monitor trends that indicate the need for new products and services.
- 数据来源: BLS发布时间: 2026-08
很高· 相对
低四级相对区间很高职业群单位数值
尺度 · 母数 · 来源
四级相对类别（低 / 中等 / 高 / 很高）
以BLS就业预测表中831个细分职业为基数。取值按 NEM（全国就业矩阵）代码给定，因此共用同一 NEM 代码的职业得到相同分档
- 数据来源: Anthropic发布时间: 2026-03
0.320
0.000此处所载数值的范围0.745尺度 · 母数 · 来源
- 数据来源: ILO发布时间: 2025
0.41
0.09此处所载数值的范围0.70职业群单位数值
尺度 · 母数 · 来源
生成式AI暴露度指数，按发布原值0–1
按 ISCO-08 细类（4 位）发布的数值。按原样应用美国劳工统计局（BLS）的官方对照表（ISCO-08→2010 SOC、2010 SOC→2018 SOC）关联到本职业，对应关系为全部或部分对应
该来源发布的是什么性质的数值
BLS的类别是相对排位而非绝对水平，也不是一手测量：它把多项已发表研究给出的职业百分位排名归并为四个等级。它不是就业或工资预测，不是采用概率，也不区分自动化与增强。
Task-level exposure
显示隐藏的 10 项工作已评分任务 20 项 · β ≥ 0.5 的任务 19 项（95.0%）
β = 直接暴露（E1）+ 0.5 × 借助工具时的暴露（E2），依据原始代码库的定义。
- 原始单位：O*NET 27.2 任务 → O*NET 31.0 职业代码
- 所有已评分任务均在 O*NET 31.0 任务列表中。
- 来源
- OpenAI "GPTs are GPTs" exposure rubric
- 版本
- gh-main-0471612
- 许可
- MIT License, Copyright (c) 2024 OpenAI
| Task (O*NET 20.1) | Claude.aiRaw / share % |
|---|---|
Advise business or other groups on local, national, or international factors affecting the buying or selling of products or services.11-2021.00 | 0.015126.8 |
Formulate, direct, or coordinate marketing activities or policies to promote products or services, working with advertising or promotion managers.11-2021.00 | 0.015126.8 |
Confer with legal staff to resolve problems, such as copyright infringement or royalty sharing with outside producers or distributors.11-2021.00 | 0.00549.7 |
Initiate market research studies or analyze their findings.11-2021.00 | 0.00508.9 |
Integrate environmental information into product or company marketing strategies, policies, or activities.11-2021.00 | 0.00315.5 |
Develop pricing strategies, balancing firm objectives and customer satisfaction.11-2021.00 | 0.00305.3 |
Evaluate the financial aspects of product development, such as budgets, expenditures, research and development appropriations, or return-on-investment and profit-loss projections.11-2021.00 | 0.00295.1 |
Identify, develop, or evaluate marketing strategy, based on knowledge of establishment objectives, market characteristics, and cost and markup factors.11-2021.00 | 0.00274.7 |
Recommend modifications to products, packaging, production processes, or other characteristics to improve the environmental soundness or sustainability of products.11-2021.00 | 0.00254.4 |
Compile lists describing product or service offerings.11-2021.00 | 0.00162.9 |
Values in this tab are predicted labels, not observations. Eloundou et al. (2023) published two rating regimes — human raters and GPT-4 — and the β shown here is derived from the GPT-4 rater basis alone; the same task can take a different value under the other regime. The unit and the meaning differ from the observed shares (%) in the other tabs, so do not place them on the same axis.
| Task (O*NET 27.2) | βE1 + 0.5 × E2 |
|---|---|
Compile lists describing product or service offerings.O*NET Task ID 957 | 1.0 |
Develop pricing strategies, balancing firm objectives and customer satisfaction.O*NET Task ID 950 | 0.5 |
Identify, develop, or evaluate marketing strategy, based on knowledge of establishment objectives, market characteristics, and cost and markup factors.O*NET Task ID 951 | 0.5 |
Evaluate the financial aspects of product development, such as budgets, expenditures, research and development appropriations, or return-on-investment and profit-loss projections.O*NET Task ID 952 | 0.5 |
Negotiate contracts with vendors or distributors to manage product distribution, establishing distribution networks or developing distribution strategies.O*NET Task ID 955 | 0.5 |
Consult with product development personnel on product specifications, such as design, color, or packaging.O*NET Task ID 956 | 0.5 |
Use sales forecasting or strategic planning to ensure the sale and profitability of products, lines, or services, analyzing business developments and monitoring market trends.O*NET Task ID 958 | 0.5 |
Select products or accessories to be displayed at trade or special production shows.O*NET Task ID 959 | 0.5 |
Confer with legal staff to resolve problems, such as copyright infringement or royalty sharing with outside producers or distributors.O*NET Task ID 960 | 0.5 |
Coordinate or participate in promotional activities or trade shows, working with developers, advertisers, or production managers, to market products or services.O*NET Task ID 961 | 0.5 |
Advise business or other groups on local, national, or international factors affecting the buying or selling of products or services.O*NET Task ID 962 | 0.5 |
Initiate market research studies, or analyze their findings.O*NET Task ID 963 | 0.5 |
Consult with buying personnel to gain advice regarding the types of products or services expected to be in demand.O*NET Task ID 964 | 0.5 |
Conduct economic or commercial surveys to identify potential markets for products or services.O*NET Task ID 965 | 0.5 |
Consult with buying personnel to gain advice regarding environmentally sound or sustainable products.O*NET Task ID 19502 | 0.5 |
Develop business cases for environmental marketing strategies.O*NET Task ID 19503 | 0.5 |
Integrate environmental information into product or company marketing strategies, policies, or activities.O*NET Task ID 19504 | 0.5 |
Recommend modifications to products, packaging, production processes, or other characteristics to improve the environmental soundness or sustainability of products.O*NET Task ID 19505 | 0.5 |
Formulate, direct, or coordinate marketing activities or policies to promote products or services, working with advertising or promotion managers.O*NET Task ID 20709 | 0.5 |
β = E1 + 0.5 × E2 · E1 = tasks where direct LLM access alone cuts time by at least 50%, E2 = tasks where software built on top of an LLM cuts time by at least 50%. Values take only 0 / 0.5 / 1.0.
Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Anthropic Economic Index, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page
O*NET 31.0 全部任务（20 项）
本职业在 O*NET 31.0 中的全部任务（英文原文；任务类型为核心或补充）。暴露值不列在此清单中，而在上方表格里，位于各来源所用 O*NET 版本的任务表述旁。
| 任务（O*NET 31.0） | 类型 |
|---|---|
| Develop pricing strategies, balancing firm objectives and customer satisfaction. | 核心 |
| Identify, develop, or evaluate marketing strategy, based on knowledge of establishment objectives, market characteristics, and cost and markup factors. | 核心 |
| Evaluate the financial aspects of product development, such as budgets, expenditures, research and development appropriations, or return-on-investment and profit-loss projections. | 核心 |
| Direct the hiring, training, or performance evaluations of marketing or sales staff and oversee their daily activities. | 核心 |
| Consult with product development personnel on product specifications, such as design, color, or packaging. | 核心 |
| Compile lists describing product or service offerings. | 核心 |
| Use sales forecasting or strategic planning to ensure the sale and profitability of products, lines, or services, analyzing business developments and monitoring market trends. | 核心 |
| Coordinate or participate in promotional activities or trade shows, working with developers, advertisers, or production managers, to market products or services. | 核心 |
| Initiate market research studies, or analyze their findings. | 核心 |
| Conduct economic or commercial surveys to identify potential markets for products or services. | 核心 |
| Recommend modifications to products, packaging, production processes, or other characteristics to improve the environmental soundness or sustainability of products. | 核心 |
| Formulate, direct, or coordinate marketing activities or policies to promote products or services, working with advertising or promotion managers. | 核心 |
| Negotiate contracts with vendors or distributors to manage product distribution, establishing distribution networks or developing distribution strategies. | 补充 |
| Select products or accessories to be displayed at trade or special production shows. | 补充 |
| Confer with legal staff to resolve problems, such as copyright infringement or royalty sharing with outside producers or distributors. | 补充 |
| Advise business or other groups on local, national, or international factors affecting the buying or selling of products or services. | 补充 |
| Consult with buying personnel to gain advice regarding the types of products or services expected to be in demand. | 补充 |
| Consult with buying personnel to gain advice regarding environmentally sound or sustainable products. | 补充 |
| Develop business cases for environmental marketing strategies. | 补充 |
| Integrate environmental information into product or company marketing strategies, policies, or activities. | 补充 |
0.00/ 3· 机器人暴露指数
尺度 · 母数 · 来源
对每项体力任务，按已实际部署、销售或演示的机器人能够完成它的环境评定 0–3 级（0 不可 · 1 围栏式机器单元、灌装线等机器人专用设施 · 2 医院药房、集装箱港口等受管理的设施 · 3 私人住宅、建筑工地等非结构化环境），再按工作时间占比求平均
以该职业 O*NET 29.3 任务中的体力任务为准
等级与时间占比由 Anthropic 使用 Claude Opus 5（网络搜索）估算（截至 2026 年）。
机器人暴露指数与本站的 AI 暴露度是不同的指标，不能相加或相互比较。该指数不代表实际采用情况或成本竞争力，0 也包括没有体力任务的职业。
每项体力任务的等级
该职业的 O*NET 29.3 任务中没有被归类为体力任务的任务。
职业信息
就业展望（BLS）
- 就业人数，2025
- 422K
- 预计就业人数，2035
- 451K
- 变化 (2025–35)
- +6.9%
- 年薪中位数，2025
- $166,790
- 入职通常所需学历
- Bachelor's degree
韩国职业分类关联（KSCO）
来自 AI Changing Work 制作的 Korea Occupation Direct Crosswalk v1.1 当前版本的关联。关系值从 O*NET-SOC 职业一侧解读。
| KSCO 代码 | KSCO 名称 | 关系 | 状态 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 12201 | 마케팅 관리자 | 范围相同 | 已确认 |
| 13901 | 시장 및 여론 조사 관리자 | 有重叠，但不相同 | 已确认 |
关系与状态的定义(kr-direct v1.1)
国际劳工组织（ILO）职业说明
以下 ISCO-08 职业组由 AI Changing Work 原样套用美国劳工统计局（BLS）发布的对照表（2018 SOC→2010 SOC、2010 SOC→ISCO-08）、不逐案取舍，与本职业相关联；每项关联可能是完全对应，也可能是部分对应。
- ISCO-08 1221Sales and Marketing Managers
销售和市场营销经理
自行翻译
自行翻译 · 非 ISCO 官方词汇 — 未经国际劳工组织审核。
以下定义、任务和职业示例是 ILO 对该 ISCO-08 职业组的描述，而不是对本职业的描述。
Sales and marketing managers plan, direct and coordinate the sales and marketing activities of an enterprise or organization, or of enterprises that provide sales and marketing services to other enterprises and organizations.
任务
- (a) planning and organizing special sales and marketing programmes based on sales records and market assessments;
- (b) determining price lists, discount and delivery terms, sales promotion budgets, sales methods, special incentives and campaigns;
- (c) establishing and directing operational and administrative procedures related to sales and marketing activities;
- (d) leading and managing the activities of sales and marketing staff;
- (e) planning and directing daily operations;
- (f) establishing and managing budgets and controlling expenditure to ensure the efficient use of resources;
- (g) overseeing the selection, training and performance of staff;
- (h) representing the enterprise or organization at sales and marketing conventions, trade exhibitions and other forums.
职业示例
Marketing manager · Sales manager
Sources: ILO ISCO-08 — details: Credits
ESCO 职业词汇
以下每一项都是在已公开的ESCO-O*NET Crosswalk（第 1 版，2022 年）中与本职业逐项对应的。对应类型出自该对照表；表述出自 AI Changing Work。
- marketing managerESCO 1221.3.2范围相同
Marketing managers carry out the implementation of efforts related to the marketing operations in a company. They develop marketing strategies and plans by detailing cost and resources needed. They analyse the profitability of these plans, develop pricing strategies, and strive to raise awareness on products and companies among targeted customers.
- clothing development managerESCO 1223.2.1.1本职业范围更宽
Clothing development managers define product concepts that are consistent with target consumer and overall marketing strategy. They receive scientific findings and specifications in order to lead the briefing and implementation of all relevant seasonal and strategic concepts, including distribution by channel, product, colour introductions, and merchandised assortments. They ensure realisation and execution within budget. They manage and execute the product line and category life cycle from concept determination through sales and distribution, contribution in research of market, industry trends to influence category concepts and products.
- membership managerESCO 2431.12本职业范围更宽
Membership managers oversee and coordinate the membership plan, support existing members and engage with possible new members. They analyse the market trend reports and develop marketing plans accordingly. Membership managers monitor and ensure the efficiency of processes, systems and strategies.
- chief marketing officerESCO 1221.3有重叠，但不相同
Chief marketing officers manage the high level marketing operations in a company. They coordinate all the efforts related to the marketing, promotional, and advertising activities across units or geographical areas. They make sure that different activities aimed at creating awareness of products are profitable for the company. They take decisions and prepare reports on marketing projects and the costs they entail.
来源: European Commission, DG EMPL — ESCO API 2026-08-08 (bridge v1.2.1)
许可: CC BY 4.0 (EU Reuse Notice)
ESCO reuse terms and the modification notice are in Credits.
法国职业分类关联（ROME）
本职业与 ROME 4.0 职业条目（fiche）之间的关联，由 AI Changing Work 借助 AI 模型判定。关系从本职业一侧解读。标为「暂定」的关联仅凭同一模型系列（Claude）两位判定者的判定采纳，或对其判定适用运营方规则后采纳，因此其依据弱于已确认的关联。
| ROME 代码 | ROME 名称（法语） | 关系 |
|---|---|---|
| C1101 | Chargé / Chargée de produit en assurances | 本职业范围更宽 |
| M1705 | Responsable marketing | 本职业范围更宽 |
| M1711 | Directeur / Directrice du marketing | 本职业范围更宽 |
| M1716 | Directeur / Directrice marketing digital | 本职业范围更宽 |
| M1721 | Chef / Cheffe de projet édition phonographique | 本职业范围更宽 |
| C1204 | Gestionnaire de produits bancaires | 本职业范围更宽暂定 |
| G1308 | Chef / Cheffe de produit touristique | 本职业范围更宽暂定 |
| M1709 | Chef / Cheffe de gamme en industrie pharmaceutique | 本职业范围更宽暂定 |
| E1127 | Brand content manager | 相关，但不对应 |
| G1105 | Directeur / Directrice d'office du tourisme | 相关，但不对应 |
| G1108 | Directeur / Directrice de pays d'accueil touristique | 相关，但不对应 |
| M1427 | Animateur / Animatrice de réseau d'entreprises | 相关，但不对应 |
| M1703 | Chef / Cheffe de produit | 相关，但不对应 |
| M1708 | Directeur / Directrice de l'accès au marché en industrie pharmaceutique | 相关，但不对应 |
| M1717 | Responsable innovation | 相关，但不对应 |
| M1707 | Responsable du développement commercial | 相关，但不对应暂定 |
| M1712 | Directeur / Directrice de l'information promotionnelle du médicament en industrie pharmaceutique | 相关，但不对应暂定 |
Source: France Travail — Répertoire Opérationnel des Métiers et des Emplois (ROME 4.0), version 61, last updated 15 June 2026 (https://www.data.gouv.fr/datasets/repertoire-operationnel-des-metiers-et-des-emplois-rome). Licence Ouverte 2.0.
ROME codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET-SOC occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a France Travail correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: fr-direct v1)
西班牙职业分类关联（CNO-11）
本职业与 CNO-11 职业之间的关联，由 AI Changing Work 借助 AI 模型判定。关系从本职业一侧解读。
| CNO-11 代码 | CNO-11 名称（西班牙语） | 关系 |
|---|---|---|
| 1221 | Directores comerciales y de ventas | 本职业范围更窄 |
Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), National Classification of Occupations 2011 (CNO-11, Royal Decree 1591/2010) — www.ine.es · Licensed CC BY 4.0. CNO-11 codes and Spanish titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not an INE correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: es-direct v1)
德国职业分类关联（KldB）
本职业与 KldB 职业之间的关联，由 AI Changing Work 借助 AI 模型判定。关系从本职业一侧解读。
| KldB 代码 | KldB 名称（德语） | 关系 |
|---|---|---|
| 92194 | Führungskräfte - Werbung und Marketing | 范围相同 |
| 92114 | Berufe in Werbung und Marketing - hoch komplexe Tätigkeiten | 有重叠，但不相同 |
| 62514 | Berufe im Buchhandel - hoch komplexe Tätigkeiten | 相关，但不对应暂定 |
| 63114 | Tourismuskaufleute - hoch komplexe Tätigkeiten | 相关，但不对应暂定 |
| 92304 | Verlags- und Medienkaufleute (ohne Spezialisierung) - hoch komplexe Tätigkeiten | 相关，但不对应暂定 |
Source: © Statistik der Bundesagentur für Arbeit — Klassifikation der Berufe 2010 – überarbeitete Fassung 2020, https://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de. KldB codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own mapping (eigene Zuordnung) and are not a Bundesagentur für Arbeit correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: de-direct v1)
日本职业分类关联（JSCO）
本职业与 JSCO 职业之间的关联，由 AI Changing Work 借助 AI 模型判定。关系从本职业一侧解读。
| JSCO 代码 | JSCO 名称（日语） | 关系 |
|---|---|---|
| 031 | 会社管理職員 | 本职业范围更窄暂定 |
Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC), Japan Standard Occupational Classification (Dec. 2009, MIC Notification No. 555). JSCO codes and Japanese titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a MIC correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: jp-direct v1)
本页数据的来源与许可，以及 AI Changing Work 的修改与翻译说明：致谢与来源