Natural Sciences Managers
Management Occupations- O*NET-SOC 代码
- 11-9121.00
Plan, direct, or coordinate activities in such fields as life sciences, physical sciences, mathematics, statistics, and research and development in these fields.
- 数据来源: BLS发布时间: 2026-08
高· 相对
低四级相对区间很高职业群单位数值
尺度 · 母数 · 来源
四级相对类别（低 / 中等 / 高 / 很高）
以BLS就业预测表中831个细分职业为基数。取值按 NEM（全国就业矩阵）代码给定，因此共用同一 NEM 代码的职业得到相同分档
- 数据来源: Anthropic发布时间: 2026-03
0.061
0.000此处所载数值的范围0.745职业群单位数值
尺度 · 母数 · 来源
- 数据来源: ILO发布时间: 2025
0.40
0.09此处所载数值的范围0.70职业群单位数值
尺度 · 母数 · 来源
生成式AI暴露度指数，按发布原值0–1
按 ISCO-08 细类（4 位）发布的数值。按原样应用美国劳工统计局（BLS）的官方对照表（ISCO-08→2010 SOC、2010 SOC→2018 SOC）关联到本职业，对应关系为全部或部分对应
该来源发布的是什么性质的数值
BLS的类别是相对排位而非绝对水平，也不是一手测量：它把多项已发表研究给出的职业百分位排名归并为四个等级。它不是就业或工资预测，不是采用概率，也不区分自动化与增强。
Task-level exposure
显示隐藏的 11 项工作已评分任务 16 项 · β ≥ 0.5 的任务 16 项（100.0%）
β = 直接暴露（E1）+ 0.5 × 借助工具时的暴露（E2），依据原始代码库的定义。
- 原始单位：O*NET 27.2 任务 → O*NET 31.0 职业代码
- 所有已评分任务均在 O*NET 31.0 任务列表中。
- 来源
- OpenAI "GPTs are GPTs" exposure rubric
- 版本
- gh-main-0471612
- 许可
- MIT License, Copyright (c) 2024 OpenAI
| Task (O*NET 20.1) | Claude.aiRaw / share % | APIRaw / share % |
|---|---|---|
Advise or assist in obtaining patents or meeting other legal requirements.11-9121.00 | 0.009037.5 | 0.003718.2 |
Prepare project proposals.11-9121.00 | 0.005221.7 | —0 |
Review project activities and prepare and review research, testing, or operational reports.11-9121.00 | 0.004719.6 | 0.012661.6 |
Conduct own research in field of expertise.11-9121.00 | 0.003313.8 | 0.004120.2 |
Develop client relationships and communicate with clients to explain proposals, present research findings, establish specifications, or discuss project status.11-9121.00 | 0.00187.5 | —0 |
Values in this tab are predicted labels, not observations. Eloundou et al. (2023) published two rating regimes — human raters and GPT-4 — and the β shown here is derived from the GPT-4 rater basis alone; the same task can take a different value under the other regime. The unit and the meaning differ from the observed shares (%) in the other tabs, so do not place them on the same axis.
| Task (O*NET 27.2) | βE1 + 0.5 × E2 |
|---|---|
Prepare project proposals.O*NET Task ID 7206 | 1.0 |
Conduct own research in field of expertise.O*NET Task ID 7214 | 1.0 |
Confer with scientists, engineers, regulators, or others to plan or review projects or to provide technical assistance.O*NET Task ID 7203 | 0.5 |
Develop client relationships and communicate with clients to explain proposals, present research findings, establish specifications, or discuss project status.O*NET Task ID 7204 | 0.5 |
Plan or direct research, development, or production activities.O*NET Task ID 7205 | 0.5 |
Design or coordinate successive phases of problem analysis, solution proposals, or testing.O*NET Task ID 7207 | 0.5 |
Review project activities and prepare and review research, testing, or operational reports.O*NET Task ID 7208 | 0.5 |
Hire, supervise, or evaluate engineers, technicians, researchers, or other staff.O*NET Task ID 7209 | 0.5 |
Determine scientific or technical goals within broad outlines provided by top management and make detailed plans to accomplish these goals.O*NET Task ID 7210 | 0.5 |
Develop or implement policies, standards, or procedures for the architectural, scientific, or technical work performed to ensure regulatory compliance or operations enhancement.O*NET Task ID 7211 | 0.5 |
Develop innovative technology or train staff for its implementation.O*NET Task ID 7212 | 0.5 |
Provide for stewardship of plant or animal resources or habitats, studying land use, monitoring animal populations, or providing shelter, resources, or medical treatment for animals.O*NET Task ID 7213 | 0.5 |
Recruit personnel or oversee the development or maintenance of staff competence.O*NET Task ID 7215 | 0.5 |
Advise or assist in obtaining patents or meeting other legal requirements.O*NET Task ID 7216 | 0.5 |
Prepare and administer budgets, approve and review expenditures, and prepare financial reports.O*NET Task ID 7217 | 0.5 |
Make presentations at professional meetings to further knowledge in the field.O*NET Task ID 7218 | 0.5 |
β = E1 + 0.5 × E2 · E1 = tasks where direct LLM access alone cuts time by at least 50%, E2 = tasks where software built on top of an LLM cuts time by at least 50%. Values take only 0 / 0.5 / 1.0.
Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Anthropic Economic Index, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page
O*NET 31.0 全部任务（16 项）
本职业在 O*NET 31.0 中的全部任务（英文原文；任务类型为核心或补充）。暴露值不列在此清单中，而在上方表格里，位于各来源所用 O*NET 版本的任务表述旁。
| 任务（O*NET 31.0） | 类型 |
|---|---|
| Confer with scientists, engineers, regulators, or others to plan or review projects or to provide technical assistance. | 核心 |
| Develop client relationships and communicate with clients to explain proposals, present research findings, establish specifications, or discuss project status. | 核心 |
| Plan or direct research, development, or production activities. | 核心 |
| Prepare project proposals. | 核心 |
| Design or coordinate successive phases of problem analysis, solution proposals, or testing. | 核心 |
| Review project activities and prepare and review research, testing, or operational reports. | 核心 |
| Hire, supervise, or evaluate engineers, technicians, researchers, or other staff. | 核心 |
| Determine scientific or technical goals within broad outlines provided by top management and make detailed plans to accomplish these goals. | 核心 |
| Develop or implement policies, standards, or procedures for the architectural, scientific, or technical work performed to ensure regulatory compliance or operations enhancement. | 核心 |
| Develop innovative technology or train staff for its implementation. | 核心 |
| Conduct own research in field of expertise. | 核心 |
| Recruit personnel or oversee the development or maintenance of staff competence. | 核心 |
| Prepare and administer budgets, approve and review expenditures, and prepare financial reports. | 核心 |
| Make presentations at professional meetings to further knowledge in the field. | 核心 |
| Provide for stewardship of plant or animal resources or habitats, studying land use, monitoring animal populations, or providing shelter, resources, or medical treatment for animals. | 补充 |
| Advise or assist in obtaining patents or meeting other legal requirements. | 补充 |
0.00/ 3· 机器人暴露指数
尺度 · 母数 · 来源
对每项体力任务，按已实际部署、销售或演示的机器人能够完成它的环境评定 0–3 级（0 不可 · 1 围栏式机器单元、灌装线等机器人专用设施 · 2 医院药房、集装箱港口等受管理的设施 · 3 私人住宅、建筑工地等非结构化环境），再按工作时间占比求平均
以该职业 O*NET 29.3 任务中的体力任务为准
等级与时间占比由 Anthropic 使用 Claude Opus 5（网络搜索）估算（截至 2026 年）。
机器人暴露指数与本站的 AI 暴露度是不同的指标，不能相加或相互比较。该指数不代表实际采用情况或成本竞争力，0 也包括没有体力任务的职业。
每项体力任务的等级
该职业的 O*NET 29.3 任务中没有被归类为体力任务的任务。
职业信息
就业展望（BLS）
这些数值属于整个 SOC 11-9121 组（Natural sciences managers），并非仅属于该 O*NET 职业。
- 就业人数，2025
- 112K
- 预计就业人数，2035
- 122K
- 变化 (2025–35)
- +8.2%
- 年薪中位数，2025
- $167,220
- 入职通常所需学历
- Bachelor's degree
韩国职业分类关联（KSCO）
来自 AI Changing Work 制作的 Korea Occupation Direct Crosswalk v1.1 当前版本的关联。关系值从 O*NET-SOC 职业一侧解读。
| KSCO 代码 | KSCO 名称 | 关系 | 状态 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 13113 | 생명 및 자연과학 연구 관리자 | 范围相同 | 已确认 |
| 13111 | 인문과학 연구 관리자 | 相关，但不对应 | 已确认 |
| 13112 | 사회과학 연구 관리자 | 相关，但不对应 | 已确认 |
| 13119 | 그 외 연구 관리자 | 相关，但不对应 | 已确认 |
关系与状态的定义(kr-direct v1.1)
国际劳工组织（ILO）职业说明
以下 ISCO-08 职业组由 AI Changing Work 原样套用美国劳工统计局（BLS）发布的对照表（2018 SOC→2010 SOC、2010 SOC→ISCO-08）、不逐案取舍，与本职业相关联；每项关联可能是完全对应，也可能是部分对应。
- ISCO-08 1223Research and Development Managers
研究与开发经理
自行翻译
自行翻译 · 非 ISCO 官方词汇 — 未经国际劳工组织审核。
以下定义、任务和职业示例是 ILO 对该 ISCO-08 职业组的描述，而不是对本职业的描述。
Research and development managers plan, direct and coordinate the research and development activities of an enterprise or organization or of enterprises that provide related services to other enterprises and organizations.
任务
- (a) planning, directing and coordinating research and development activities, in-house or commissioned from external research organizations, to develop new or improved technical processes, products, knowledge, or utilization of materials;
- (b) planning the overall research and development programme of an enterprise or organization, specifying goals and budgetary requirements;
- (c) leading and managing the activities of research and development staff;
- (d) establishing and managing budgets, controlling expenditure and ensuring the efficient use of resources;
- (e) establishing and directing operational and administrative procedures;
- (f) planning and directing daily operations;
- (g) overseeing the selection, training and performance of staff;
- (h) representing the enterprise or organization at conventions, seminars and conferences.
职业示例
Product development manager · Research manager
Sources: ILO ISCO-08 — details: Credits
ESCO 职业词汇
以下每一项都是在已公开的ESCO-O*NET Crosswalk（第 1 版，2022 年）中与本职业逐项对应的。对应类型出自该对照表；表述出自 AI Changing Work。
- research and development managerESCO 1223.2范围相同
Research and development managers coordinate the efforts of scientists, academical researchers, product developers, and market researchers towards the creation of new products, the improvement of current ones or other research activities, including scientific research. They manage and plan research and development activities of an organisation, specify goals and budget requirements and manage the staff.
- research managerESCO 1223.2.2范围相同
Research managers oversee the research and development functions of a research facility or program or university. They support the executive staff, coordinate work activities, and monitor staff and research projects. They may work in a wide array of sectors, such as the chemical, technical and life sciences sector. Research managers can also advise on research and execute research themselves.
- natural resources consultantESCO 2133.8本职业范围更宽
Natural resources consultant provide advice on the protection and management of natural resources, namely fauna, flora, soil and water to companies and governments which exploit these resources. They strive to guide companies on an appropriate policy for exploiting natural resources in industrial contexts, raise awareness on health issues, and ensure the conservation of ecosystems for sustainable interventions in natural habitats.
来源: European Commission, DG EMPL — ESCO API 2026-08-08 (bridge v1.2.1)
许可: CC BY 4.0 (EU Reuse Notice)
ESCO reuse terms and the modification notice are in Credits.
法国职业分类关联（ROME）
本职业与 ROME 4.0 职业条目（fiche）之间的关联，由 AI Changing Work 借助 AI 模型判定。关系从本职业一侧解读。标为「暂定」的关联仅凭同一模型系列（Claude）两位判定者的判定采纳，或对其判定适用运营方规则后采纳，因此其依据弱于已确认的关联。
| ROME 代码 | ROME 名称（法语） | 关系 |
|---|---|---|
| H1104 | Directeur / Directrice des affaires médicales pharmaceutiques | 本职业范围更宽 |
| H1221 | Responsable des partenariats de recherche en industrie pharmaceutique | 本职业范围更宽 |
| H1501 | Responsable de laboratoire d'analyse industrielle | 本职业范围更宽 |
| K2406 | Directeur / Directrice de recherche en industrie pharmaceutique | 本职业范围更宽 |
| M1306 | Directeur / Directrice de bureau d'étude de la biodiversité | 本职业范围更宽 |
| H1218 | Responsable de projet recherche et développement | 有重叠，但不相同 |
| H1220 | Responsable formulation en industrie pharmaceutique | 相关，但不对应 |
| A1317 | Gestionnaire d'aires marines protégées | 相关，但不对应暂定 |
Source: France Travail — Répertoire Opérationnel des Métiers et des Emplois (ROME 4.0), version 61, last updated 15 June 2026 (https://www.data.gouv.fr/datasets/repertoire-operationnel-des-metiers-et-des-emplois-rome). Licence Ouverte 2.0.
ROME codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET-SOC occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a France Travail correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: fr-direct v1)
西班牙职业分类关联（CNO-11）
本职业与 CNO-11 职业之间的关联，由 AI Changing Work 借助 AI 模型判定。关系从本职业一侧解读。
| CNO-11 代码 | CNO-11 名称（西班牙语） | 关系 |
|---|---|---|
| 1223 | Directores de investigación y desarrollo | 本职业范围更窄 |
Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), National Classification of Occupations 2011 (CNO-11, Royal Decree 1591/2010) — www.ine.es · Licensed CC BY 4.0. CNO-11 codes and Spanish titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not an INE correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: es-direct v1)
德国职业分类关联（KldB）
本职业与 KldB 职业之间的关联，由 AI Changing Work 借助 AI 模型判定。关系从本职业一侧解读。
| KldB 代码 | KldB 名称（德语） | 关系 |
|---|---|---|
| 41194 | Führungskräfte - Mathematik und Statistik | 本职业范围更宽 |
| 41294 | Führungskräfte - Biologie | 本职业范围更宽 |
| 41494 | Führungskräfte - Physik | 本职业范围更宽 |
| 41394 | Führungskräfte - Chemie | 本职业范围更宽暂定 |
| 27194 | Führungskräfte - Technische Forschung und Entwicklung | 有重叠，但不相同 |
| 41293 | Aufsichtskräfte - Biologie | 相关，但不对应暂定 |
| 41493 | Aufsichtskräfte - Physik | 相关，但不对应暂定 |
Source: © Statistik der Bundesagentur für Arbeit — Klassifikation der Berufe 2010 – überarbeitete Fassung 2020, https://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de. KldB codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own mapping (eigene Zuordnung) and are not a Bundesagentur für Arbeit correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: de-direct v1)
日本职业分类关联（JSCO）
本职业与 JSCO 职业之间的关联，由 AI Changing Work 借助 AI 模型判定。关系从本职业一侧解读。
| JSCO 代码 | JSCO 名称（日语） | 关系 |
|---|---|---|
| 051 | 自然科学系研究者 | 本职业范围更窄 |
| 031 | 会社管理職員 | 相关，但不对应 |
Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC), Japan Standard Occupational Classification (Dec. 2009, MIC Notification No. 555). JSCO codes and Japanese titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a MIC correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: jp-direct v1)
本页数据的来源与许可，以及 AI Changing Work 的修改与翻译说明：致谢与来源