Chefs and Head Cooks
Food Preparation and Serving Related Occupations- O*NET-SOC 代码
- 35-1011.00
Direct and may participate in the preparation, seasoning, and cooking of salads, soups, fish, meats, vegetables, desserts, or other foods. May plan and price menu items, order supplies, and keep records and accounts.
- 数据来源: BLS发布时间: 2026-08
中等· 相对
低四级相对区间很高职业群单位数值
尺度 · 母数 · 来源
四级相对类别（低 / 中等 / 高 / 很高）
以BLS就业预测表中831个细分职业为基数。取值按 NEM（全国就业矩阵）代码给定，因此共用同一 NEM 代码的职业得到相同分档
- 数据来源: Anthropic发布时间: 2026-03
0.000
0.000此处所载数值的范围0.745尺度 · 母数 · 来源
- 数据来源: ILO发布时间: 2025
0.25
0.09此处所载数值的范围0.70职业群单位数值
尺度 · 母数 · 来源
生成式AI暴露度指数，按发布原值0–1
按 ISCO-08 细类（4 位）发布的数值。按原样应用美国劳工统计局（BLS）的官方对照表（ISCO-08→2010 SOC、2010 SOC→2018 SOC）关联到本职业，对应关系为全部或部分对应
该来源发布的是什么性质的数值
BLS的类别是相对排位而非绝对水平，也不是一手测量：它把多项已发表研究给出的职业百分位排名归并为四个等级。它不是就业或工资预测，不是采用概率，也不区分自动化与增强。
Task-level exposure
显示隐藏的 15 项工作已评分任务 21 项 · β ≥ 0.5 的任务 9 项（42.9%）
β = 直接暴露（E1）+ 0.5 × 借助工具时的暴露（E2），依据原始代码库的定义。
- 原始单位：O*NET 27.2 任务 → O*NET 31.0 职业代码
- 所有已评分任务均在 O*NET 31.0 任务列表中。
- 来源
- OpenAI "GPTs are GPTs" exposure rubric
- 版本
- gh-main-0471612
- 许可
- MIT License, Copyright (c) 2024 OpenAI
| Task (O*NET 20.1) | Claude.aiRaw / share % | APIRaw / share % |
|---|---|---|
Estimate amounts and costs of required supplies, such as food and ingredients.35-1011.00 | 0.020866.7 | 0.001920.5 |
Analyze recipes to assign prices to menu items, based on food, labor, and overhead costs.35-1011.00 | 0.005718.3 | 0.001517.0 |
Plan, direct, or supervise the food preparation or cooking activities of multiple kitchens or restaurants in an establishment such as a restaurant chain, hospital, or hotel.35-1011.00 | 0.00319.9 | 0.002527.3 |
Instruct cooks or other workers in the preparation, cooking, garnishing, or presentation of food.35-1011.00 | 0.00165.1 | —0 |
Meet with customers to discuss menus for special occasions, such as weddings, parties, or banquets. | —0 | 0.001618.2 |
Record production or operational data on specified forms. | —0 | 0.001517.0 |
Values in this tab are predicted labels, not observations. Eloundou et al. (2023) published two rating regimes — human raters and GPT-4 — and the β shown here is derived from the GPT-4 rater basis alone; the same task can take a different value under the other regime. The unit and the meaning differ from the observed shares (%) in the other tabs, so do not place them on the same axis.
| Task (O*NET 27.2) | βE1 + 0.5 × E2 |
|---|---|
Analyze recipes to assign prices to menu items, based on food, labor, and overhead costs.O*NET Task ID 11138 | 1.0 |
Record production or operational data on specified forms.O*NET Task ID 11146 | 1.0 |
Order or requisition food or other supplies needed to ensure efficient operation.O*NET Task ID 11131 | 0.5 |
Determine how food should be presented and create decorative food displays.O*NET Task ID 11134 | 0.5 |
Estimate amounts and costs of required supplies, such as food and ingredients.O*NET Task ID 11136 | 0.5 |
Collaborate with other personnel to plan and develop recipes or menus, taking into account such factors as seasonal availability of ingredients or the likely number of customers.O*NET Task ID 11137 | 0.5 |
Determine production schedules and staff requirements necessary to ensure timely delivery of services.O*NET Task ID 11140 | 0.5 |
Recruit and hire staff, such as cooks and other kitchen workers.O*NET Task ID 11141 | 0.5 |
Coordinate planning, budgeting, or purchasing for all the food operations within establishments such as clubs, hotels, or restaurant chains.O*NET Task ID 11148 | 0.5 |
β = E1 + 0.5 × E2 · E1 = tasks where direct LLM access alone cuts time by at least 50%, E2 = tasks where software built on top of an LLM cuts time by at least 50%. Values take only 0 / 0.5 / 1.0.
Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Anthropic Economic Index, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page
O*NET 31.0 全部任务（21 项）
本职业在 O*NET 31.0 中的全部任务（英文原文；任务类型为核心或补充）。暴露值不列在此清单中，而在上方表格里，位于各来源所用 O*NET 版本的任务表述旁。
| 任务（O*NET 31.0） | 类型 |
|---|---|
| Check the quality of raw or cooked food products to ensure that standards are met. | 核心 |
| Monitor sanitation practices to ensure that employees follow standards and regulations. | 核心 |
| Check the quantity and quality of received products. | 核心 |
| Order or requisition food or other supplies needed to ensure efficient operation. | 核心 |
| Supervise or coordinate activities of cooks or workers engaged in food preparation. | 核心 |
| Inspect supplies, equipment, or work areas to ensure conformance to established standards. | 核心 |
| Determine how food should be presented and create decorative food displays. | 核心 |
| Instruct cooks or other workers in the preparation, cooking, garnishing, or presentation of food. | 核心 |
| Estimate amounts and costs of required supplies, such as food and ingredients. | 核心 |
| Collaborate with other personnel to plan and develop recipes or menus, taking into account such factors as seasonal availability of ingredients or the likely number of customers. | 核心 |
| Analyze recipes to assign prices to menu items, based on food, labor, and overhead costs. | 核心 |
| Prepare and cook foods of all types, either on a regular basis or for special guests or functions. | 核心 |
| Determine production schedules and staff requirements necessary to ensure timely delivery of services. | 核心 |
| Recruit and hire staff, such as cooks and other kitchen workers. | 核心 |
| Meet with customers to discuss menus for special occasions, such as weddings, parties, or banquets. | 核心 |
| Demonstrate new cooking techniques or equipment to staff. | 核心 |
| Meet with sales representatives to negotiate prices or order supplies. | 核心 |
| Arrange for equipment purchases or repairs. | 核心 |
| Record production or operational data on specified forms. | 核心 |
| Plan, direct, or supervise food preparation or cooking activities of multiple kitchens or restaurants in an establishment such as a restaurant chain, hospital, or hotel. | 核心 |
| Coordinate planning, budgeting, or purchasing for all the food operations within establishments such as clubs, hotels, or restaurant chains. | 核心 |
0.10/ 3· 机器人暴露指数
尺度 · 母数 · 来源
对每项体力任务，按已实际部署、销售或演示的机器人能够完成它的环境评定 0–3 级（0 不可 · 1 围栏式机器单元、灌装线等机器人专用设施 · 2 医院药房、集装箱港口等受管理的设施 · 3 私人住宅、建筑工地等非结构化环境），再按工作时间占比求平均
以该职业 O*NET 29.3 任务中的体力任务为准
等级与时间占比由 Anthropic 使用 Claude Opus 5（网络搜索）估算（截至 2026 年）。
机器人暴露指数与本站的 AI 暴露度是不同的指标，不能相加或相互比较。该指数不代表实际采用情况或成本竞争力，0 也包括没有体力任务的职业。
每项体力任务的等级
机器人环境等级（E0–E3）
E0 机器人不可详情
评定为已实际部署、销售或演示的机器人即使在机器人专用设施中也无法完成
E1 机器人专用设施详情
评定为可在围绕机器搭建的设施中完成，例如围栏式机器单元或灌装线
E2 受管理的设施详情
评定为可在由机构按工作标准维护的人类工作设施中完成，例如医院药房或集装箱港口
E3 非结构化环境详情
评定为可在没有机构按工作标准维护的环境中完成，例如私人住宅或建筑工地
仅列出被归类为体力任务的任务；其他任务在来源中没有等级。
| 任务（O*NET 29.3） | 机器人环境等级 |
|---|---|
| Check the quality of raw or cooked food products to ensure that standards are met. | E1 机器人专用设施 |
| Check the quantity and quality of received products. | E1 机器人专用设施 |
| Inspect supplies, equipment, or work areas to ensure conformance to established standards. | E0 机器人不可 |
| Determine how food should be presented and create decorative food displays. | E0 机器人不可 |
| Prepare and cook foods of all types, either on a regular basis or for special guests or functions. | E0 机器人不可 |
| Demonstrate new cooking techniques or equipment to staff. | E0 机器人不可 |
职业信息
就业展望（BLS）
- 就业人数，2025
- 220K
- 预计就业人数，2035
- 235K
- 变化 (2025–35)
- +6.6%
- 年薪中位数，2025
- $62,470
- 入职通常所需学历
- High school diploma or equivalent
韩国职业分类关联（KSCO）
来自 AI Changing Work 制作的 Korea Occupation Direct Crosswalk v1.1 当前版本的关联。关系值从 O*NET-SOC 职业一侧解读。
| KSCO 代码 | KSCO 名称 | 关系 | 状态 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 29701 | 주방장 | 范围相同 | 已确认 |
| 29702 | 요리 연구가 | 有重叠，但不相同 | 已确认 |
| 29709 | 그 외 식문화 관련 전문가 | 相关，但不对应 | 已审核 |
关系与状态的定义(kr-direct v1.1)
国际劳工组织（ILO）职业说明
以下 ISCO-08 职业组由 AI Changing Work 原样套用美国劳工统计局（BLS）发布的对照表（2018 SOC→2010 SOC、2010 SOC→ISCO-08）、不逐案取舍，与本职业相关联；每项关联可能是完全对应，也可能是部分对应。
- ISCO-08 3434Chefs
厨师长
自行翻译
自行翻译 · 非 ISCO 官方词汇 — 未经国际劳工组织审核。
以下定义、任务和职业示例是 ILO 对该 ISCO-08 职业组的描述，而不是对本职业的描述。
Chefs design menus, create dishes and oversee the planning, organization preparation and cooking of meals in hotels, restaurants and other eating places, on board ships, on passenger trains and in private households.
任务
- (a) planning and developing recipes and menus, estimating food and labour costs, and ordering food supplies;
- (b) monitoring quality of dishes at all stages of preparation and presentation;
- (c) discussing food preparation issues with managers, dieticians, kitchen and waiting staff;
- (d) supervising and coordinating the activities of cooks and other workers engaged in food preparation;
- (e) inspecting supplies, equipment, and work areas to ensure conformity to established standards;
- (f) determining how food should be presented, and creating decorative food displays.
- (g) instructing cooks and other workers in the preparation, cooking, garnishing and presentation of food;
- (h) participating on the recruitment of kitchen staff and monitoring their performance;
- (i) preparing, seasoning and cooking speciality foods and complex dishes;
- (j) explaining and enforcing hygiene and food safety regulations.
职业示例
Chef · Executive chef · Head chef · Pastry chef · Saucier · Sous-chef
Sources: ILO ISCO-08 — details: Credits
ESCO 职业词汇
以下每一项都是在已公开的ESCO-O*NET Crosswalk（第 1 版，2022 年）中与本职业逐项对应的。对应类型出自该对照表；表述出自 AI Changing Work。
- head chefESCO 3434.1.1范围相同
Head chefs manage the kitchen to oversee the preparation, cooking and service of food.
- chefESCO 3434.1本职业范围更宽
Chefs are culinary professionals with a flair for creativity and innovation to provide a unique gastronomic experience.
- cookESCO 5120.1本职业范围更宽
cooks are culinary operatives who are able to prepare and present food, normally in domestic and institutional environments.
- diet cookESCO 5120.1.1本职业范围更宽
Diet cooks prepare and present meals according to special dietary or nutrition needs.
- fish cookESCO 5120.1.2本职业范围更宽
Fish cooks are responsible for preparing and presenting fish dishes using a variety of techniques. They may also prepare the accompanying sauces and purchase fresh fish for these dishes.
- grill cookESCO 5120.1.3本职业范围更宽
Grill cooks prepare and present meat, vegetables and fish using grill equipment such as grills and rotisseries.
- industrial cookESCO 5120.1.4本职业范围更宽
Industrial cooks create new food designs and recipes. They prepare, measure and mix ingredients to prepare foodstuff products. They control and regulate temperatures, monitor cooking process, assign specific baking tasks, and direct workers in task performance.
- private chefESCO 3434.1.3有重叠，但不相同
Private chefs comply with food and sanitation rules to prepare meals for their employers. They take into consideration the employer’s intolerances to specific ingredients or their preferences and cook the meals in the employer's home. Private chefs may also be asked to organise small dinner parties or other types of celebrations for special occasions.
来源: European Commission, DG EMPL — ESCO API 2026-08-08 (bridge v1.2.1)
许可: CC BY 4.0 (EU Reuse Notice)
ESCO reuse terms and the modification notice are in Credits.
法国职业分类关联（ROME）
本职业与 ROME 4.0 职业条目（fiche）之间的关联，由 AI Changing Work 借助 AI 模型判定。关系从本职业一侧解读。标为「暂定」的关联仅凭同一模型系列（Claude）两位判定者的判定采纳，或对其判定适用运营方规则后采纳，因此其依据弱于已确认的关联。
| ROME 代码 | ROME 名称（法语） | 关系 |
|---|---|---|
| G1601 | Chef / Cheffe de cuisine | 范围相同暂定 |
| D1117 | Chef pâtissier / Cheffe pâtissière | 本职业范围更宽暂定 |
| D1112 | Chef charcutier-traiteur / Cheffe charcutière-traiteuse | 相关，但不对应暂定 |
| G1609 | Cuisinier / Cuisinière | 相关，但不对应暂定 |
Source: France Travail — Répertoire Opérationnel des Métiers et des Emplois (ROME 4.0), version 61, last updated 15 June 2026 (https://www.data.gouv.fr/datasets/repertoire-operationnel-des-metiers-et-des-emplois-rome). Licence Ouverte 2.0.
ROME codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET-SOC occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a France Travail correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: fr-direct v1)
西班牙职业分类关联（CNO-11）
本职业与 CNO-11 职业之间的关联，由 AI Changing Work 借助 AI 模型判定。关系从本职业一侧解读。
| CNO-11 代码 | CNO-11 名称（西班牙语） | 关系 |
|---|---|---|
| 3734 | Chefs | 范围相同 |
| 5110 | Cocineros asalariados | 本职业范围更宽暂定 |
Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), National Classification of Occupations 2011 (CNO-11, Royal Decree 1591/2010) — www.ine.es · Licensed CC BY 4.0. CNO-11 codes and Spanish titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not an INE correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: es-direct v1)
德国职业分类关联（KldB）
本职业与 KldB 职业之间的关联，由 AI Changing Work 借助 AI 模型判定。关系从本职业一侧解读。
| KldB 代码 | KldB 名称（德语） | 关系 |
|---|---|---|
| 29393 | Aufsichtskräfte - Speisenzubereitung | 范围相同暂定 |
| 29394 | Führungskräfte - Speisenzubereitung | 本职业范围更宽暂定 |
| 29302 | Köche/Köchinnen (ohne Spezialisierung) - fachlich ausgerichtete Tätigkeiten | 相关，但不对应暂定 |
Source: © Statistik der Bundesagentur für Arbeit — Klassifikation der Berufe 2010 – überarbeitete Fassung 2020, https://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de. KldB codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own mapping (eigene Zuordnung) and are not a Bundesagentur für Arbeit correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: de-direct v1)
日本职业分类关联（JSCO）
本职业与 JSCO 职业之间的关联，由 AI Changing Work 借助 AI 模型判定。关系从本职业一侧解读。
| JSCO 代码 | JSCO 名称（日语） | 关系 |
|---|---|---|
| 391 | 調理人 | 本职业范围更窄暂定 |
Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC), Japan Standard Occupational Classification (Dec. 2009, MIC Notification No. 555). JSCO codes and Japanese titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a MIC correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: jp-direct v1)
本页数据的来源与许可，以及 AI Changing Work 的修改与翻译说明：致谢与来源