Sales Representatives, Wholesale and Manufacturing, Except Technical and Scientific Products

Sales and Related Occupations
O*NET-SOC 代码
41-4012.00

Sell goods for wholesalers or manufacturers to businesses or groups of individuals. Work requires substantial knowledge of items sold.

  • 数据来源: BLS发布时间: 2026-08

    很高· 相对

    低四级相对区间很高

    职业群单位数值

    尺度 · 母数 · 来源

    四级相对类别（低 / 中等 / 高 / 很高）

    以BLS就业预测表中831个细分职业为基数。取值按 NEM（全国就业矩阵）代码给定，因此共用同一 NEM 代码的职业得到相同分档

    来源数据集（XLSX 文件下载）

  • 数据来源: Anthropic发布时间: 2026-03

    0.628

    0.000此处所载数值的范围0.745
    尺度 · 母数 · 来源

    观测暴露度指数，按发布原值0–1

    以O*NET任务映射为基准

    按 SOC 2018 职业发布的数值；具有相同 SOC 2018 代码的所有 O*NET 职业均显示此值

    来源数据集（CSV 文件下载）

  • 数据来源: ILO发布时间: 2025

    0.49

    0.09此处所载数值的范围0.70

    职业群单位数值

    尺度 · 母数 · 来源

    生成式AI暴露度指数，按发布原值0–1

    按 ISCO-08 细类（4 位）发布的数值。按原样应用美国劳工统计局（BLS）的官方对照表（ISCO-08→2010 SOC、2010 SOC→2018 SOC）关联到本职业，对应关系为全部或部分对应

    来源数据集（PDF 文件下载）

该来源发布的是什么性质的数值

BLS的类别是相对排位而非绝对水平，也不是一手测量：它把多项已发表研究给出的职业百分位排名归并为四个等级。它不是就业或工资预测，不是采用概率，也不区分自动化与增强。

Task-level exposure

显示隐藏的 9 项工作

已评分任务 19 项 · β ≥ 0.5 的任务 19 项（100.0%）

β = 直接暴露（E1）+ 0.5 × 借助工具时的暴露（E2），依据原始代码库的定义。

  • 原始单位：O*NET 27.2 任务 → O*NET 31.0 职业代码
  • 已评分任务中有 1 项不在 O*NET 31.0 任务列表中，其分数按 O*NET 27.2 的发布值保留。
来源
OpenAI "GPTs are GPTs" exposure rubric
版本
gh-main-0471612
许可
MIT License, Copyright (c) 2024 OpenAI
Task (O*NET 20.1)Claude.aiRaw / share %APIRaw / share %
Answer customers' questions about products, prices, availability, product uses, and credit terms.

41-4012.00

0.139784.70.104450.2
Recommend products to customers, based on customers' needs and interests.

41-4012.00

0.00975.90.01426.8
Monitor market conditions, product innovations, and competitors' products, prices, and sales.

41-4012.00

0.00925.60.01587.6
Perform administrative duties, such as preparing sales budgets and reports, keeping sales records, and filing expense account reports.

41-4012.00

0.00392.40.032815.8
Plan, assemble, and stock product displays in retail stores, or make recommendations to retailers regarding product displays, promotional programs, and advertising.

41-4012.00

0.00231.40.00241.2
Identify prospective customers by using business directories, following leads from existing clients, participating in organizations and clubs, and attending trade shows and conferences.
—00.01105.3
Contact regular and prospective customers to demonstrate products, explain product features, and solicit orders.
—00.00904.3
Consult with clients after sales or contract signings to resolve problems and to provide ongoing support.
—00.00904.3
Estimate or quote prices, credit or contract terms, warranties, and delivery dates.
—00.00472.2
Prepare sales contracts and order forms.
—00.00251.2
Obtain credit information about prospective customers.
—00.00201.0

Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Anthropic Economic Index, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page

O*NET 31.0 全部任务（18 项）

本职业在 O*NET 31.0 中的全部任务（英文原文；任务类型为核心或补充）。暴露值不列在此清单中，而在上方表格里，位于各来源所用 O*NET 版本的任务表述旁。

任务（O*NET 31.0）类型
Answer customers' questions about products, prices, availability, product uses, and credit terms.核心
Recommend products to customers, based on customers' needs and interests.核心
Contact regular and prospective customers to demonstrate products, explain product features, and solicit orders.核心
Estimate or quote prices, credit or contract terms, warranties, and delivery dates.核心
Consult with clients after sales or contract signings to resolve problems and to provide ongoing support.核心
Provide customers with product samples and catalogs.核心
Identify prospective customers by using business directories, following leads from existing clients, participating in organizations and clubs, and attending trade shows and conferences.核心
Monitor market conditions, product innovations, and competitors' products, prices, and sales.核心
Perform administrative duties, such as preparing sales budgets and reports, keeping sales records, and filing expense account reports.核心
Prepare sales contracts and order forms.核心
Prepare drawings, estimates, and bids that meet specific customer needs.补充
Arrange and direct delivery and installation of products and equipment.补充
Obtain credit information about prospective customers.补充
Forward orders to manufacturers.补充
Check stock levels and reorder merchandise as necessary.补充
Plan, assemble, and stock product displays in retail stores, or make recommendations to retailers regarding product displays, promotional programs, and advertising.补充
Negotiate with retail merchants to improve product exposure, such as shelf positioning and advertising.补充
Negotiate details of contracts and payments.补充

职业信息

就业展望（BLS）

就业人数，2025
1.3M
预计就业人数，2035
1.3M
变化 (2025–35)
-0.9%
年薪中位数，2025
$72,080
入职通常所需学历
High school diploma or equivalent
最低 $30,890BLS EP 2025–35 中 825 个细分职业的工资中位数范围最高 $559,030

来源: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections 2025–35 — Employment by detailed occupation, 2025 and projected 2035

韩国职业分类关联（KSCO）

来自 AI Changing Work 制作的 Korea Occupation Direct Crosswalk v1.1 当前版本的关联。关系值从 O*NET-SOC 职业一侧解读。

KSCO 代码KSCO 名称关系状态
51021건축자재 영업원本职业范围更宽已审核
51022식품 영업원本职业范围更宽已审核
51029그 외 제품 영업원本职业范围更宽已审核
28420해외 영업원有重叠，但不相同已确认
51092체인점 모집 및 관리 영업원相关，但不对应已确认

关系与状态的定义(kr-direct v1.1)

国际劳工组织（ILO）职业说明

以下 ISCO-08 职业组由 AI Changing Work 原样套用美国劳工统计局（BLS）发布的对照表（2018 SOC→2010 SOC、2010 SOC→ISCO-08）、不逐案取舍，与本职业相关联；每项关联可能是完全对应，也可能是部分对应。

  • ISCO-08 3322Commercial Sales Representatives

    商业销售代表

自行翻译

自行翻译 · 非 ISCO 官方词汇 — 未经国际劳工组织审核。

以下定义、任务和职业示例是 ILO 对该 ISCO-08 职业组的描述，而不是对本职业的描述。

Commercial sales representatives represent companies to sell various goods and services to businesses and other organizations and provide product-specific information as required.

任务

  • (a) soliciting orders and selling goods to retail, industrial, wholesale and other establishments;
  • (b) selling equipment, supplies and related services to business establishments or individuals;
  • (c) obtaining and updating knowledge of market conditions and of employer’s and competitors’ goods and services;
  • (d) providing prospective customers with information about the characteristics and functions of the products and equipment for sale, and demonstrating its use or qualities;
  • (e) quoting prices and credit terms, recording orders and arranging deliveries;
  • (f) reporting customers’ reactions and requirements to suppliers and manufacturers;
  • (g) following up clients to ensure satisfaction with products purchased.

职业示例

After-sales service adviser · Canvasser · Commercial traveller

Sources: ILO ISCO-08 — details: Credits

ESCO 职业词汇

以下每一项都是在已公开的ESCO-O*NET Crosswalk（第 1 版，2022 年）中与本职业逐项对应的。对应类型出自该对照表；表述出自 AI Changing Work。

  • client relations managerESCO 2431.6本职业范围更窄

    Client relations managers act as the middle person between a company and its customers. They ensure that the customers are satisfied by providing them with guidance and explanation on their accounts and services received by the company. They also have possible other tasks such as developing plans or delivering proposals.

  • commercial sales representativeESCO 3322.1本职业范围更窄

    Commercial sales representatives represent a company in selling and providing information on goods and services to businesses and organisations.

  • technical sales representativeESCO 2433.6本职业范围更宽

    Technical sales representatives act for a business to sell its merchandise while providing technical insight for customers.

  • technical sales representative in agricultural machinery and equipmentESCO 2433.6.1本职业范围更宽

    Technical sales representatives in agricultural machinery and equipment act for a business to sell its merchandise while providing technical insight for customers.

  • technical sales representative in chemical productsESCO 2433.6.2本职业范围更宽

    Technical sales representatives in chemical products act for a business to sell its merchandise while providing technical insight for customers.

  • technical sales representative in electronic and telecommunications equipmentESCO 2434.4本职业范围更宽

    Technical sales representatives in electronic and telecommunications equipment act for a business to sell its merchandise while providing technical insight for customers.

  • technical sales representative in machinery and industrial equipmentESCO 2433.6.4本职业范围更宽

    Technical sales representatives in machinery and industrial equipment act for a business to sell its merchandise while providing technical insight for customers.

  • technical sales representative in mining and construction machineryESCO 2433.6.5本职业范围更宽

    Technical sales representatives in mining and construction machinery act for a business to sell its merchandise while providing technical insight for customers.

  • technical sales representative in office machinery and equipmentESCO 2433.6.6本职业范围更宽

    Technical sales representatives in office machinery and equipment act for a business to sell its merchandise while providing technical insight for customers.

  • technical sales representative in the textile machinery industryESCO 2433.6.7本职业范围更宽

    Technical sales representatives in the textile machinery industry act for a business to sell its merchandise while providing technical insight for customers.

  • wholesale merchantESCO 3324.4本职业范围更宽

    Wholesale merchants investigate potential wholesale buyers and suppliers and match their needs. They conclude trades involving large quantities of goods.

  • wholesale merchant in agricultural raw materials, seeds and animal feedsESCO 3324.4.2本职业范围更宽

    Wholesale merchants in agricultural raw materials, seeds and animal feeds investigate potential wholesale buyers and suppliers and match their needs. They conclude trades involving large quantities of goods.

另有 23 项

来源: European Commission, DG EMPL — ESCO API 2026-08-08 (bridge v1.2.1)

许可: CC BY 4.0 (EU Reuse Notice)

查看原文

ESCO reuse terms and the modification notice are in Credits.

法国职业分类关联（ROME）

本职业与 ROME 4.0 职业条目（fiche）之间的关联，由 AI Changing Work 借助 AI 模型判定。关系从本职业一侧解读。标为「暂定」的关联仅凭同一模型系列（Claude）两位判定者的判定采纳，或对其判定适用运营方规则后采纳，因此其依据弱于已确认的关联。

ROME 代码ROME 名称（法语）关系
D1107Vendeur / Vendeuse grossiste en produits frais本职业范围更宽
D1113Commercial itinérant / Commerciale itinérante en entreprise de commerce de gros本职业范围更宽
D1444Responsable grands comptes本职业范围更宽
D1213Vendeur / Vendeuse grossiste en équipement du foyer本职业范围更宽暂定
D1419Courtier / Courtière en vins本职业范围更宽暂定
D1433Commercial / Commerciale export本职业范围更宽暂定
D1439Représentant / Représentante en biens et en services auprès des entreprises有重叠，但不相同
D1119Mareyeur / Mareyeuse相关，但不对应
D1421Conseiller commercial / Conseillère commerciale en véhicules industriels相关，但不对应暂定
D1425Conseiller vendeur / Conseillère vendeuse de véhicules poids lourds相关，但不对应暂定
D1427Conseiller vendeur / Conseillère vendeuse d'autocars相关，但不对应暂定

Source: France Travail — Répertoire Opérationnel des Métiers et des Emplois (ROME 4.0), version 61, last updated 15 June 2026 (https://www.data.gouv.fr/datasets/repertoire-operationnel-des-metiers-et-des-emplois-rome). Licence Ouverte 2.0.

ROME codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET-SOC occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a France Travail correspondence.

(AI Changing Work link release: fr-direct v1)

西班牙职业分类关联（CNO-11）

本职业与 CNO-11 职业之间的关联，由 AI Changing Work 借助 AI 模型判定。关系从本职业一侧解读。

CNO-11 代码CNO-11 名称（西班牙语）关系
3510Agentes y representantes comerciales范围相同暂定

Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), National Classification of Occupations 2011 (CNO-11, Royal Decree 1591/2010) — www.ine.es · Licensed CC BY 4.0. CNO-11 codes and Spanish titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not an INE correspondence.

(AI Changing Work link release: es-direct v1)

德国职业分类关联（KldB）

本职业与 KldB 职业之间的关联，由 AI Changing Work 借助 AI 模型判定。关系从本职业一侧解读。

KldB 代码KldB 名称（德语）关系
61123Berufe im Vertrieb (außer Informations- und Kommunikationstechnologien) - komplexe Spezialistentätigkeiten本职业范围更窄
61212Kaufleute im Groß- und Außenhandel - fachlich ausgerichtete Tätigkeiten有重叠，但不相同暂定
61122Berufe im Vertrieb (außer Informations- und Kommunikationstechnologien) - fachlich ausgerichtete Tätigkeiten相关，但不对应
61133Handelsmakler/innen und Auktionatoren/Auktionatorinnen - komplexe Spezialistentätigkeiten相关，但不对应暂定
61213Kaufleute im Groß- und Außenhandel - komplexe Spezialistentätigkeiten相关，但不对应暂定

Source: © Statistik der Bundesagentur für Arbeit — Klassifikation der Berufe 2010 – überarbeitete Fassung 2020, https://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de. KldB codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own mapping (eigene Zuordnung) and are not a Bundesagentur für Arbeit correspondence.

(AI Changing Work link release: de-direct v1)

日本职业分类关联（JSCO）

本职业与 JSCO 职业之间的关联，由 AI Changing Work 借助 AI 模型判定。关系从本职业一侧解读。

JSCO 代码JSCO 名称（日语）关系
341食料品営業職業従事者本职业范围更宽
349その他の営業職業従事者有重叠，但不相同
342化学品営業職業従事者相关，但不对应
344機械器具営業職業従事者（通信機械器具を除く）相关，但不对应

Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC), Japan Standard Occupational Classification (Dec. 2009, MIC Notification No. 555). JSCO codes and Japanese titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a MIC correspondence.

(AI Changing Work link release: jp-direct v1)

本页数据的来源与许可，以及 AI Changing Work 的修改与翻译说明：致谢与来源