Highway Maintenance Workers

Construction and Extraction Occupations
O*NET-SOC 代码
47-4051.00

Maintain highways, municipal and rural roads, airport runways, and rights-of-way. Duties include patching broken or eroded pavement and repairing guard rails, highway markers, and snow fences. May also mow or clear brush from along road, or plow snow from roadway.

  • 数据来源: BLS发布时间: 2026-08

    低· 相对

    低四级相对区间很高

    职业群单位数值

    尺度 · 母数 · 来源

    四级相对类别（低 / 中等 / 高 / 很高）

    以BLS就业预测表中831个细分职业为基数。取值按 NEM（全国就业矩阵）代码给定，因此共用同一 NEM 代码的职业得到相同分档

    来源数据集（XLSX 文件下载）

  • 数据来源: Anthropic发布时间: 2026-03

    0.000

    0.000此处所载数值的范围0.745
    尺度 · 母数 · 来源

    观测暴露度指数，按发布原值0–1

    以O*NET任务映射为基准

    按 SOC 2018 职业发布的数值；具有相同 SOC 2018 代码的所有 O*NET 职业均显示此值

    来源数据集（CSV 文件下载）

  • 数据来源: ILO发布时间: 2025

    0.09

    0.09此处所载数值的范围0.70

    职业群单位数值

    尺度 · 母数 · 来源

    生成式AI暴露度指数，按发布原值0–1

    按 ISCO-08 细类（4 位）发布的数值。按原样应用美国劳工统计局（BLS）的官方对照表（ISCO-08→2010 SOC、2010 SOC→2018 SOC）关联到本职业，对应关系为全部或部分对应

    来源数据集（PDF 文件下载）

该来源发布的是什么性质的数值

BLS的类别是相对排位而非绝对水平，也不是一手测量：它把多项已发表研究给出的职业百分位排名归并为四个等级。它不是就业或工资预测，不是采用概率，也不区分自动化与增强。

Task-level exposure

显示隐藏的 18 项工作

已评分任务 19 项 · β ≥ 0.5 的任务 1 项（5.3%）

β = 直接暴露（E1）+ 0.5 × 借助工具时的暴露（E2），依据原始代码库的定义。

  • 原始单位：O*NET 27.2 任务 → O*NET 31.0 职业代码
  • 所有已评分任务均在 O*NET 31.0 任务列表中。
来源
OpenAI "GPTs are GPTs" exposure rubric
版本
gh-main-0471612
许可
MIT License, Copyright (c) 2024 OpenAI

Values in this tab are predicted labels, not observations. Eloundou et al. (2023) published two rating regimes — human raters and GPT-4 — and the β shown here is derived from the GPT-4 rater basis alone; the same task can take a different value under the other regime.

Task (O*NET 27.2)βE1 + 0.5 × E2
Inspect markers to verify accurate installation.

O*NET Task ID 4883

0.5

β = E1 + 0.5 × E2 · E1 = tasks where direct LLM access alone cuts time by at least 50%, E2 = tasks where software built on top of an LLM cuts time by at least 50%. Values take only 0 / 0.5 / 1.0.

Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page

O*NET 31.0 全部任务（19 项）

本职业在 O*NET 31.0 中的全部任务（英文原文；任务类型为核心或补充）。暴露值不列在此清单中，而在上方表格里，位于各来源所用 O*NET 版本的任务表述旁。

任务（O*NET 31.0）类型
Flag motorists to warn them of obstacles or repair work ahead.核心
Set out signs and cones around work areas to divert traffic.核心
Dump, spread, and tamp asphalt, using pneumatic tampers, to repair joints and patch broken pavement.核心
Drive trucks to transport crews and equipment to work sites.核心
Inspect, clean, and repair drainage systems, bridges, tunnels, and other structures.核心
Haul and spread sand, gravel, and clay to fill washouts and repair road shoulders.核心
Erect, install, or repair guardrails, road shoulders, berms, highway markers, warning signals, and highway lighting, using hand tools and power tools.核心
Remove litter and debris from roadways, including debris from rock and mud slides.核心
Clean and clear debris from culverts, catch basins, drop inlets, ditches, and other drain structures.核心
Perform roadside landscaping work, such as clearing weeds and brush, and planting and trimming trees.核心
Perform preventative maintenance on vehicles and heavy equipment.核心
Drive heavy equipment and vehicles with adjustable attachments to sweep debris from paved surfaces, mow grass and weeds, remove snow and ice, and spread salt and sand.核心
Paint traffic control lines and place pavement traffic messages, by hand or using machines.补充
Inspect markers to verify accurate installation.补充
Apply poisons along roadsides and in animal burrows to eliminate unwanted roadside vegetation and rodents.补充
Measure and mark locations for installation of markers, using tape, string, or chalk.补充
Apply oil to road surfaces, using sprayers.补充
Blend compounds to form adhesive mixtures used for marker installation.补充
Place and remove snow fences used to prevent the accumulation of drifting snow on highways.补充

职业信息

就业展望（BLS）

就业人数，2025
162K
预计就业人数，2035
167K
变化 (2025–35)
+3.4%
年薪中位数，2025
$50,260
入职通常所需学历
High school diploma or equivalent
最低 $30,890BLS EP 2025–35 中 825 个细分职业的工资中位数范围最高 $559,030

来源: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections 2025–35 — Employment by detailed occupation, 2025 and projected 2035

韩国职业分类关联（KSCO）

来自 AI Changing Work 制作的 Korea Occupation Direct Crosswalk v1.1 当前版本的关联。关系值从 O*NET-SOC 职业一侧解读。

KSCO 代码KSCO 名称关系状态
91001건설 단순 종사원相关，但不对应已确认
94130거리 및 공공장소 청소원相关，但不对应已确认

关系与状态的定义(kr-direct v1.1)

国际劳工组织（ILO）职业说明

以下 ISCO-08 职业组由 AI Changing Work 原样套用美国劳工统计局（BLS）发布的对照表（2018 SOC→2010 SOC、2010 SOC→ISCO-08）、不逐案取舍，与本职业相关联；每项关联可能是完全对应，也可能是部分对应。

  • ISCO-08 9312Civil Engineering Labourers

    土木工程辅助工

自行翻译

自行翻译 · 非 ISCO 官方词汇 — 未经国际劳工组织审核。

以下定义、任务和职业示例是 ILO 对该 ISCO-08 职业组的描述，而不是对本职业的描述。

Civil engineering labourers perform routine tasks in connection with the building and maintenance of roads, railways, dams and other civil engineering projects.

任务

  • (a) digging and filling holes and trenches using hand held tools;
  • (b) shovelling and spreading gravel and related materials;
  • (c) trimming and cutting rocks and concrete and bitumen surfaces using jack-hammers;
  • (d) loading and unloading construction materials, excavated material and equipment and transporting them around construction sites using wheelbarrows and hand trucks;
  • (e) cleaning worksites and removing obstructions.

职业示例

Construction labourer (civil engineering) · Earthmoving labourer · Maintenance labourer (dams)

Sources: ILO ISCO-08 — details: Credits

ESCO 职业词汇

以下每一项都是在已公开的ESCO-O*NET Crosswalk（第 1 版，2022 年）中与本职业逐项对应的。对应类型出自该对照表；表述出自 AI Changing Work。

  • road maintenance workerESCO 9312.1.3范围相同

    Road maintenance workers perform routine inspections of roads, and are sent out to perform repairs when called for. They patch potholes, cracks and other damage in roads.

  • road markerESCO 9312.1.4本职业范围更宽

    Road markers apply markings to roads to increase safety, indicate traffic regulations, and help road users find the way. They use different pieces of machinery to paint lines onto the road and install other markings such as reflective cat's eyes.

  • road sign installerESCO 9312.1.5本职业范围更宽

    Road sign installers take road signs to the specified location and erect it. The installers may drill a hole into the ground, or remove existing paving to access the soil. They may anchor heavy signs in concrete.

  • snow-clearing workerESCO 8342.9本职业范围更宽

    Snow-clearing workers operate trucks and plows to remove snow and ice from public sidewalks, streets and other locations. They also dump salt and sand on the ground to de-ice the concerning locations.

  • civil engineering workerESCO 9312.1有重叠，但不相同

    Civil engineering workers perform tasks concerning the cleaning and preparation of construction sites for civil engineering projects. This includes the work on building and maintenance of roads, railways and dams.

  • road construction workerESCO 8342.6有重叠，但不相同

    Road construction workers perform road construction on earthworks, substructure works and the pavement section of the road. They cover the compacted soil with one or more layers. Road construction workers usually lay a stabilising bed of sand or clay first before adding asphalt or concrete slabs in order to finish a road.

  • road maintenance technicianESCO 3112.1.11有重叠，但不相同

    Road maintenance technicians inspect and manage roads in enclosed areas for maintenance and repair. They help to relieve traffic safely and smoothly, and check if traffic signs, roads and pavements are in good condition.

  • road roller operatorESCO 8342.7有重叠，但不相同

    Road roller operators work with equipment to compact a variety of materials, such as soil, gravel, concrete or asphalt, in the construction of roads and foundations. They walk behind, or sit on top of the road roller, depending on the type and size, and roll over the area to be compacted.

来源: European Commission, DG EMPL — ESCO API 2026-08-08 (bridge v1.2.1)

许可: CC BY 4.0 (EU Reuse Notice)

查看原文

ESCO reuse terms and the modification notice are in Credits.

法国职业分类关联（ROME）

本职业与 ROME 4.0 职业条目（fiche）之间的关联，由 AI Changing Work 借助 AI 模型判定。关系从本职业一侧解读。标为「暂定」的关联仅凭同一模型系列（Claude）两位判定者的判定采纳，或对其判定适用运营方规则后采纳，因此其依据弱于已确认的关联。

ROME 代码ROME 名称（法语）关系
I1202Agent / Agente d'exploitation de la voirie本职业范围更窄暂定
I1208Patrouilleur autoroutier / Patrouilleuse autoroutière本职业范围更宽暂定
F1702Ouvrier / Ouvrière en voieries urbaines相关，但不对应暂定

Source: France Travail — Répertoire Opérationnel des Métiers et des Emplois (ROME 4.0), version 61, last updated 15 June 2026 (https://www.data.gouv.fr/datasets/repertoire-operationnel-des-metiers-et-des-emplois-rome). Licence Ouverte 2.0.

ROME codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET-SOC occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a France Travail correspondence.

(AI Changing Work link release: fr-direct v1)

西班牙职业分类关联（CNO-11）

本职业与 CNO-11 职业之间的关联，由 AI Changing Work 借助 AI 模型判定。关系从本职业一侧解读。

CNO-11 代码CNO-11 名称（西班牙语）关系
9601Peones de obras públicas本职业范围更窄暂定
8331Operadores de maquinaria de movimientos de tierras y equipos similares相关，但不对应暂定

Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), National Classification of Occupations 2011 (CNO-11, Royal Decree 1591/2010) — www.ine.es · Licensed CC BY 4.0. CNO-11 codes and Spanish titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not an INE correspondence.

(AI Changing Work link release: es-direct v1)

德国职业分类关联（KldB）

本职业与 KldB 职业之间的关联，由 AI Changing Work 借助 AI 模型判定。关系从本职业一侧解读。

KldB 代码KldB 名称（德语）关系
51212Straßen- und Tunnelwärter/innen - fachlich ausgerichtete Tätigkeiten范围相同暂定
32201Berufe im Tiefbau (ohne Spezialisierung) - Helfer-/Anlerntätigkeiten相关，但不对应暂定

Source: © Statistik der Bundesagentur für Arbeit — Klassifikation der Berufe 2010 – überarbeitete Fassung 2020, https://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de. KldB codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own mapping (eigene Zuordnung) and are not a Bundesagentur für Arbeit correspondence.

(AI Changing Work link release: de-direct v1)

日本职业分类关联（JSCO）

本职业与 JSCO 职业之间的关联，由 AI Changing Work 借助 AI 模型判定。关系从本职业一侧解读。

JSCO 代码JSCO 名称（日语）关系
681土木従事者本职业范围更窄

Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC), Japan Standard Occupational Classification (Dec. 2009, MIC Notification No. 555). JSCO codes and Japanese titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a MIC correspondence.

(AI Changing Work link release: jp-direct v1)

本页数据的来源与许可，以及 AI Changing Work 的修改与翻译说明：致谢与来源