Printing Press Operators
Production Occupations- O*NET-SOC 代码
- 51-5112.00
Set up and operate digital, letterpress, lithographic, flexographic, gravure, or other printing machines. Includes short-run offset printing presses.
- 数据来源: BLS发布时间: 2026-08
中等· 相对
低四级相对区间很高职业群单位数值
尺度 · 母数 · 来源
四级相对类别（低 / 中等 / 高 / 很高）
以BLS就业预测表中831个细分职业为基数。取值按 NEM（全国就业矩阵）代码给定，因此共用同一 NEM 代码的职业得到相同分档
- 数据来源: Anthropic发布时间: 2026-03
0.000
0.000此处所载数值的范围0.745尺度 · 母数 · 来源
- 数据来源: ILO发布时间: 2025
0.25
0.09此处所载数值的范围0.70职业群单位数值
尺度 · 母数 · 来源
生成式AI暴露度指数，按发布原值0–1
按 ISCO-08 细类（4 位）发布的数值。按原样应用美国劳工统计局（BLS）的官方对照表（ISCO-08→2010 SOC、2010 SOC→2018 SOC）关联到本职业，对应关系为全部或部分对应
该来源发布的是什么性质的数值
BLS的类别是相对排位而非绝对水平，也不是一手测量：它把多项已发表研究给出的职业百分位排名归并为四个等级。它不是就业或工资预测，不是采用概率，也不区分自动化与增强。
Task-level exposure
显示隐藏的 22 项工作已评分任务 23 项 · β ≥ 0.5 的任务 10 项（43.5%）
β = 直接暴露（E1）+ 0.5 × 借助工具时的暴露（E2），依据原始代码库的定义。
- 原始单位：O*NET 27.2 任务 → O*NET 31.0 职业代码
- 所有已评分任务均在 O*NET 31.0 任务列表中。
- 来源
- OpenAI "GPTs are GPTs" exposure rubric
- 版本
- gh-main-0471612
- 许可
- MIT License, Copyright (c) 2024 OpenAI
| Task (O*NET 20.1) | Claude.aiRaw / share % |
|---|---|
Adjust digital files to alter print elements, such as fonts, graphics, or color separations.51-5112.00 | 0.0055100.0 |
Values in this tab are predicted labels, not observations. Eloundou et al. (2023) published two rating regimes — human raters and GPT-4 — and the β shown here is derived from the GPT-4 rater basis alone; the same task can take a different value under the other regime. The unit and the meaning differ from the observed shares (%) in the other tabs, so do not place them on the same axis.
| Task (O*NET 27.2) | βE1 + 0.5 × E2 |
|---|---|
Download or scan files to be printed, using printing production software.O*NET Task ID 19422 | 1.0 |
Input production job settings into workstation terminals that control automated printing systems.O*NET Task ID 19425 | 1.0 |
Control workflow scheduling or job tracking, using computer database software.O*NET Task ID 19432 | 1.0 |
Download completed jobs to archive media so that questions can be answered or jobs replicated.O*NET Task ID 19434 | 1.0 |
Maintain time or production records.O*NET Task ID 19435 | 1.0 |
Adjust digital files to alter print elements, such as fonts, graphics, or color separations.O*NET Task ID 19416 | 0.5 |
Collect and inspect random samples during print runs to identify any necessary adjustments.O*NET Task ID 19421 | 0.5 |
Monitor automated press operation systems and respond to fault, error, or alert messages.O*NET Task ID 19427 | 0.5 |
Verify that paper and ink meet the specifications for a given job.O*NET Task ID 19431 | 0.5 |
Monitor inventory levels on a regular basis, ordering or requesting additional supplies, as necessary.O*NET Task ID 19437 | 0.5 |
β = E1 + 0.5 × E2 · E1 = tasks where direct LLM access alone cuts time by at least 50%, E2 = tasks where software built on top of an LLM cuts time by at least 50%. Values take only 0 / 0.5 / 1.0.
Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Anthropic Economic Index, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page
O*NET 31.0 全部任务（23 项）
本职业在 O*NET 31.0 中的全部任务（英文原文；任务类型为核心或补充）。暴露值不列在此清单中，而在上方表格里，位于各来源所用 O*NET 版本的任务表述旁。
| 任务（O*NET 31.0） | 类型 |
|---|---|
| Adjust ink fountain flow rates. | 核心 |
| Change press plates, blankets, or cylinders, as required. | 核心 |
| Clean ink fountains, plates, or printing unit cylinders when press runs are completed. | 核心 |
| Clean or oil presses or make minor repairs, using hand tools. | 核心 |
| Collect and inspect random samples during print runs to identify any necessary adjustments. | 核心 |
| Examine job orders to determine quantities to be printed, stock specifications, colors, or special printing instructions. | 核心 |
| Feed paper through press cylinders and adjust feed and tension controls. | 核心 |
| Input production job settings into workstation terminals that control automated printing systems. | 核心 |
| Load presses with paper and make necessary adjustments, according to paper size. | 核心 |
| Monitor automated press operation systems and respond to fault, error, or alert messages. | 核心 |
| Obtain or mix inks and fill ink fountains. | 核心 |
| Secure printing plates to printing units and adjust tolerances. | 核心 |
| Start presses and pull proofs to check for ink coverage and density, alignment, and registration. | 核心 |
| Verify that paper and ink meet the specifications for a given job. | 核心 |
| Maintain time or production records. | 核心 |
| Monitor environmental factors, such as humidity and temperature, that may impact equipment performance and make necessary adjustments. | 核心 |
| Monitor inventory levels on a regular basis, ordering or requesting additional supplies, as necessary. | 核心 |
| Adjust digital files to alter print elements, such as fonts, graphics, or color separations. | 补充 |
| Download or scan files to be printed, using printing production software. | 补充 |
| Control workflow scheduling or job tracking, using computer database software. | 补充 |
| Direct or monitor work of press crews. | 补充 |
| Download completed jobs to archive media so that questions can be answered or jobs replicated. | 补充 |
| Set up or operate auxiliary equipment, such as cutting, folding, plate-making, drilling, or laminating machines. | 补充 |
0.96/ 3· 机器人暴露指数
尺度 · 母数 · 来源
对每项体力任务，按已实际部署、销售或演示的机器人能够完成它的环境评定 0–3 级（0 不可 · 1 围栏式机器单元、灌装线等机器人专用设施 · 2 医院药房、集装箱港口等受管理的设施 · 3 私人住宅、建筑工地等非结构化环境），再按工作时间占比求平均
以该职业 O*NET 29.3 任务中的体力任务为准
等级与时间占比由 Anthropic 使用 Claude Opus 5（网络搜索）估算（截至 2026 年）。
机器人暴露指数与本站的 AI 暴露度是不同的指标，不能相加或相互比较。该指数不代表实际采用情况或成本竞争力，0 也包括没有体力任务的职业。
每项体力任务的等级
机器人环境等级（E0–E3）
E0 机器人不可详情
评定为已实际部署、销售或演示的机器人即使在机器人专用设施中也无法完成
E1 机器人专用设施详情
评定为可在围绕机器搭建的设施中完成，例如围栏式机器单元或灌装线
E2 受管理的设施详情
评定为可在由机构按工作标准维护的人类工作设施中完成，例如医院药房或集装箱港口
E3 非结构化环境详情
评定为可在没有机构按工作标准维护的环境中完成，例如私人住宅或建筑工地
仅列出被归类为体力任务的任务；其他任务在来源中没有等级。
| 任务（O*NET 29.3） | 机器人环境等级 |
|---|---|
| Adjust ink fountain flow rates. | E2 受管理的设施 |
| Change press plates, blankets, or cylinders, as required. | E1 机器人专用设施 |
| Clean ink fountains, plates, or printing unit cylinders when press runs are completed. | E1 机器人专用设施 |
| Clean or oil presses or make minor repairs, using hand tools. | E1 机器人专用设施 |
| Collect and inspect random samples during print runs to identify any necessary adjustments. | E1 机器人专用设施 |
| Feed paper through press cylinders and adjust feed and tension controls. | E2 受管理的设施 |
| Load presses with paper and make necessary adjustments, according to paper size. | E2 受管理的设施 |
| Monitor automated press operation systems and respond to fault, error, or alert messages. | E0 机器人不可 |
| Obtain or mix inks and fill ink fountains. | E2 受管理的设施 |
| Secure printing plates to printing units and adjust tolerances. | E1 机器人专用设施 |
| Start presses and pull proofs to check for ink coverage and density, alignment, and registration. | E2 受管理的设施 |
| Verify that paper and ink meet the specifications for a given job. | E1 机器人专用设施 |
| Monitor environmental factors, such as humidity and temperature, that may impact equipment performance and make necessary adjustments. | E2 受管理的设施 |
| Set up or operate auxiliary equipment, such as cutting, folding, plate-making, drilling, or laminating machines. | E1 机器人专用设施 |
职业信息
就业展望（BLS）
- 就业人数，2025
- 144K
- 预计就业人数，2035
- 131K
- 变化 (2025–35)
- -8.7%
- 年薪中位数，2025
- $45,780
- 入职通常所需学历
- High school diploma or equivalent
韩国职业分类关联（KSCO）
来自 AI Changing Work 制作的 Korea Occupation Direct Crosswalk v1.1 当前版本的关联。关系值从 O*NET-SOC 职业一侧解读。
| KSCO 代码 | KSCO 名称 | 关系 | 状态 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 89210 | 인쇄 관련 기계 조작원 | 本职业范围更窄 | 已确认 |
| 82123 | 날염기 조작원 | 本职业范围更宽 | 已确认 |
关系与状态的定义(kr-direct v1.1)
国际劳工组织（ILO）职业说明
以下 ISCO-08 职业组由 AI Changing Work 原样套用美国劳工统计局（BLS）发布的对照表（2018 SOC→2010 SOC、2010 SOC→ISCO-08）、不逐案取舍，与本职业相关联；每项关联可能是完全对应，也可能是部分对应。
- ISCO-08 7322Printers
印刷工
自行翻译
自行翻译 · 非 ISCO 官方词汇 — 未经国际劳工组织审核。
Sources: ILO ISCO-08 — details: Credits
ESCO 职业词汇
以下每一项都是在已公开的ESCO-O*NET Crosswalk（第 1 版，2022 年）中与本职业逐项对应的。对应类型出自该对照表；表述出自 AI Changing Work。
- digital printerESCO 7322.1本职业范围更宽
Digital printers work with machines that print directly to the medium, without an intervening plate. Digital printers usually use laser or inkjet technology to print individual pages without lengthy or labour intensive technical steps intervening between the finished digital product and the print.
- flexographic press operatorESCO 7322.2本职业范围更宽
Flexographic press operators use flexographic relief plate to print on almost any material. The relief plate is inked and pressed onto the material to be printed.
- gravure press operatorESCO 7322.3本职业范围更宽
Gravure press operators work with gravure presses, where the image is engraved directly on a roll. They set up the press and monitor it during the operation, taking care of safety and resolving problems.
- hot foil operatorESCO 7322.4本职业范围更宽
Hot foil operators tend machines which apply a metallic foil on other materials using pressure cylinders and heating. They also mix colors, set up the appropriate machinery equipment and monitor printing.
- lithographerESCO 7321.1.2本职业范围更宽
Lithographers make and prepare metal plates to be used as the original in various printing processes and media. Plates are usually laser-etched from digital sources with computer-to-plate technology, but can also be made by applying types of emulsions to the printing plate.
- offset printerESCO 7322.5本职业范围更宽
Offset printers handle an offset press in order to print an image. The offset press transfers an inked image from the plate to a rubber blanket before to print it onto the printing surface.
- paper embosing press operatorESCO 7322.6本职业范围更宽
Paper embossing press operators use a press to raise or recess certain areas of the medium, so as to create relief on the print. Two matching engraved dies are placed around the paper and pressure is applied to change the surface of the material.
来源: European Commission, DG EMPL — ESCO API 2026-08-08 (bridge v1.2.1)
许可: CC BY 4.0 (EU Reuse Notice)
ESCO reuse terms and the modification notice are in Credits.
法国职业分类关联（ROME）
本职业与 ROME 4.0 职业条目（fiche）之间的关联，由 AI Changing Work 借助 AI 模型判定。关系从本职业一侧解读。标为「暂定」的关联仅凭同一模型系列（Claude）两位判定者的判定采纳，或对其判定适用运营方规则后采纳，因此其依据弱于已确认的关联。
| ROME 代码 | ROME 名称（法语） | 关系 |
|---|---|---|
| E1301 | Conducteur / Conductrice de machines d'impression | 范围相同 |
| E1316 | Conducteur / Conductrice de machines à sérigraphier | 本职业范围更宽 |
| H2408 | Imprimeur / Imprimeuse textile | 本职业范围更宽暂定 |
| E1308 | Technicien / Technicienne des industries graphiques | 相关，但不对应 |
Source: France Travail — Répertoire Opérationnel des Métiers et des Emplois (ROME 4.0), version 61, last updated 15 June 2026 (https://www.data.gouv.fr/datasets/repertoire-operationnel-des-metiers-et-des-emplois-rome). Licence Ouverte 2.0.
ROME codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET-SOC occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a France Travail correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: fr-direct v1)
西班牙职业分类关联（CNO-11）
本职业与 CNO-11 职业之间的关联，由 AI Changing Work 借助 AI 模型判定。关系从本职业一侧解读。
| CNO-11 代码 | CNO-11 名称（西班牙语） | 关系 |
|---|---|---|
| 7622 | Trabajadores de procesos de impresión | 范围相同暂定 |
Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), National Classification of Occupations 2011 (CNO-11, Royal Decree 1591/2010) — www.ine.es · Licensed CC BY 4.0. CNO-11 codes and Spanish titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not an INE correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: es-direct v1)
德国职业分类关联（KldB）
本职业与 KldB 职业之间的关联，由 AI Changing Work 借助 AI 模型判定。关系从本职业一侧解读。
| KldB 代码 | KldB 名称（德语） | 关系 |
|---|---|---|
| 23412 | Berufe in der Drucktechnik - fachlich ausgerichtete Tätigkeiten | 范围相同暂定 |
| 23411 | Berufe in der Drucktechnik - Helfer-/Anlerntätigkeiten | 相关，但不对应暂定 |
Source: © Statistik der Bundesagentur für Arbeit — Klassifikation der Berufe 2010 – überarbeitete Fassung 2020, https://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de. KldB codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own mapping (eigene Zuordnung) and are not a Bundesagentur für Arbeit correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: de-direct v1)
日本职业分类关联（JSCO）
本职业与 JSCO 职业之间的关联，由 AI Changing Work 借助 AI 模型判定。关系从本职业一侧解读。
| JSCO 代码 | JSCO 名称（日语） | 关系 |
|---|---|---|
| 537 | 印刷・製本従事者 | 本职业范围更窄 |
| 507 | 印刷・製本設備制御・監視員 | 有重叠，但不相同 |
Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC), Japan Standard Occupational Classification (Dec. 2009, MIC Notification No. 555). JSCO codes and Japanese titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a MIC correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: jp-direct v1)
本页数据的来源与许可，以及 AI Changing Work 的修改与翻译说明：致谢与来源