Shoe and Leather Workers and Repairers
Production Occupations- O*NET-SOC 代码
- 51-6041.00
Construct, decorate, or repair leather and leather-like products, such as luggage, shoes, and saddles. May use hand tools.
- 数据来源: BLS发布时间: 2026-08
低· 相对
低四级相对区间很高职业群单位数值
尺度 · 母数 · 来源
四级相对类别（低 / 中等 / 高 / 很高）
以BLS就业预测表中831个细分职业为基数。取值按 NEM（全国就业矩阵）代码给定，因此共用同一 NEM 代码的职业得到相同分档
- 数据来源: Anthropic发布时间: 2026-03
0.000
0.000此处所载数值的范围0.745尺度 · 母数 · 来源
- 数据来源: ILO发布时间: 2025
0.12–0.17· ISCO-08 职业组 3 个
尺度 · 母数 · 来源
生成式AI暴露度指数，按发布原值0–1
按 ISCO-08 细类（4 位）发布的数值。按原样应用美国劳工统计局（BLS）的官方对照表（ISCO-08→2010 SOC、2010 SOC→2018 SOC）关联到本职业，对应关系为全部或部分对应
该来源发布的是什么性质的数值
BLS的类别是相对排位而非绝对水平，也不是一手测量：它把多项已发表研究给出的职业百分位排名归并为四个等级。它不是就业或工资预测，不是采用概率，也不区分自动化与增强。
各关联 ISCO-08 职业组的 ILO 数值
- ISCO-08 7318Handicraft Workers in Textile, Leather and Related Materials0.13
- ISCO-08 7533Sewing, Embroidery and Related Workers0.12
- ISCO-08 7536Shoemakers and Related Workers0.17
Task-level exposure
已评分任务 27 项 · β ≥ 0.5 的任务 4 项（14.8%）
β = 直接暴露（E1）+ 0.5 × 借助工具时的暴露（E2），依据原始代码库的定义。
- 原始单位：O*NET 27.2 任务 → O*NET 31.0 职业代码
- 已评分任务中有 1 项不在 O*NET 31.0 任务列表中，其分数按 O*NET 27.2 的发布值保留。
- 来源
- OpenAI "GPTs are GPTs" exposure rubric
- 版本
- gh-main-0471612
- 许可
- MIT License, Copyright (c) 2024 OpenAI
| Task (O*NET 30.2) | Claude.aiRaw / share % | APIRaw / share % |
|---|---|---|
Estimate the costs of requested products or services such as custom footwear or footwear repair, and receive payment from customers.51-6041.00 | 0.00000.0 | 0.00000.0 |
| Not observed on any surface — 25 task(s) — These tasks have no row in the source for this release. The 0 in the share row is a display-stage composition ratio; absence is what the — in the raw row states. | ||
Cut out parts, following patterns or outlines, using knives, shears, scissors, or machine presses. | —0 | —0 |
Construct, decorate, or repair leather products according to specifications, using sewing machines, needles and thread, leather lacing, glue, clamps, hand tools, or rivets. | —0 | —0 |
Align and stitch or glue materials such as fabric, fleece, leather, or wood, to join parts. | —0 | —0 |
Dye, soak, polish, paint, stamp, stitch, stain, buff, or engrave leather or other materials to obtain desired effects, decorations, or shapes. | —0 | —0 |
Repair and recondition leather products such as trunks, luggage, shoes, saddles, belts, purses, and baseball gloves. | —0 | —0 |
Inspect articles for defects, and remove damaged or worn parts, using hand tools. | —0 | —0 |
Drill or punch holes and insert or attach metal rings, handles, and fastening hardware, such as buckles. | —0 | —0 |
Select materials and patterns, and trace patterns onto materials to be cut out. | —0 | —0 |
Dress and otherwise finish boots or shoes, as by trimming the edges of new soles and heels to the shoe shape. | —0 | —0 |
Attach insoles to shoe lasts, affix shoe uppers, and apply heels and outsoles. | —0 | —0 |
Cement, nail, or sew soles and heels to shoes. | —0 | —0 |
Shape shoe heels with a knife, and sand them on a buffing wheel for smoothness. | —0 | —0 |
Repair or replace soles, heels, and other parts of footwear, using sewing, buffing and other shoe repair machines, materials, and equipment. | —0 | —0 |
Make, modify, and repair orthopedic or therapeutic footwear according to doctors' prescriptions, or modify existing footwear for people with foot problems and special needs. | —0 | —0 |
Place shoes on lasts to remove soles and heels, using knives or pliers. | —0 | —0 |
Clean and polish shoes. | —0 | —0 |
Check the texture, color, and strength of leather to ensure that it is adequate for a particular purpose. | —0 | —0 |
Read prescriptions or specifications, and take measurements to establish the type of product to be made, using calipers, tape measures, or rules. | —0 | —0 |
Attach accessories or ornamentation to decorate or protect products. | —0 | —0 |
Cut, insert, position, and secure paddings, cushioning, or linings, using stitches or glue. | —0 | —0 |
Draw patterns, using measurements, designs, plaster casts, or customer specifications, and position or outline patterns on work pieces. | —0 | —0 |
Stretch shoes, dampening parts and inserting and twisting parts, using an adjustable stretcher. | —0 | —0 |
Nail heel and toe cleats onto shoes. | —0 | —0 |
Prepare inserts, heel pads, and lifts from casts of customers' feet. | —0 | —0 |
Re-sew seams, and replace handles and linings of suitcases or handbags. | —0 | —0 |
Values in this tab are predicted labels, not observations. Eloundou et al. (2023) published two rating regimes — human raters and GPT-4 — and the β shown here is derived from the GPT-4 rater basis alone; the same task can take a different value under the other regime. The unit and the meaning differ from the observed shares (%) in the other tabs, so do not place them on the same axis.
| Task (O*NET 27.2) | βE1 + 0.5 × E2 |
|---|---|
Select materials and patterns, and trace patterns onto materials to be cut out.O*NET Task ID 14066 | 0.5 |
Estimate the costs of requested products or services such as custom footwear or footwear repair, and receive payment from customers.O*NET Task ID 14068 | 0.5 |
Check the texture, color, and strength of leather to ensure that it is adequate for a particular purpose.O*NET Task ID 14077 | 0.5 |
Draw patterns, using measurements, designs, plaster casts, or customer specifications, and position or outline patterns on work pieces.O*NET Task ID 14083 | 0.5 |
Cut out parts, following patterns or outlines, using knives, shears, scissors, or machine presses.O*NET Task ID 14062 | 0.0 |
Construct, decorate, or repair leather products according to specifications, using sewing machines, needles and thread, leather lacing, glue, clamps, hand tools, or rivets.O*NET Task ID 14063 | 0.0 |
Align and stitch or glue materials such as fabric, fleece, leather, or wood, to join parts.O*NET Task ID 14064 | 0.0 |
Dye, soak, polish, paint, stamp, stitch, stain, buff, or engrave leather or other materials to obtain desired effects, decorations, or shapes.O*NET Task ID 14065 | 0.0 |
Dress and otherwise finish boots or shoes, as by trimming the edges of new soles and heels to the shoe shape.O*NET Task ID 14067 | 0.0 |
Attach insoles to shoe lasts, affix shoe uppers, and apply heels and outsoles.O*NET Task ID 14069 | 0.0 |
Cement, nail, or sew soles and heels to shoes.O*NET Task ID 14070 | 0.0 |
Shape shoe heels with a knife, and sand them on a buffing wheel for smoothness.O*NET Task ID 14071 | 0.0 |
Repair or replace soles, heels, and other parts of footwear, using sewing, buffing and other shoe repair machines, materials, and equipment.O*NET Task ID 14072 | 0.0 |
Make, modify, and repair orthopedic or therapeutic footwear according to doctors' prescriptions, or modify existing footwear for people with foot problems and special needs.O*NET Task ID 14073 | 0.0 |
Repair and recondition leather products such as trunks, luggage, shoes, saddles, belts, purses, and baseball gloves.O*NET Task ID 14074 | 0.0 |
Place shoes on lasts to remove soles and heels, using knives or pliers.O*NET Task ID 14075 | 0.0 |
Clean and polish shoes.O*NET Task ID 14076 | 0.0 |
Read prescriptions or specifications, and take measurements to establish the type of product to be made, using calipers, tape measures, or rules.O*NET Task ID 14078 | 0.0 |
Inspect articles for defects, and remove damaged or worn parts, using hand tools.O*NET Task ID 14079 | 0.0 |
Drill or punch holes and insert or attach metal rings, handles, and fastening hardware, such as buckles.O*NET Task ID 14080 | 0.0 |
Attach accessories or ornamentation to decorate or protect products.O*NET Task ID 14081 | 0.0 |
Cut, insert, position, and secure paddings, cushioning, or linings, using stitches or glue.O*NET Task ID 14082 | 0.0 |
Measure customers for fit, and discuss with them the type of footwear to be made, recommending details such as leather quality.O*NET Task ID 14084 | 0.0 |
Stretch shoes, dampening parts and inserting and twisting parts, using an adjustable stretcher.O*NET Task ID 14085 | 0.0 |
Nail heel and toe cleats onto shoes.O*NET Task ID 14086 | 0.0 |
Prepare inserts, heel pads, and lifts from casts of customers' feet.O*NET Task ID 14087 | 0.0 |
Re-sew seams, and replace handles and linings of suitcases or handbags.O*NET Task ID 14088 | 0.0 |
β = E1 + 0.5 × E2 · E1 = tasks where direct LLM access alone cuts time by at least 50%, E2 = tasks where software built on top of an LLM cuts time by at least 50%. Values take only 0 / 0.5 / 1.0.
Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Anthropic Economic Index, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page
O*NET 31.0 全部任务（26 项）
本职业在 O*NET 31.0 中的全部任务（英文原文；任务类型为核心或补充）。暴露值不列在此清单中，而在上方表格里，位于各来源所用 O*NET 版本的任务表述旁。
| 任务（O*NET 31.0） | 类型 |
|---|---|
| Cut out parts, following patterns or outlines, using knives, shears, scissors, or machine presses. | 核心 |
| Construct, decorate, or repair leather products according to specifications, using sewing machines, needles and thread, leather lacing, glue, clamps, hand tools, or rivets. | 核心 |
| Align and stitch or glue materials such as fabric, fleece, leather, or wood, to join parts. | 核心 |
| Dye, soak, polish, paint, stamp, stitch, stain, buff, or engrave leather or other materials to obtain desired effects, decorations, or shapes. | 核心 |
| Repair and recondition leather products such as trunks, luggage, shoes, saddles, belts, purses, and baseball gloves. | 核心 |
| Inspect articles for defects, and remove damaged or worn parts, using hand tools. | 核心 |
| Drill or punch holes and insert or attach metal rings, handles, and fastening hardware, such as buckles. | 核心 |
| Select materials and patterns, and trace patterns onto materials to be cut out. | 补充 |
| Dress and otherwise finish boots or shoes, as by trimming the edges of new soles and heels to the shoe shape. | 补充 |
| Estimate the costs of requested products or services such as custom footwear or footwear repair, and receive payment from customers. | 补充 |
| Attach insoles to shoe lasts, affix shoe uppers, and apply heels and outsoles. | 补充 |
| Cement, nail, or sew soles and heels to shoes. | 补充 |
| Shape shoe heels with a knife, and sand them on a buffing wheel for smoothness. | 补充 |
| Repair or replace soles, heels, and other parts of footwear, using sewing, buffing and other shoe repair machines, materials, and equipment. | 补充 |
| Make, modify, and repair orthopedic or therapeutic footwear according to doctors' prescriptions, or modify existing footwear for people with foot problems and special needs. | 补充 |
| Place shoes on lasts to remove soles and heels, using knives or pliers. | 补充 |
| Clean and polish shoes. | 补充 |
| Check the texture, color, and strength of leather to ensure that it is adequate for a particular purpose. | 补充 |
| Read prescriptions or specifications, and take measurements to establish the type of product to be made, using calipers, tape measures, or rules. | 补充 |
| Attach accessories or ornamentation to decorate or protect products. | 补充 |
| Cut, insert, position, and secure paddings, cushioning, or linings, using stitches or glue. | 补充 |
| Draw patterns, using measurements, designs, plaster casts, or customer specifications, and position or outline patterns on work pieces. | 补充 |
| Stretch shoes, dampening parts and inserting and twisting parts, using an adjustable stretcher. | 补充 |
| Nail heel and toe cleats onto shoes. | 补充 |
| Prepare inserts, heel pads, and lifts from casts of customers' feet. | 补充 |
| Re-sew seams, and replace handles and linings of suitcases or handbags. | 补充 |
0.30/ 3· 机器人暴露指数
尺度 · 母数 · 来源
对每项体力任务，按已实际部署、销售或演示的机器人能够完成它的环境评定 0–3 级（0 不可 · 1 围栏式机器单元、灌装线等机器人专用设施 · 2 医院药房、集装箱港口等受管理的设施 · 3 私人住宅、建筑工地等非结构化环境），再按工作时间占比求平均
以该职业 O*NET 29.3 任务中的体力任务为准
等级与时间占比由 Anthropic 使用 Claude Opus 5（网络搜索）估算（截至 2026 年）。
机器人暴露指数与本站的 AI 暴露度是不同的指标，不能相加或相互比较。该指数不代表实际采用情况或成本竞争力，0 也包括没有体力任务的职业。
每项体力任务的等级
机器人环境等级（E0–E3）
E0 机器人不可详情
评定为已实际部署、销售或演示的机器人即使在机器人专用设施中也无法完成
E1 机器人专用设施详情
评定为可在围绕机器搭建的设施中完成，例如围栏式机器单元或灌装线
E2 受管理的设施详情
评定为可在由机构按工作标准维护的人类工作设施中完成，例如医院药房或集装箱港口
E3 非结构化环境详情
评定为可在没有机构按工作标准维护的环境中完成，例如私人住宅或建筑工地
仅列出被归类为体力任务的任务；其他任务在来源中没有等级。
| 任务（O*NET 29.3） | 机器人环境等级 |
|---|---|
| Cut out parts, following patterns or outlines, using knives, shears, scissors, or machine presses. | E1 机器人专用设施 |
| Construct, decorate, or repair leather products according to specifications, using sewing machines, needles and thread, leather lacing, glue, clamps, hand tools, or rivets. | E0 机器人不可 |
| Align and stitch or glue materials such as fabric, fleece, leather, or wood, to join parts. | E1 机器人专用设施 |
| Dye, soak, polish, paint, stamp, stitch, stain, buff, or engrave leather or other materials to obtain desired effects, decorations, or shapes. | E0 机器人不可 |
| Repair and recondition leather products such as trunks, luggage, shoes, saddles, belts, purses, and baseball gloves. | E0 机器人不可 |
| Inspect articles for defects, and remove damaged or worn parts, using hand tools. | E0 机器人不可 |
| Drill or punch holes and insert or attach metal rings, handles, and fastening hardware, such as buckles. | E1 机器人专用设施 |
| Select materials and patterns, and trace patterns onto materials to be cut out. | E1 机器人专用设施 |
| Dress and otherwise finish boots or shoes, as by trimming the edges of new soles and heels to the shoe shape. | E1 机器人专用设施 |
| Attach insoles to shoe lasts, affix shoe uppers, and apply heels and outsoles. | E0 机器人不可 |
| Cement, nail, or sew soles and heels to shoes. | E0 机器人不可 |
| Shape shoe heels with a knife, and sand them on a buffing wheel for smoothness. | E1 机器人专用设施 |
| Repair or replace soles, heels, and other parts of footwear, using sewing, buffing and other shoe repair machines, materials, and equipment. | E0 机器人不可 |
| Make, modify, and repair orthopedic or therapeutic footwear according to doctors' prescriptions, or modify existing footwear for people with foot problems and special needs. | E0 机器人不可 |
| Place shoes on lasts to remove soles and heels, using knives or pliers. | E0 机器人不可 |
| Clean and polish shoes. | E0 机器人不可 |
| Check the texture, color, and strength of leather to ensure that it is adequate for a particular purpose. | E1 机器人专用设施 |
| Read prescriptions or specifications, and take measurements to establish the type of product to be made, using calipers, tape measures, or rules. | E1 机器人专用设施 |
| Attach accessories or ornamentation to decorate or protect products. | E0 机器人不可 |
| Cut, insert, position, and secure paddings, cushioning, or linings, using stitches or glue. | E0 机器人不可 |
| Draw patterns, using measurements, designs, plaster casts, or customer specifications, and position or outline patterns on work pieces. | E1 机器人专用设施 |
| Stretch shoes, dampening parts and inserting and twisting parts, using an adjustable stretcher. | E1 机器人专用设施 |
| Nail heel and toe cleats onto shoes. | E1 机器人专用设施 |
| Prepare inserts, heel pads, and lifts from casts of customers' feet. | E1 机器人专用设施 |
| Re-sew seams, and replace handles and linings of suitcases or handbags. | E0 机器人不可 |
职业信息
就业展望（BLS）
- 就业人数，2025
- 10K
- 预计就业人数，2035
- 10K
- 变化 (2025–35)
- -6.5%
- 年薪中位数，2025
- $37,800
- 入职通常所需学历
- High school diploma or equivalent
韩国职业分类关联（KSCO）
来自 AI Changing Work 制作的 Korea Occupation Direct Crosswalk v1.1 当前版本的关联。关系值从 O*NET-SOC 职业一侧解读。
| KSCO 代码 | KSCO 名称 | 关系 | 状态 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 72122 | 신발 및 구두 재단사 | 本职业范围更宽 | 已确认 |
| 72140 | 제화원 | 本职业范围更宽 | 已确认 |
| 72243 | 구두 수선원 | 本职业范围更宽 | 已确认 |
| 72249 | 그 외 수선원 | 本职业范围更宽 | 已确认 |
| 72119 | 그 외 패턴사 | 相关，但不对应 | 已确认 |
| 72132 | 가죽 및 모피 재봉사 | 相关，但不对应 | 已确认 |
| 72230 | 모피 및 가죽 의복 제조원 | 相关，但不对应 | 已确认 |
| 72242 | 가죽 및 모피 수선원 | 相关，但不对应 | 已确认 |
| 99910 | 구두 미화원 | 相关，但不对应 | 已确认 |
关系与状态的定义(kr-direct v1.1)
国际劳工组织（ILO）职业说明
以下 ISCO-08 职业组由 AI Changing Work 原样套用美国劳工统计局（BLS）发布的对照表（2018 SOC→2010 SOC、2010 SOC→ISCO-08）、不逐案取舍，与本职业相关联；每项关联可能是完全对应，也可能是部分对应。
- ISCO-08 7318Handicraft Workers in Textile, Leather and Related Materials
纺织品、皮革及有关材料手工艺工人
- ISCO-08 7533Sewing, Embroidery and Related Workers
缝纫、刺绣及有关工作人员
- ISCO-08 7536Shoemakers and Related Workers
制鞋工及有关人员
自行翻译
自行翻译 · 非 ISCO 官方词汇 — 未经国际劳工组织审核。
Sources: ILO ISCO-08 — details: Credits
ESCO 职业词汇
以下每一项都是在已公开的ESCO-O*NET Crosswalk（第 1 版，2022 年）中与本职业逐项对应的。对应类型出自该对照表；表述出自 AI Changing Work。
- bespoke footwear technicianESCO 7536.2.1本职业范围更宽
Bespoke footwear technicians perform activities in small production environments (e.g. workshops) where footwear is typically custom-made. They design, prepare, cut and sew, assemble and finish custom made footwear.
- footwear hand sewerESCO 7536.2.3本职业范围更宽
Footwear hand sewers join the cut pieces of leather and other materials using simple tools, such as needles, pliers and scissors to produce the uppers. Also, they perform hand stitches for decorative purposes or for assembling the uppers to soles in case of complete footwear.
- hand lasting operatorESCO 7536.2.5本职业范围更宽
Hand lasting operators shape and secure linings and uppers over the last by hand. Hand lasting operators pull the forepart, the waist and the seat of the upper over the last using handtools with the aim of obtaining the final shape of the footwear model. They start by pulling the front part edges of the upper over the last, and pressing the waist and the seat. They then flatten the wiped edges and cut excess box toe and lining, and use stitching or cementing to fix the shape.
- leather goods artisanal workerESCO 7318.5本职业范围更宽
Leather goods artisanal workers manufacture leather goods or parts of leather goods by hand according to the specifications of the customer or their own design. They do repairs of leather goods such as shoes, bags and gloves.
- leather goods hand stitcherESCO 7536.1.3本职业范围更宽
Leather goods hand stitchers join the cut pieces of leather and other materials using simple tools such as needles, pliers and scissors to close the product. They also perform hand stitches for decorative purposes.
- leather goods machine operatorESCO 8156.3本职业范围更宽
Leather goods machine operators tend specific machines in the industrial production of leather goods products. They operate machinery for cutting, closing, and finishing luggage, handbags, saddlery and harness products. They also perform routine maintenance of the machinery.
- leather goods manual operatorESCO 7536.1本职业范围更宽
Leather goods manual operators handle tools to prepare the joint of the pieces in order to ready the pieces to be stitched or to close the already existing pieces stitched together in order to give shape to the leather good products.
- leather goods manufacturing technicianESCO 3119.9本职业范围更宽
Leather goods manufacturing technicians perform a wide range of activities and tasks related to the leather goods manufacturing process including cutting, closing and finishing, according to pre-defined quality criteria, resulted from the direct relationship with the costumer. They use manual techniques supported by simple traditional equipment to produce exclusive models or very small orders.
- pre-lasting operatorESCO 8156.2.5本职业范围更宽
Pre-lasting operators handle tools and equipment for placing stiffeners, moulding toe puff and other actions necessary for lasting the uppers of the footwear over the last. They make preparations for lasting-cemented construction by attaching the insole, inserting the stiffener, back moulding and conditioning the uppers before lasting.
- shoe repairerESCO 7536.2.7本职业范围更宽
Shoe repairers repair and renew deteriorated footwear and other items like belts or bags. They use hand tools and specialised machinery to add soles and heels, replace worn-out buckles and clean and polish shoes.
- shoemakerESCO 7536.2本职业范围更宽
Shoemakers use hand or machine operations for traditional manufacturing of a various range of footwear. They also repair all types of footwear in a repair shop.
- footwear stitching machine operatorESCO 8156.2.3有重叠，但不相同
Footwear stitching machine operators join the cut pieces of leather and other materials to produce the uppers. They use several tools and a wide range of machines such as flat bed, arm and one or two columns. They select threads and needles for the stitching machines, place pieces in the working area, and operate with the machine guiding parts under the needle. They follow seams, edges, markings or moving edges of parts against the guide. Finally, they cut excess thread or material from shoe parts using scissors or dyes.
来源: European Commission, DG EMPL — ESCO API 2026-08-08 (bridge v1.2.1)
许可: CC BY 4.0 (EU Reuse Notice)
ESCO reuse terms and the modification notice are in Credits.
法国职业分类关联（ROME）
本职业与 ROME 4.0 职业条目（fiche）之间的关联，由 AI Changing Work 借助 AI 模型判定。关系从本职业一侧解读。标为「暂定」的关联仅凭同一模型系列（Claude）两位判定者的判定采纳，或对其判定适用运营方规则后采纳，因此其依据弱于已确认的关联。
| ROME 代码 | ROME 名称（法语） | 关系 |
|---|---|---|
| H2411 | Monteur / Monteuse prototypiste cuir et matériaux souples | 本职业范围更宽 |
| H2416 | Gainier industriel / Gainière industrielle | 本职业范围更宽 |
| B1802 | Maroquinier / Maroquinière | 本职业范围更宽暂定 |
| B1809 | Sellier / Sellière | 本职业范围更宽暂定 |
| D1206 | Cordonnier / Cordonnière | 本职业范围更宽暂定 |
| H2407 | Opérateur / Opératrice sur machine de transformation et de finition des cuirs et peaux | 相关，但不对应 |
Source: France Travail — Répertoire Opérationnel des Métiers et des Emplois (ROME 4.0), version 61, last updated 15 June 2026 (https://www.data.gouv.fr/datasets/repertoire-operationnel-des-metiers-et-des-emplois-rome). Licence Ouverte 2.0.
ROME codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET-SOC occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a France Travail correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: fr-direct v1)
西班牙职业分类关联（CNO-11）
本职业与 CNO-11 职业之间的关联，由 AI Changing Work 借助 AI 模型判定。关系从本职业一侧解读。
| CNO-11 代码 | CNO-11 名称（西班牙语） | 关系 |
|---|---|---|
| 7837 | Zapateros y afines | 范围相同暂定 |
| 7618 | Artesanos en tejidos, cueros y materiales similares, preparadores de fibra y tejedores con telares artesanos o de tejidos de punto y afines | 相关，但不对应暂定 |
| 7836 | Curtidores y preparadores de pieles | 相关，但不对应暂定 |
Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), National Classification of Occupations 2011 (CNO-11, Royal Decree 1591/2010) — www.ine.es · Licensed CC BY 4.0. CNO-11 codes and Spanish titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not an INE correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: es-direct v1)
德国职业分类关联（KldB）
本职业与 KldB 职业之间的关联，由 AI Changing Work 借助 AI 模型判定。关系从本职业一侧解读。
| KldB 代码 | KldB 名称（德语） | 关系 |
|---|---|---|
| 28322 | Berufe in der Sattlerei und Herstellung von Lederutensilien - fachlich ausgerichtete Tätigkeiten | 有重叠，但不相同 |
| 28332 | Berufe in der Schuhherstellung - fachlich ausgerichtete Tätigkeiten | 有重叠，但不相同 |
| 28301 | Berufe in der Leder-, Pelzherstellung und -verarbeitung (ohne Spezialisierung) - Helfer-/Anlerntätigkeiten | 相关，但不对应 |
| 28312 | Berufe in der Lederherstellung - fachlich ausgerichtete Tätigkeiten | 相关，但不对应暂定 |
| 28333 | Berufe in der Schuhherstellung - komplexe Spezialistentätigkeiten | 相关，但不对应暂定 |
| 28342 | Berufe in der Pelzbe- und -verarbeitung - fachlich ausgerichtete Tätigkeiten | 相关，但不对应暂定 |
Source: © Statistik der Bundesagentur für Arbeit — Klassifikation der Berufe 2010 – überarbeitete Fassung 2020, https://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de. KldB codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own mapping (eigene Zuordnung) and are not a Bundesagentur für Arbeit correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: de-direct v1)
日本职业分类关联（JSCO）
本职业与 JSCO 职业之间的关联，由 AI Changing Work 借助 AI 模型判定。关系从本职业一侧解读。
| JSCO 代码 | JSCO 名称（日语） | 关系 |
|---|---|---|
| 539 | その他の製品製造・加工処理従事者（金属製品を除く） | 本职业范围更窄暂定 |
Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC), Japan Standard Occupational Classification (Dec. 2009, MIC Notification No. 555). JSCO codes and Japanese titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a MIC correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: jp-direct v1)
本页数据的来源与许可，以及 AI Changing Work 的修改与翻译说明：致谢与来源