Glass Blowers, Molders, Benders, and Finishers
Production Occupations- O*NET-SOC 代码
- 51-9195.04
Shape molten glass according to patterns.
- 数据来源: BLS发布时间: 2026-08
低· 相对
低四级相对区间很高职业群单位数值
尺度 · 母数 · 来源
四级相对类别（低 / 中等 / 高 / 很高）
以BLS就业预测表中831个细分职业为基数。取值按 NEM（全国就业矩阵）代码给定，因此共用同一 NEM 代码的职业得到相同分档
- 数据来源: Anthropic发布时间: 2026-03
0.000
0.000此处所载数值的范围0.745职业群单位数值
尺度 · 母数 · 来源
- 数据来源: ILO发布时间: 2025
0.14–0.24· ISCO-08 职业组 6 个
尺度 · 母数 · 来源
生成式AI暴露度指数，按发布原值0–1
按 ISCO-08 细类（4 位）发布的数值。按原样应用美国劳工统计局（BLS）的官方对照表（ISCO-08→2010 SOC、2010 SOC→2018 SOC）关联到本职业，对应关系为全部或部分对应
该来源发布的是什么性质的数值
BLS的类别是相对排位而非绝对水平，也不是一手测量：它把多项已发表研究给出的职业百分位排名归并为四个等级。它不是就业或工资预测，不是采用概率，也不区分自动化与增强。
各关联 ISCO-08 职业组的 ILO 数值
- ISCO-08 7314Potters and Related Workers0.18
- ISCO-08 7315Glass Makers, Cutters, Grinders and Finishers0.19
- ISCO-08 7516Tobacco Preparers and Tobacco Products Makers0.14
- ISCO-08 8131Chemical Products Plant and Machine Operators0.24
- ISCO-08 8141Rubber Products Machine Operators0.18
- ISCO-08 8181Glass and Ceramics Plant Operators0.17
Task-level exposure
显示隐藏的 17 项工作已评分任务 19 项 · β ≥ 0.5 的任务 2 项（10.5%）
β = 直接暴露（E1）+ 0.5 × 借助工具时的暴露（E2），依据原始代码库的定义。
- 原始单位：O*NET 27.2 任务 → O*NET 31.0 职业代码
- 所有已评分任务均在 O*NET 31.0 任务列表中。
- 来源
- OpenAI "GPTs are GPTs" exposure rubric
- 版本
- gh-main-0471612
- 许可
- MIT License, Copyright (c) 2024 OpenAI
Values in this tab are predicted labels, not observations. Eloundou et al. (2023) published two rating regimes — human raters and GPT-4 — and the β shown here is derived from the GPT-4 rater basis alone; the same task can take a different value under the other regime.
| Task (O*NET 27.2) | βE1 + 0.5 × E2 |
|---|---|
Record manufacturing information, such as quantities, sizes, or types of goods produced.O*NET Task ID 12631 | 1.0 |
Develop sketches of glass products into blueprint specifications, applying knowledge of glass technology and glass blowing.O*NET Task ID 12637 | 0.5 |
β = E1 + 0.5 × E2 · E1 = tasks where direct LLM access alone cuts time by at least 50%, E2 = tasks where software built on top of an LLM cuts time by at least 50%. Values take only 0 / 0.5 / 1.0.
Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page
O*NET 31.0 全部任务（19 项）
本职业在 O*NET 31.0 中的全部任务（英文原文；任务类型为核心或补充）。暴露值不列在此清单中，而在上方表格里，位于各来源所用 O*NET 版本的任务表述旁。
| 任务（O*NET 31.0） | 类型 |
|---|---|
| Inspect, weigh, and measure products to verify conformance to specifications, using instruments such as micrometers, calipers, magnifiers, or rulers. | 核心 |
| Record manufacturing information, such as quantities, sizes, or types of goods produced. | 核心 |
| Heat glass to pliable stage, using gas flames or ovens and rotating glass to heat it uniformly. | 核心 |
| Blow tubing into specified shapes to prevent glass from collapsing, using compressed air or own breath, or blow and rotate gathers in molds or on boards to obtain final shapes. | 核心 |
| Shape, bend, or join sections of glass, using paddles, pressing and flattening hand tools, or cork. | 核心 |
| Develop sketches of glass products into blueprint specifications, applying knowledge of glass technology and glass blowing. | 核心 |
| Determine types and quantities of glass required to fabricate products. | 核心 |
| Place electrodes in tube ends and heat them with glass burners to fuse them into place. | 核心 |
| Cut lengths of tubing to specified sizes, using files or cutting wheels. | 核心 |
| Design and create glass objects, using blowpipes and artisans' hand tools and equipment. | 核心 |
| Operate and maintain finishing machines to grind, drill, sand, bevel, decorate, wash, or polish glass or glass products. | 核心 |
| Operate electric kilns that heat and mold glass sheets to the shape and curve of metal jigs. | 核心 |
| Set up and adjust machine press stroke lengths and pressures and regulate oven temperatures, according to glass types to be processed. | 补充 |
| Place rubber hoses on ends of tubing and charge tubing with gas. | 补充 |
| Superimpose bent tubing on asbestos patterns to ensure accuracy. | 补充 |
| Strike necks of finished articles to separate articles from blowpipes. | 补充 |
| Spray or swab molds with oil solutions to prevent adhesion of glass. | 补充 |
| Place glass into dies or molds of presses and control presses to form products, such as glassware components or optical blanks. | 补充 |
| Repair broken scrolls by replacing them with new sections of tubing. | 补充 |
0.82/ 3· 机器人暴露指数
尺度 · 母数 · 来源
对每项体力任务，按已实际部署、销售或演示的机器人能够完成它的环境评定 0–3 级（0 不可 · 1 围栏式机器单元、灌装线等机器人专用设施 · 2 医院药房、集装箱港口等受管理的设施 · 3 私人住宅、建筑工地等非结构化环境），再按工作时间占比求平均
以该职业 O*NET 29.3 任务中的体力任务为准
等级与时间占比由 Anthropic 使用 Claude Opus 5（网络搜索）估算（截至 2026 年）。
机器人暴露指数与本站的 AI 暴露度是不同的指标，不能相加或相互比较。该指数不代表实际采用情况或成本竞争力，0 也包括没有体力任务的职业。
每项体力任务的等级
机器人环境等级（E0–E3）
E0 机器人不可详情
评定为已实际部署、销售或演示的机器人即使在机器人专用设施中也无法完成
E1 机器人专用设施详情
评定为可在围绕机器搭建的设施中完成，例如围栏式机器单元或灌装线
E2 受管理的设施详情
评定为可在由机构按工作标准维护的人类工作设施中完成，例如医院药房或集装箱港口
E3 非结构化环境详情
评定为可在没有机构按工作标准维护的环境中完成，例如私人住宅或建筑工地
仅列出被归类为体力任务的任务；其他任务在来源中没有等级。
| 任务（O*NET 29.3） | 机器人环境等级 |
|---|---|
| Inspect, weigh, and measure products to verify conformance to specifications, using instruments such as micrometers, calipers, magnifiers, or rulers. | E1 机器人专用设施 |
| Heat glass to pliable stage, using gas flames or ovens and rotating glass to heat it uniformly. | E1 机器人专用设施 |
| Blow tubing into specified shapes to prevent glass from collapsing, using compressed air or own breath, or blow and rotate gathers in molds or on boards to obtain final shapes. | E1 机器人专用设施 |
| Set up and adjust machine press stroke lengths and pressures and regulate oven temperatures, according to glass types to be processed. | E1 机器人专用设施 |
| Shape, bend, or join sections of glass, using paddles, pressing and flattening hand tools, or cork. | E1 机器人专用设施 |
| Place rubber hoses on ends of tubing and charge tubing with gas. | E1 机器人专用设施 |
| Superimpose bent tubing on asbestos patterns to ensure accuracy. | E1 机器人专用设施 |
| Spray or swab molds with oil solutions to prevent adhesion of glass. | E1 机器人专用设施 |
| Cut lengths of tubing to specified sizes, using files or cutting wheels. | E1 机器人专用设施 |
| Place glass into dies or molds of presses and control presses to form products, such as glassware components or optical blanks. | E1 机器人专用设施 |
| Design and create glass objects, using blowpipes and artisans' hand tools and equipment. | E0 机器人不可 |
| Repair broken scrolls by replacing them with new sections of tubing. | E0 机器人不可 |
| Operate and maintain finishing machines to grind, drill, sand, bevel, decorate, wash, or polish glass or glass products. | E1 机器人专用设施 |
职业信息
就业展望（BLS）
这些数值属于整个 SOC 51-9195 组（Molders, shapers, and casters, except metal and plastic），并非仅属于该 O*NET 职业。
- 就业人数，2025
- 43K
- 预计就业人数，2035
- 46K
- 变化 (2025–35)
- +5.8%
- 年薪中位数，2025
- $46,170
- 入职通常所需学历
- High school diploma or equivalent
韩国职业分类关联（KSCO）
来自 AI Changing Work 制作的 Korea Occupation Direct Crosswalk v1.1 当前版本的关联。关系值从 O*NET-SOC 职业一侧解读。
| KSCO 代码 | KSCO 名称 | 关系 | 状态 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 79992 | 유리 관련 기능 종사원 | 本职业范围更窄 | 已确认 |
关系与状态的定义(kr-direct v1.1)
国际劳工组织（ILO）职业说明
以下 ISCO-08 职业组由 AI Changing Work 原样套用美国劳工统计局（BLS）发布的对照表（2018 SOC→2010 SOC、2010 SOC→ISCO-08）、不逐案取舍，与本职业相关联；每项关联可能是完全对应，也可能是部分对应。
- ISCO-08 7314Potters and Related Workers
陶工及有关人员
- ISCO-08 7315Glass Makers, Cutters, Grinders and Finishers
玻璃制造、切割、研磨和修整工
- ISCO-08 7516Tobacco Preparers and Tobacco Products Makers
烟草加工工和烟草制品制作工
- ISCO-08 8131Chemical Products Plant and Machine Operators
化学品生产装置和机器操作工
- ISCO-08 8141Rubber Products Machine Operators
橡胶制品机器操作工
- ISCO-08 8181Glass and Ceramics Plant Operators
玻璃和陶瓷生产装置操作工
自行翻译
自行翻译 · 非 ISCO 官方词汇 — 未经国际劳工组织审核。
Sources: ILO ISCO-08 — details: Credits
ESCO 职业词汇
以下每一项都是在已公开的ESCO-O*NET Crosswalk（第 1 版，2022 年）中与本职业逐项对应的。对应类型出自该对照表；表述出自 AI Changing Work。
- drawing kiln operatorESCO 8181.4本职业范围更宽
Drawing kiln operators are responsible for continuous sheet flat glass production by manipulating the drawing kiln that processes molten glass.
- glass artistESCO 2651.7本职业范围更宽
Glass artists create original artworks by assembling pieces of glass. They can be involved in restoration processes (such as those going on in cathedrals, churches, etc.) and can create accessoires, windows or decorations.
- glass forming machine operatorESCO 8181.8本职业范围更宽
Glass forming machine operators operate and maintain machines that press or blow molten glass in moulds to form or shape products, such as neons, bottles, jars and drinking glasses. They set up and adjust machines, and weigh, measure and check production samples to check conformity to the set specifications.
- glass polisherESCO 8181.9本职业范围更宽
Glass polishers finish plate glass to make a variety of glass products. They polish the edges of the glass using grinding and polishing wheels, and spray solutions on glass or operate vacuum coating machines to provide a mirrored surface.
- glass bevellerESCO 7315.2有重叠，但不相同
Glass bevellers measure, cut, assemble and install flat glass and mirrors. They also load and unload glass, mirrors and equipment, drive to installation sites, install metal or wood frameworks that need to be fitted with glass, and work according to client specifications.
- glass-blowerESCO 7315.1有重叠，但不相同
Glass-blowers design, produce and decorate glass artefacts such as stained glass windows, mirrors and architectural glass. Some glass-blowers specialise in restoring, renovating and repairing original pieces. They may also work as scientific glass-blowers, designing and repairing laboratory glass.
来源: European Commission, DG EMPL — ESCO API 2026-08-08 (bridge v1.2.1)
许可: CC BY 4.0 (EU Reuse Notice)
ESCO reuse terms and the modification notice are in Credits.
法国职业分类关联（ROME）
本职业与 ROME 4.0 职业条目（fiche）之间的关联，由 AI Changing Work 借助 AI 模型判定。关系从本职业一侧解读。标为「暂定」的关联仅凭同一模型系列（Claude）两位判定者的判定采纳，或对其判定适用运营方规则后采纳，因此其依据弱于已确认的关联。
| ROME 代码 | ROME 名称（法语） | 关系 |
|---|---|---|
| B1602 | Souffleur / Souffleuse de verre | 本职业范围更宽暂定 |
| H2811 | Plieur / Plieuse de verre plat | 本职业范围更宽暂定 |
| H2801 | Agent / Agente de fabrication du verre | 相关，但不对应 |
| H2808 | Conducteur / Conductrice de presses en production transformation du verre | 相关，但不对应暂定 |
| H3409 | Polisseur / Polisseuse sur verre | 相关，但不对应暂定 |
Source: France Travail — Répertoire Opérationnel des Métiers et des Emplois (ROME 4.0), version 61, last updated 15 June 2026 (https://www.data.gouv.fr/datasets/repertoire-operationnel-des-metiers-et-des-emplois-rome). Licence Ouverte 2.0.
ROME codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET-SOC occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a France Travail correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: fr-direct v1)
西班牙职业分类关联（CNO-11）
本职业与 CNO-11 职业之间的关联，由 AI Changing Work 借助 AI 模型判定。关系从本职业一侧解读。
| CNO-11 代码 | CNO-11 名称（西班牙语） | 关系 |
|---|---|---|
| 7615 | Sopladores, modeladores, laminadores, cortadores y pulidores de vidrio | 本职业范围更窄 |
| 8191 | Operadores de hornos e instalaciones de vidriería y cerámica | 相关，但不对应 |
Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), National Classification of Occupations 2011 (CNO-11, Royal Decree 1591/2010) — www.ine.es · Licensed CC BY 4.0. CNO-11 codes and Spanish titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not an INE correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: es-direct v1)
德国职业分类关联（KldB）
本职业与 KldB 职业之间的关联，由 AI Changing Work 借助 AI 模型判定。关系从本职业一侧解读。
| KldB 代码 | KldB 名称（德语） | 关系 |
|---|---|---|
| 21332 | Berufe in der industriellen Glasbläserei - fachlich ausgerichtete Tätigkeiten | 本职业范围更宽 |
| 93432 | Berufe in der kunsthandwerklichen Glasbläserei - fachlich ausgerichtete Tätigkeiten | 本职业范围更宽 |
| 21322 | Berufe im Glasapparatebau - fachlich ausgerichtete Tätigkeiten | 本职业范围更宽暂定 |
| 21312 | Berufe in der Glasherstellung - fachlich ausgerichtete Tätigkeiten | 有重叠，但不相同暂定 |
| 21323 | Berufe im Glasapparatebau - komplexe Spezialistentätigkeiten | 相关，但不对应暂定 |
Source: © Statistik der Bundesagentur für Arbeit — Klassifikation der Berufe 2010 – überarbeitete Fassung 2020, https://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de. KldB codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own mapping (eigene Zuordnung) and are not a Bundesagentur für Arbeit correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: de-direct v1)
日本职业分类关联（JSCO）
本职业与 JSCO 职业之间的关联，由 AI Changing Work 借助 AI 模型判定。关系从本职业一侧解读。
| JSCO 代码 | JSCO 名称（日语） | 关系 |
|---|---|---|
| 532 | 窯業・土石製品製造従事者 | 本职业范围更窄暂定 |
| 223 | 工芸美術家 | 相关，但不对应暂定 |
Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC), Japan Standard Occupational Classification (Dec. 2009, MIC Notification No. 555). JSCO codes and Japanese titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a MIC correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: jp-direct v1)
本页数据的来源与许可，以及 AI Changing Work 的修改与翻译说明：致谢与来源