Values in this tab are predicted labels, not observations. Eloundou et al. (2023) published two rating regimes — human raters and GPT-4 — and the β shown here is derived from the GPT-4 rater basis alone; the same task can take a different value under the other regime. The unit and the meaning differ from the observed shares (%) in the other tabs, so do not place them on the same axis.
Task
βE1 + 0.5 × E2
Study economic and statistical data in area of specialization, such as finance, labor, or agriculture.Details
O*NET Task ID 7536
0.5
Provide advice and consultation on economic relationships to businesses, public and private agencies, and other employers.Details
O*NET Task ID 7537
0.5
Compile, analyze, and report data to explain economic phenomena and forecast market trends, applying mathematical models and statistical techniques.Details
O*NET Task ID 7538
0.5
Formulate recommendations, policies, or plans to solve economic problems or to interpret markets.Details
O*NET Task ID 7539
0.5
Develop economic guidelines and standards, and prepare points of view used in forecasting trends and formulating economic policy.Details
O*NET Task ID 7540
0.5
Testify at regulatory or legislative hearings concerning the estimated effects of changes in legislation or public policy, and present recommendations based on cost-benefit analyses.Details
O*NET Task ID 7541
0.5
Supervise research projects and students' study projects.Details
O*NET Task ID 7542
0.5
Forecast production and consumption of renewable resources and supply, consumption, and depletion of non-renewable resources.Details
O*NET Task ID 7543
0.5
Teach theories, principles, and methods of economics.Details
O*NET Task ID 7544
0.5
Provide litigation support, such as writing reports for expert testimony or testifying as an expert witness.Details
O*NET Task ID 20051
0.5
Study the socioeconomic impacts of new public policies, such as proposed legislation, taxes, services, and regulations.Details
O*NET Task ID 20052
0.5
Conduct research on economic issues, and disseminate research findings through technical reports or scientific articles in journals.Details
O*NET Task ID 20053
0.5
Explain economic impact of policies to the public.Details
O*NET Task ID 21106
0.5
β = E1 + 0.5 × E2 · E1 = tasks where direct LLM access alone cuts time by at least 50%, E2 = tasks where software built on top of an LLM cuts time by at least 50%. Values take only 0 / 0.5 / 1.0.
Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page
Occupation information
ILO occupational description
Economists
经济学家
自行翻译
自行翻译 · 非 ISCO 官方词汇 — 未经国际劳工组织审核。
Economists conduct research, monitor data, analyse information and prepare reports and plans to resolve economic and business problems and develop models to analyse, explain and forecast economic behaviour and patterns. They provide advice to business, interest groups and governments to formulate solutions to present or projected economic and business problems.
Tasks
(a) forecasting changes in the economic environment for short-term budgeting, long-term planning and investment evaluation;
(b) formulating recommendations, policies and plans for the economy, corporate strategies and investment, and undertaking feasibility studies for projects;
(c) monitoring economic data to assess the effectiveness, and advise on the appropriateness, of monetary and fiscal policies;
(d) forecasting production and consumption of specific products and services based on records of past production and consumption and general economic and industry-specific conditions;
(e) preparing forecasts of income and expenditure, interest rates and exchange rates;
(f) analysing factors that determine labour force participation, employment, wages, unemployment and other labour market outcomes;
(g) applying mathematical formulae and statistical techniques and apply to test economic theories and devise solutions to economic problems;
(h) compiling, analysing and interpreting economic data using economic theory and a variety of statistical and other techniques;
(i) evaluating the outcome of political decisions concerning public economy and finances and advising on economic policy and possible courses of action in the light of past, present and projected economic factors and trends;
(j) preparing scholarly papers and reports;
(k) examining problems related to the economic activities of individual companies;
(l) conducting research on market conditions in local, regional or national areas to set sales and pricing levels for goods and services, to assess market potential and future trends and to develop business strategies.
Business economics researchers conduct research on topics regarding economy, organisations, and strategy. They analyse macroeconomic and microeconomic trends and use this information to analyse the positions of industries or specific companies in the economy. They provide advice regarding strategic planning, product feasibility, forecast trends, emerging markets, taxing policies, and consumer trends.
economic policy officerESCO 2412.3
Economic policy officers develop economic strategies. They monitor aspects of economics such as competitiveness, innovation and trade. Economic policy officers contribute to the development of economic policies, projects and programs. They research, analyse and assess public policy problems and recommend appropriate actions.
economic adviserESCO 2631.1.2
Economic advisers research economic developments and advise on economic problems. They forecast trends and behaviour in economics, and advise on finance, trade, fiscal and other related matters. They advise companies and organisations on techniques to gain economic profit.
economistESCO 2631.1
Economists perform research and develop theories in the field of economics, whether for microeconomic or macroeconomic analysis. They study trends, analyse statistical data, and to some extent work with economic mathematical models in order to advise companies, governments, and related institutions. They advise on product feasibility, trend forecasts, emerging markets, tax policies, and consumer trends.
economic development coordinatorESCO 2631.1.3
Economic development coordinators outline and implement policies for the improvement of a community's, government's or institution's economic growth and stability. They research economic trends and coordinate cooperation between institutions working in economic development. They analyse potential economic risks and conflicts and develop plans to resolve them. Economic development coordinators advise on the economic sustainability of institutions and economic growth.
tax policy analystESCO 2631.1.4
Tax policy analysts research and develop taxation policies and legislation in order to improve and develop tax policies. They advise official bodies on policy implementation and financial operations, as well as forecast financial influence of changes in tax policies.
Source:European Commission, DG EMPL — ESCO API 2026-08-08 (bridge v1.2.1)
ESCO reuse terms and the modification notice are in Credits.
Shown in the original Korean. This dataset is published under KOGL Type 4, which prohibits derivative works including translation, so the text is reproduced unaltered.
The KNOW occupations and KECO codes listed here were linked to this page's occupation by this site; this is not a correspondence defined by the Korea Employment Information Service or the Ministry of Employment and Labor.
Projected change: +4.7%
Median wage: $125K
lowest $31Kmedian wage across 825 detailed occupations, BLS EP 2025–35highest $559K
