Values in this tab are predicted labels, not observations. Eloundou et al. (2023) published two rating regimes — human raters and GPT-4 — and the β shown here is derived from the GPT-4 rater basis alone; the same task can take a different value under the other regime. The unit and the meaning differ from the observed shares (%) in the other tabs, so do not place them on the same axis.
Task
βE1 + 0.5 × E2
Perform complex calculations as part of the analysis and evaluation of data, using computers.Details
O*NET Task ID 10903
1.0
Describe and express observations and conclusions in mathematical terms.Details
O*NET Task ID 10904
1.0
Report experimental results by writing papers for scientific journals or by presenting information at scientific conferences.Details
O*NET Task ID 10906
1.0
Design computer simulations to model physical data so that it can be better understood.Details
O*NET Task ID 10907
1.0
Develop theories and laws on the basis of observation and experiments, and apply these theories and laws to problems in areas such as nuclear energy, optics, and aerospace technology.Details
O*NET Task ID 10911
1.0
Develop manufacturing, assembly, and fabrication processes of lasers, masers, infrared, and other light-emitting and light-sensitive devices.Details
O*NET Task ID 10913
1.0
Write research proposals to receive funding.Details
O*NET Task ID 21174
1.0
Analyze data from research conducted to detect and measure physical phenomena.Details
O*NET Task ID 10905
0.5
Collaborate with other scientists in the design, development, and testing of experimental, industrial, or medical equipment, instrumentation, and procedures.Details
O*NET Task ID 10908
0.5
Teach physics to students.Details
O*NET Task ID 10912
0.5
Conduct application evaluations and analyze results to determine commercial, industrial, scientific, medical, military, or other uses for electro-optical devices.Details
O*NET Task ID 10914
0.5
Develop standards of permissible concentrations of radioisotopes in liquids and gases.Details
O*NET Task ID 10915
0.5
Conduct research pertaining to potential environmental impacts of atomic energy-related industrial development to determine licensing qualifications.Details
O*NET Task ID 10916
0.5
Advise authorities of procedures to be followed in radiation incidents or hazards, and assist in civil defense planning.Details
O*NET Task ID 10917
0.5
β = E1 + 0.5 × E2 · E1 = tasks where direct LLM access alone cuts time by at least 50%, E2 = tasks where software built on top of an LLM cuts time by at least 50%. Values take only 0 / 0.5 / 1.0.
Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page
职业信息
国际劳工组织（ILO）职业说明
Physicists and Astronomers
物理学家和天文学家
自行翻译
自行翻译 · 非 ISCO 官方词汇 — 未经国际劳工组织审核。
Physicists and astronomers conduct research and improve or develop concepts, theories and operational methods concerning matter, space, time, energy, forces and fields and the interrelationship between these physical phenomena. They apply scientific knowledge relating to physics and astronomy in industrial, medical, military or other fields.
任务
(a) conducting research and improving or developing concepts, theories, instrumentation, software and operational methods related to physics and astronomy;
(b) conducting experiments, tests and analyses on the structure and properties of matter in fields such as mechanics, thermodynamics, electronics, communications, power generation and distribution, aerodynamics, optics and lasers, remote sensing, medicine, sonics, magnetism, and nuclear physics;
(c) evaluating results of investigations and experiments and expressing conclusions, mainly using mathematical techniques and models;
(d) applying principles, techniques and processes to develop or improve industrial, medical, military and other practical applications of the principles and techniques of physics or astronomy;
(e) ensuring the safe and effective delivery of radiation (ionising and non-ionising) to patients to achieve a diagnostic or therapeutic result as prescribed by a medical practitioner;
(f) ensuring the accurate measurement and characterization of physical quantities used in medical applications;
(g) testing, commissioning and evaluating equipment used in applications such as imaging, medical treatment and dosimetry;
(h) advising and consulting with medical practitioners and other health care professionals in optimizing the balance between the beneficial and deleterious effects of radiation;
(i) observing, analysing and interpreting celestial phenomena and developing methods, numerical models and techniques to extend knowledge of fields such as navigation, satellite communication, space exploration, celestial bodies and cosmic radiation;
(j) developing, implementing and maintaining standards and protocols for the measurement of physical phenomena and for the use of nuclear technology in industrial and medical applications;
(k) preparing scientific papers and reports.
职业示例
Astronomer · Medical Physicist · Nuclear Physicist · Physicist
Astronomers research the formation, structures, properties, and development of celestial bodies and interstellar matter. They use ground-based equipment and space-based equipment to collect data about the space for research purposes.
physicistESCO 2111.3
Physicists are scientists who study physical phenomena. They focus their research depending on their specialisation, which can range from atomic particle physics to the study of phenomena in the universe. They apply their findings for the improvement of society by contributing to the development of energy supplies, treatment of illness, game development, cutting-edge equipment, and daily use objects.
cosmologistESCO 2111.2
Cosmologists focus on the study of the universe as a whole, which is made up by its origin, evolution and ultimate fate. They use tools and scientific instruments to observe and study other galaxies and astronomical objects such as stars, black holes, planets and other celestial bodies.
来源:European Commission, DG EMPL — ESCO API 2026-08-08 (bridge v1.2.1)
ESCO reuse terms and the modification notice are in Credits.
Shown in the original Korean. This dataset is published under KOGL Type 4, which prohibits derivative works including translation, so the text is reproduced unaltered.
수리력(96) · 품질관리분석(94) · 장비 선정(93) · 추리력(91) · 조작 및 통제(90)
Knowledge
화학(92) · 물리(81) · 영어(77) · 사무(70) · 생물(70)
Work environment
위험한 상태 노출(93) · 정확성, 정밀성 유지(92) · 반복적인 신체행동, 정신적 활동(91) · 마감시간(85) · 이메일 이용하기(85)
The KNOW occupations and KECO codes listed here were linked to this page's occupation by this site; this is not a correspondence defined by the Korea Employment Information Service or the Ministry of Employment and Labor.
Projected change: +7.2%
Median wage: $172K
lowest $31Kmedian wage across 825 detailed occupations, BLS EP 2025–35highest $559K
Employment: 23K
Typical entry-level education: Doctoral or professional degree
