Tax Examiners and Collectors, and Revenue Agents
Business and Financial Operations Occupations- O*NET-SOC code
- 13-2081.00
Determine tax liability or collect taxes from individuals or business firms according to prescribed laws and regulations.
- Data source: BLSPublished: 2026-08
Very high· relative
LowFour relative bandsVery highGroup-level value
Scale, basis and source
Four relative bands (Low / Moderate / High / Very high)
831 detailed occupations in the BLS Employment Projections table. Assigned per National Employment Matrix (NEM) code, so occupations sharing a NEM code carry the same band
- Data source: AnthropicPublished: 2026-03
0.028
0.000Range of values carried here0.745Scale, basis and source
Observed exposure index, 0–1 as published
Mapped onto O*NET tasks
Published per SOC 2018 occupation; every O*NET occupation with the same SOC 2018 code carries this value
- Data source: ILOPublished: 2025
0.49
0.09Range of values carried here0.70Group-level value
Scale, basis and source
Generative AI exposure index, 0–1 as published
Published per ISCO-08 unit group. Linked to this occupation, wholly or in part, by applying U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (ISCO-08 to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to 2018 SOC) as published
What kind of figure this source publishes
The BLS category is a relative rank, not an absolute level, and it is not a first-hand measurement: it groups an occupation's percentile ranks across several published studies into four bands. It is not an employment or wage forecast, not a probability of adoption, and it does not separate automation from augmentation.
Task-level exposure
Show 18 hidden tasks25 rated tasks · 24 tasks with β ≥ 0.5 (96.0%)
β = direct exposure (E1) + 0.5 × exposure when tools are available (E2), per the source repository's definition.
- Source unit: O*NET 27.2 tasks → O*NET 31.0 occupation code
- 4 rated tasks are not in the O*NET 31.0 task list; their scores are kept as published for O*NET 27.2.
- Source
- OpenAI "GPTs are GPTs" exposure rubric
- Release
- gh-main-0471612
- License
- MIT License, Copyright (c) 2024 OpenAI
| Task (O*NET 20.1) | Claude.aiRaw / share % |
|---|---|
Maintain knowledge of tax code changes, and of accounting procedures and theory to properly evaluate financial information.13-2081.00 | 0.015039.0 |
Confer with taxpayers or their representatives to discuss the issues, laws, and regulations involved in returns, and to resolve problems with returns.13-2081.00 | 0.006416.6 |
Determine appropriate methods of debt settlement, such as offers of compromise, wage garnishment, or seizure and sale of property.13-2081.00 | 0.00359.2 |
Install systems of recording costs or other financial and budgetary data or provide advice on such systems, based on examination of current financial records.13-2081.00 | 0.00359.2 |
Answer questions from taxpayers and assist them in completing tax forms.13-2081.00 | 0.00348.8 |
Examine accounting systems and records to determine whether accounting methods used were appropriate and in compliance with statutory provisions.13-2081.00 | 0.00256.4 |
Review filed tax returns to determine whether claimed tax credits and deductions are allowed by law.13-2081.00 | 0.00225.8 |
Review selected tax returns to determine the nature and extent of audits to be performed on them.13-2081.00 | 0.00205.1 |
Values in this tab are predicted labels, not observations. Eloundou et al. (2023) published two rating regimes — human raters and GPT-4 — and the β shown here is derived from the GPT-4 rater basis alone; the same task can take a different value under the other regime. The unit and the meaning differ from the observed shares (%) in the other tabs, so do not place them on the same axis.
| Task (O*NET 27.2) | βE1 + 0.5 × E2 |
|---|---|
Maintain records for each case, including contacts, telephone numbers, and actions taken.O*NET Task ID 5290 | 1.0 |
Send notices to taxpayers when accounts are delinquent.O*NET Task ID 5293 | 1.0 |
Enter tax return information into computers for processing.O*NET Task ID 5298 | 1.0 |
Check tax forms to verify that names and taxpayer identification numbers are correct, that computations have been performed correctly, or that amounts match those on supporting documentation.O*NET Task ID 5302 | 1.0 |
Collect taxes from individuals or businesses according to prescribed laws and regulations.O*NET Task ID 5288 | 0.5 |
Maintain knowledge of tax code changes, and of accounting procedures and theory to properly evaluate financial information.O*NET Task ID 5289 | 0.5 |
Confer with taxpayers or their representatives to discuss the issues, laws, and regulations involved in returns, and to resolve problems with returns.O*NET Task ID 5291 | 0.5 |
Contact taxpayers by mail or telephone to address discrepancies and to request supporting documentation.O*NET Task ID 5292 | 0.5 |
Notify taxpayers of any overpayment or underpayment, and either issue a refund or request further payment.O*NET Task ID 5294 | 0.5 |
Conduct independent field audits and investigations of income tax returns to verify information or to amend tax liabilities.O*NET Task ID 5295 | 0.5 |
Review filed tax returns to determine whether claimed tax credits and deductions are allowed by law.O*NET Task ID 5296 | 0.5 |
Review selected tax returns to determine the nature and extent of audits to be performed on them.O*NET Task ID 5297 | 0.5 |
Examine accounting systems and records to determine whether accounting methods used were appropriate and in compliance with statutory provisions.O*NET Task ID 5299 | 0.5 |
Process individual and corporate income tax returns, and sales and excise tax returns.O*NET Task ID 5300 | 0.5 |
Impose payment deadlines on delinquent taxpayers and monitor payments to ensure that deadlines are met.O*NET Task ID 5301 | 0.5 |
Examine and analyze tax assets and liabilities to determine resolution of delinquent tax problems.O*NET Task ID 5303 | 0.5 |
Determine appropriate methods of debt settlement, such as offers of compromise, wage garnishment, or seizure and sale of property.O*NET Task ID 5305 | 0.5 |
Secure a taxpayer's agreement to discharge a tax assessment or submit contested determinations to other administrative or judicial conferees for appeals hearings.O*NET Task ID 5306 | 0.5 |
Prepare briefs and assist in searching and seizing records to prepare charges and documentation for court cases.O*NET Task ID 5307 | 0.5 |
Request that the state or federal revenue service prepare a return on a taxpayer's behalf in cases where taxes have not been filed.O*NET Task ID 5309 | 0.5 |
Investigate claims of inability to pay taxes by researching court information for the status of liens, mortgages, or financial statements, or by locating assets through third parties.O*NET Task ID 5310 | 0.5 |
Install systems of recording costs or other financial and budgetary data or provide advice on such systems, based on examination of current financial records.O*NET Task ID 5311 | 0.5 |
Participate in informal appeals hearings on contested cases from other agents.O*NET Task ID 5312 | 0.5 |
Answer questions from taxpayers and assist them in completing tax forms.O*NET Task ID 20016 | 0.5 |
β = E1 + 0.5 × E2 · E1 = tasks where direct LLM access alone cuts time by at least 50%, E2 = tasks where software built on top of an LLM cuts time by at least 50%. Values take only 0 / 0.5 / 1.0.
Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Anthropic Economic Index, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page
All O*NET 31.0 task statements (21)
All O*NET 31.0 task statements for this occupation (English, as published; task type core or supplemental). Exposure values are not listed here; they are in the table above, next to each task statement as worded in the O*NET version each source used.
| Task (O*NET 31.0) | Type |
|---|---|
| Maintain records for each case, including contacts, telephone numbers, and actions taken. | Core |
| Confer with taxpayers or their representatives to discuss the issues, laws, and regulations involved in returns, and to resolve problems with returns. | Core |
| Contact taxpayers by mail or telephone to address discrepancies and to request supporting documentation. | Core |
| Send notices to taxpayers when accounts are delinquent. | Core |
| Notify taxpayers of any overpayment or underpayment, and either issue a refund or request further payment. | Core |
| Answer questions from taxpayers and assist them in completing tax forms. | Core |
| Collect taxes from individuals or businesses according to prescribed laws and regulations. | Supplemental |
| Maintain knowledge of tax code changes, and of accounting procedures and theory to properly evaluate financial information. | Supplemental |
| Review filed tax returns to determine whether claimed tax credits and deductions are allowed by law. | Supplemental |
| Review selected tax returns to determine the nature and extent of audits to be performed on them. | Supplemental |
| Enter tax return information into computers for processing. | Supplemental |
| Examine accounting systems and records to determine whether accounting methods used were appropriate and in compliance with statutory provisions. | Supplemental |
| Impose payment deadlines on delinquent taxpayers and monitor payments to ensure that deadlines are met. | Supplemental |
| Check tax forms to verify that names and taxpayer identification numbers are correct, that computations have been performed correctly, or that amounts match those on supporting documentation. | Supplemental |
| Examine and analyze tax assets and liabilities to determine resolution of delinquent tax problems. | Supplemental |
| Determine appropriate methods of debt settlement, such as offers of compromise, wage garnishment, or seizure and sale of property. | Supplemental |
| Secure a taxpayer's agreement to discharge a tax assessment or submit contested determinations to other administrative or judicial conferees for appeals hearings. | Supplemental |
| Prepare briefs and assist in searching and seizing records to prepare charges and documentation for court cases. | Supplemental |
| Direct service of legal documents, such as subpoenas, warrants, notices of assessment, and garnishments. | Supplemental |
| Investigate claims of inability to pay taxes by researching court information for the status of liens, mortgages, or financial statements, or by locating assets through third parties. | Supplemental |
| Participate in informal appeals hearings on contested cases from other agents. | Supplemental |
0.00/ 3· Robot exposure index
Scale, basis and source
Each physical task is graded 0–3 by the setting in which robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated could do it (0 none · 1 purpose-built robot settings such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line · 2 structured facilities such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port · 3 unstructured settings such as a private home or a construction site), and the grades are averaged by share of working time
Physical tasks among this occupation's O*NET 29.3 tasks
Anthropic estimated the grades and time shares with Claude Opus 5 using web search, as of 2026.
The robot exposure index is a different measure from the AI exposure figures on this site and cannot be added to or compared with them. It does not measure actual adoption or cost, and 0 also covers occupations with no physical tasks.
Tier of each physical task
None of this occupation's O*NET 29.3 tasks is classified as a physical task.
Occupation information
Employment outlook (BLS)
- Employment, 2025
- 60K
- Projected employment, 2035
- 60K
- Change (2025–35)
- -1%
- Median annual wage, 2025
- $62,370
- Typical education needed for entry
- Bachelor's degree
Korea classification links (KSCO)
Links from the current release of the Korea Occupation Direct Crosswalk v1.1, made by AI Changing Work. Relation values are read from the O*NET-SOC occupation side.
| KSCO code | KSCO title | Relation | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| 35210 | 조세 행정 사무원 | Same scope | confirmed |
Relation and status definitions(kr-direct v1.1)
ILO occupational description
AI Changing Work links the ISCO-08 unit groups below to this occupation by applying the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (2018 SOC to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to ISCO-08) as published, without case-by-case selection; each link may be whole or partial.
- ISCO-08 3352Government Tax and Excise Officials
The definition, tasks and examples below are the ILO's description of that unit group, not of this occupation.
Government tax and excise officials examine tax returns, bills of sale and other documents to determine the type and amount of taxes, duties and other types of fees to be paid by individuals or businesses, referring exceptional or important cases to accountants, senior government officials or Managers.
Tasks
- (a) advising organizations, enterprises and the public on government laws, rules and regulations concerning the determination and payment of taxes, duties and other government fees, and on the public’s rights and obligations;
- (b) examining tax returns, bills of sale and other relevant documents to determine type and amount of taxes, duties and other types of fees to be paid;
- (c) investigating filed tax returns and accounting records, systems and internal controls of organizations to ensure compliance with taxation laws and regulations;
- (d) performing related administrative tasks to document findings, maintain records and report on actions taken for cases.
Example occupations
Excise officer · Taxation inspector · Tax officer
Sources: ILO ISCO-08 — details: Credits
ESCO occupational vocabulary
Each entry below is matched to this occupation in the published ESCO-O*NET Crosswalk (version 1, 2022). The match types are that crosswalk's; the wording is AI Changing Work's.
- tax compliance officerESCO 3352.1Same scope
Tax compliance officers collect fees, debt, and taxes on behalf of government institutions in cities, municipalities and other jurisdictions. They perform administrative duties and communicate with other officials and institutions to ensure operations are correct and compliant with policies.
- tax clerkESCO 4312.7This occupation is broader
Tax clerks collect financial information in order to prepare accounting and tax documents. They also perform clerical duties.
- tax inspectorESCO 3352.2This occupation is broader
Tax inspectors are responsible for the calculation of taxation and the ensurance of its timely payment by individuals and organisations. They provide information and guidance concerning taxation legislation and examine financial documents and accounts to ensure compliance with legislation. They also examine records to investigate fraud.
Source: European Commission, DG EMPL — ESCO API 2026-08-08 (bridge v1.2.1)
License: CC BY 4.0 (EU Reuse Notice)
ESCO reuse terms and the modification notice are in Credits.
France classification links (ROME)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and ROME 4.0 job profiles, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side. Links marked “provisional” were adopted on the judgments of two judges from the same model family (Claude) alone, or by an operator rule applied to their judgments, so they rest on weaker evidence than confirmed links.
| ROME code | ROME title (French) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| C1126 | Contrôleur / Contrôleuse cotisations sociales | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| K1503 | Contrôleur / Contrôleuse des impôts | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| K1510 | Contrôleur / Contrôleuse du Trésor public | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| K1511 | Inspecteur / Inspectrice des impôts | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| K1504 | Percepteur / Perceptrice des impôts et du Trésor Public | Overlapping, not the sameprovisional |
| K1507 | Chef / Cheffe de centre des impôts | Related, not a match |
| K1512 | Chef / Cheffe de poste du Trésor public | Related, not a matchprovisional |
Source: France Travail — Répertoire Opérationnel des Métiers et des Emplois (ROME 4.0), version 61, last updated 15 June 2026 (https://www.data.gouv.fr/datasets/repertoire-operationnel-des-metiers-et-des-emplois-rome). Licence Ouverte 2.0.
ROME codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET-SOC occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a France Travail correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: fr-direct v1)
Spain classification links (CNO-11)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and CNO-11 occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| CNO-11 code | CNO-11 title (Spanish) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 3621 | Profesionales de apoyo de la Administración Pública de tributos | Same scopeprovisional |
| 2623 | Especialistas de la Administración Pública | Related, not a matchprovisional |
Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), National Classification of Occupations 2011 (CNO-11, Royal Decree 1591/2010) — www.ine.es · Licensed CC BY 4.0. CNO-11 codes and Spanish titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not an INE correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: es-direct v1)
Germany classification links (KldB)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and KldB occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| KldB code | KldB title (German) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 73232 | Berufe in der Steuerverwaltung - fachlich ausgerichtete Tätigkeiten | This occupation is broader |
| 73233 | Berufe in der Steuerverwaltung - komplexe Spezialistentätigkeiten | This occupation is broader |
| 73234 | Berufe in der Steuerverwaltung - hoch komplexe Tätigkeiten | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| 53232 | Berufe im Gerichtsvollzug - fachlich ausgerichtete Tätigkeiten | Related, not a matchprovisional |
Source: © Statistik der Bundesagentur für Arbeit — Klassifikation der Berufe 2010 – überarbeitete Fassung 2020, https://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de. KldB codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own mapping (eigene Zuordnung) and are not a Bundesagentur für Arbeit correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: de-direct v1)
Japan classification links (JSCO)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and JSCO occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| JSCO code | JSCO title (Japanese) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 261 | 現金出納事務員 | This occupation is narrower |
| 259 | その他の一般事務従事者 | Related, not a match |
Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC), Japan Standard Occupational Classification (Dec. 2009, MIC Notification No. 555). JSCO codes and Japanese titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a MIC correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: jp-direct v1)
Sources, licenses and AI Changing Work's modification and translation notices for this page: Credits & sources