Anthropologists and Archeologists
Life, Physical, and Social Science Occupations- O*NET-SOC code
- 19-3091.00
Study the origin, development, and behavior of human beings. May study the way of life, language, or physical characteristics of people in various parts of the world. May engage in systematic recovery and examination of material evidence, such as tools or pottery remaining from past human cultures, in order to determine the history, customs, and living habits of earlier civilizations.
- Data source: BLSPublished: 2026-08
Very high· relative
LowFour relative bandsVery highGroup-level value
Scale, basis and source
Four relative bands (Low / Moderate / High / Very high)
831 detailed occupations in the BLS Employment Projections table. Assigned per National Employment Matrix (NEM) code, so occupations sharing a NEM code carry the same band
- Data source: AnthropicPublished: 2026-03
0.135
0.000Range of values carried here0.745Scale, basis and source
Observed exposure index, 0–1 as published
Mapped onto O*NET tasks
Published per SOC 2018 occupation; every O*NET occupation with the same SOC 2018 code carries this value
- Data source: ILOPublished: 2025
0.48
0.09Range of values carried here0.70Group-level value
Scale, basis and source
Generative AI exposure index, 0–1 as published
Published per ISCO-08 unit group. Linked to this occupation, wholly or in part, by applying U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (ISCO-08 to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to 2018 SOC) as published
What kind of figure this source publishes
The BLS category is a relative rank, not an absolute level, and it is not a first-hand measurement: it groups an occupation's percentile ranks across several published studies into four bands. It is not an employment or wage forecast, not a probability of adoption, and it does not separate automation from augmentation.
Task-level exposure
Exposed tasks only30 rated tasks · 25 tasks with β ≥ 0.5 (83.3%)
β = direct exposure (E1) + 0.5 × exposure when tools are available (E2), per the source repository's definition.
- Source unit: O*NET 27.2 tasks → O*NET 31.0 occupation code
- All rated tasks are in the O*NET 31.0 task list.
- Source
- OpenAI "GPTs are GPTs" exposure rubric
- Release
- gh-main-0471612
- License
- MIT License, Copyright (c) 2024 OpenAI
| Task (O*NET 30.2) | Claude.aiRaw / share % | APIRaw / share % |
|---|---|---|
Collect information and make judgments through observation, interviews, and review of documents.19-3091.00 | 0.040080.0 | 0.070087.5 |
Formulate general rules that describe and predict the development and behavior of cultures and social institutions.19-3091.00 | 0.010020.0 | 0.010012.5 |
Describe artifacts' physical properties or attributes, such as the materials from which artifacts are made and their size, shape, function, and decoration.19-3091.00 | 0.00000.0 | 0.00000.0 |
Write about and present research findings for a variety of specialized and general audiences.19-3091.00 | 0.00000.0 | —0 |
Study archival collections of primary historical sources to help explain the origins and development of cultural patterns.19-3091.00 | 0.00000.0 | —0 |
Enhance the cultural sensitivity of elementary and secondary curricula and classroom interactions in collaboration with educators and teachers.19-3091.00 | 0.00000.0 | —0 |
| Not observed on any surface — 24 task(s) — These tasks have no row in the source for this release. The 0 in the share row is a display-stage composition ratio; absence is what the — in the raw row states. | ||
Research, survey, or assess sites of past societies and cultures in search of answers to specific research questions. | —0 | —0 |
Plan and direct research to characterize and compare the economic, demographic, health care, social, political, linguistic, and religious institutions of distinct cultural groups, communities, and organizations. | —0 | —0 |
Identify culturally specific beliefs and practices affecting health status and access to services for distinct populations and communities, in collaboration with medical and public health officials. | —0 | —0 |
Train others in the application of ethnographic research methods to solve problems in organizational effectiveness, communications, technology development, policy making, and program planning. | —0 | —0 |
Advise government agencies, private organizations, and communities regarding proposed programs, plans, and policies and their potential impacts on cultural institutions, organizations, and communities. | —0 | —0 |
Create data records for use in describing and analyzing social patterns and processes, using photography, videography, and audio recordings. | —0 | —0 |
Develop intervention procedures, using techniques such as individual and focus group interviews, consultations, and participant observation of social interaction. | —0 | —0 |
Develop and test theories concerning the origin and development of past cultures. | —0 | —0 |
Lead field training sites and train field staff, students, and volunteers in excavation methods. | —0 | —0 |
Collaborate with economic development planners to decide on the implementation of proposed development policies, plans, and programs based on culturally institutionalized barriers and facilitating circumstances. | —0 | —0 |
Conduct participatory action research in communities and organizations to assess how work is done and to design work systems, technologies, and environments. | —0 | —0 |
Organize public exhibits and displays to promote public awareness of diverse and distinctive cultural traditions. | —0 | —0 |
Apply traditional ecological knowledge and assessments of culturally distinctive land and resource management institutions to assist in the resolution of conflicts over habitat protection and resource enhancement. | —0 | —0 |
Teach or mentor undergraduate and graduate students in anthropology or archeology. | —0 | —0 |
Write grant proposals to obtain funding for research. | —0 | —0 |
Study objects and structures recovered by excavation to identify, date, and authenticate them and to interpret their significance. | —0 | —0 |
Compare findings from one site with archeological data from other sites to find similarities or differences. | —0 | —0 |
Record the exact locations and conditions of artifacts uncovered in diggings or surveys, using drawings and photographs as necessary. | —0 | —0 |
Assess archeological sites for resource management, development, or conservation purposes and recommend methods for site protection. | —0 | —0 |
Gather and analyze artifacts and skeletal remains to increase knowledge of ancient cultures. | —0 | —0 |
Collect artifacts made of stone, bone, metal, and other materials, placing them in bags and marking them to show where they were found. | —0 | —0 |
Consult site reports, existing artifacts, and topographic maps to identify archeological sites. | —0 | —0 |
Clean, restore, and preserve artifacts. | —0 | —0 |
Participate in forensic activities, such as tooth and bone structure identification, in conjunction with police departments and pathologists. | —0 | —0 |
Values in this tab are predicted labels, not observations. Eloundou et al. (2023) published two rating regimes — human raters and GPT-4 — and the β shown here is derived from the GPT-4 rater basis alone; the same task can take a different value under the other regime. The unit and the meaning differ from the observed shares (%) in the other tabs, so do not place them on the same axis.
| Task (O*NET 27.2) | βE1 + 0.5 × E2 |
|---|---|
Write about and present research findings for a variety of specialized and general audiences.O*NET Task ID 22234 | 1.0 |
Write grant proposals to obtain funding for research.O*NET Task ID 22260 | 1.0 |
Study objects and structures recovered by excavation to identify, date, and authenticate them and to interpret their significance.O*NET Task ID 22231 | 0.5 |
Collect information and make judgments through observation, interviews, and review of documents.O*NET Task ID 22232 | 0.5 |
Research, survey, or assess sites of past societies and cultures in search of answers to specific research questions.O*NET Task ID 22233 | 0.5 |
Describe artifacts' physical properties or attributes, such as the materials from which artifacts are made and their size, shape, function, and decoration.O*NET Task ID 22235 | 0.5 |
Plan and direct research to characterize and compare the economic, demographic, health care, social, political, linguistic, and religious institutions of distinct cultural groups, communities, and organizations.O*NET Task ID 22236 | 0.5 |
Compare findings from one site with archeological data from other sites to find similarities or differences.O*NET Task ID 22237 | 0.5 |
Record the exact locations and conditions of artifacts uncovered in diggings or surveys, using drawings and photographs as necessary.O*NET Task ID 22238 | 0.5 |
Assess archeological sites for resource management, development, or conservation purposes and recommend methods for site protection.O*NET Task ID 22239 | 0.5 |
Gather and analyze artifacts and skeletal remains to increase knowledge of ancient cultures.O*NET Task ID 22240 | 0.5 |
Identify culturally specific beliefs and practices affecting health status and access to services for distinct populations and communities, in collaboration with medical and public health officials.O*NET Task ID 22242 | 0.5 |
Consult site reports, existing artifacts, and topographic maps to identify archeological sites.O*NET Task ID 22243 | 0.5 |
Train others in the application of ethnographic research methods to solve problems in organizational effectiveness, communications, technology development, policy making, and program planning.O*NET Task ID 22244 | 0.5 |
Advise government agencies, private organizations, and communities regarding proposed programs, plans, and policies and their potential impacts on cultural institutions, organizations, and communities.O*NET Task ID 22245 | 0.5 |
Create data records for use in describing and analyzing social patterns and processes, using photography, videography, and audio recordings.O*NET Task ID 22246 | 0.5 |
Develop and test theories concerning the origin and development of past cultures.O*NET Task ID 22248 | 0.5 |
Collaborate with economic development planners to decide on the implementation of proposed development policies, plans, and programs based on culturally institutionalized barriers and facilitating circumstances.O*NET Task ID 22250 | 0.5 |
Organize public exhibits and displays to promote public awareness of diverse and distinctive cultural traditions.O*NET Task ID 22253 | 0.5 |
Formulate general rules that describe and predict the development and behavior of cultures and social institutions.O*NET Task ID 22254 | 0.5 |
Study archival collections of primary historical sources to help explain the origins and development of cultural patterns.O*NET Task ID 22255 | 0.5 |
Apply traditional ecological knowledge and assessments of culturally distinctive land and resource management institutions to assist in the resolution of conflicts over habitat protection and resource enhancement.O*NET Task ID 22256 | 0.5 |
Enhance the cultural sensitivity of elementary and secondary curricula and classroom interactions in collaboration with educators and teachers.O*NET Task ID 22257 | 0.5 |
Participate in forensic activities, such as tooth and bone structure identification, in conjunction with police departments and pathologists.O*NET Task ID 22258 | 0.5 |
Teach or mentor undergraduate and graduate students in anthropology or archeology.O*NET Task ID 22259 | 0.5 |
Collect artifacts made of stone, bone, metal, and other materials, placing them in bags and marking them to show where they were found.O*NET Task ID 22241 | 0.0 |
Develop intervention procedures, using techniques such as individual and focus group interviews, consultations, and participant observation of social interaction.O*NET Task ID 22247 | 0.0 |
Lead field training sites and train field staff, students, and volunteers in excavation methods.O*NET Task ID 22249 | 0.0 |
Clean, restore, and preserve artifacts.O*NET Task ID 22251 | 0.0 |
Conduct participatory action research in communities and organizations to assess how work is done and to design work systems, technologies, and environments.O*NET Task ID 22252 | 0.0 |
β = E1 + 0.5 × E2 · E1 = tasks where direct LLM access alone cuts time by at least 50%, E2 = tasks where software built on top of an LLM cuts time by at least 50%. Values take only 0 / 0.5 / 1.0.
Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Anthropic Economic Index, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page
All O*NET 31.0 task statements (30)
All O*NET 31.0 task statements for this occupation (English, as published; task type core or supplemental). Exposure values are not listed here; they are in the table above, next to each task statement as worded in the O*NET version each source used.
| Task (O*NET 31.0) | Type |
|---|---|
| Collect information and make judgments through observation, interviews, and review of documents. | Core |
| Research, survey, or assess sites of past societies and cultures in search of answers to specific research questions. | Core |
| Write about and present research findings for a variety of specialized and general audiences. | Core |
| Plan and direct research to characterize and compare the economic, demographic, health care, social, political, linguistic, and religious institutions of distinct cultural groups, communities, and organizations. | Core |
| Identify culturally specific beliefs and practices affecting health status and access to services for distinct populations and communities, in collaboration with medical and public health officials. | Core |
| Train others in the application of ethnographic research methods to solve problems in organizational effectiveness, communications, technology development, policy making, and program planning. | Core |
| Advise government agencies, private organizations, and communities regarding proposed programs, plans, and policies and their potential impacts on cultural institutions, organizations, and communities. | Core |
| Create data records for use in describing and analyzing social patterns and processes, using photography, videography, and audio recordings. | Core |
| Develop intervention procedures, using techniques such as individual and focus group interviews, consultations, and participant observation of social interaction. | Core |
| Develop and test theories concerning the origin and development of past cultures. | Core |
| Lead field training sites and train field staff, students, and volunteers in excavation methods. | Core |
| Collaborate with economic development planners to decide on the implementation of proposed development policies, plans, and programs based on culturally institutionalized barriers and facilitating circumstances. | Core |
| Conduct participatory action research in communities and organizations to assess how work is done and to design work systems, technologies, and environments. | Core |
| Organize public exhibits and displays to promote public awareness of diverse and distinctive cultural traditions. | Core |
| Formulate general rules that describe and predict the development and behavior of cultures and social institutions. | Core |
| Study archival collections of primary historical sources to help explain the origins and development of cultural patterns. | Core |
| Apply traditional ecological knowledge and assessments of culturally distinctive land and resource management institutions to assist in the resolution of conflicts over habitat protection and resource enhancement. | Core |
| Enhance the cultural sensitivity of elementary and secondary curricula and classroom interactions in collaboration with educators and teachers. | Core |
| Teach or mentor undergraduate and graduate students in anthropology or archeology. | Core |
| Write grant proposals to obtain funding for research. | Core |
| Study objects and structures recovered by excavation to identify, date, and authenticate them and to interpret their significance. | Supplemental |
| Describe artifacts' physical properties or attributes, such as the materials from which artifacts are made and their size, shape, function, and decoration. | Supplemental |
| Compare findings from one site with archeological data from other sites to find similarities or differences. | Supplemental |
| Record the exact locations and conditions of artifacts uncovered in diggings or surveys, using drawings and photographs as necessary. | Supplemental |
| Assess archeological sites for resource management, development, or conservation purposes and recommend methods for site protection. | Supplemental |
| Gather and analyze artifacts and skeletal remains to increase knowledge of ancient cultures. | Supplemental |
| Collect artifacts made of stone, bone, metal, and other materials, placing them in bags and marking them to show where they were found. | Supplemental |
| Consult site reports, existing artifacts, and topographic maps to identify archeological sites. | Supplemental |
| Clean, restore, and preserve artifacts. | Supplemental |
| Participate in forensic activities, such as tooth and bone structure identification, in conjunction with police departments and pathologists. | Supplemental |
0.16/ 3· Robot exposure index
Scale, basis and source
Each physical task is graded 0–3 by the setting in which robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated could do it (0 none · 1 purpose-built robot settings such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line · 2 structured facilities such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port · 3 unstructured settings such as a private home or a construction site), and the grades are averaged by share of working time
Physical tasks among this occupation's O*NET 29.3 tasks
Anthropic estimated the grades and time shares with Claude Opus 5 using web search, as of 2026.
The robot exposure index is a different measure from the AI exposure figures on this site and cannot be added to or compared with them. It does not measure actual adoption or cost, and 0 also covers occupations with no physical tasks.
Tier of each physical task
Robot environment tiers (E0–E3)
E0 noneDetails
Rated not doable by robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated, even in a purpose-built setting
E1 purpose-built robot settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting built around the machine, such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line
E2 structured facilitiesDetails
Rated doable in a human work facility that an institution keeps to a working standard, such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port
E3 unstructured settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting that no institution keeps to a working standard, such as a private home or a construction site
Only tasks classified as physical are listed; other tasks have no tier in the source.
| Task (O*NET 29.3) | Robot environment tier |
|---|---|
| Research, survey, or assess sites of past societies and cultures in search of answers to specific research questions. | E0 none |
| Create data records for use in describing and analyzing social patterns and processes, using photography, videography, and audio recordings. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Study objects and structures recovered by excavation to identify, date, and authenticate them and to interpret their significance. | E0 none |
| Describe artifacts' physical properties or attributes, such as the materials from which artifacts are made and their size, shape, function, and decoration. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Record the exact locations and conditions of artifacts uncovered in diggings or surveys, using drawings and photographs as necessary. | E0 none |
| Assess archeological sites for resource management, development, or conservation purposes and recommend methods for site protection. | E2 structured facilities |
| Gather and analyze artifacts and skeletal remains to increase knowledge of ancient cultures. | E0 none |
| Collect artifacts made of stone, bone, metal, and other materials, placing them in bags and marking them to show where they were found. | E0 none |
| Clean, restore, and preserve artifacts. | E0 none |
| Participate in forensic activities, such as tooth and bone structure identification, in conjunction with police departments and pathologists. | E0 none |
Occupation information
Employment outlook (BLS)
- Employment, 2025
- 10K
- Projected employment, 2035
- 11K
- Change (2025–35)
- +6%
- Median annual wage, 2025
- $70,770
- Typical education needed for entry
- Master's degree
Korea classification links (KSCO)
Links from the current release of the Korea Occupation Direct Crosswalk v1.1, made by AI Changing Work. Relation values are read from the O*NET-SOC occupation side.
| KSCO code | KSCO title | Relation | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| 21214 | 인류학 및 고고학 연구원 | Same scope | confirmed |
Relation and status definitions(kr-direct v1.1)
ILO occupational description
AI Changing Work links the ISCO-08 unit groups below to this occupation by applying the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (2018 SOC to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to ISCO-08) as published, without case-by-case selection; each link may be whole or partial.
- ISCO-08 2632Sociologists, Anthropologists and Related Professionals
The definition, tasks and examples below are the ILO's description of that unit group, not of this occupation.
Sociologists, anthropologists and related professionals investigate and describe the structure, origin and evolution of societies and the interdependence between environmental conditions and human activities. They provide advice on the practical application of their findings in the formulation of economic and social policies.
Tasks
- (a) conducting research on the origin, development, structure, social patterns, organizations and interrelationships of human society;
- (b) tracing the origin and evolution of humanity through the study of changing characteristics and cultural and social institutions;
- (c) tracing the development of humanity through the material remains of its past, such as dwellings, temples, tools, pottery, coins, weapons or sculpture;
- (d) studying physical and climatic aspects of areas and regions, and correlating these findings with economic, social and cultural activities;
- (e) developing theories, models and methods to interpret and describe social phenomena;
- (f) evaluating the outcome of political decisions concerning social policy;
- (g) analysing and evaluating social data;
- (h) advising on the practical application of findings in the formulation of economic and social policies for population groups and regions, and for the development of markets;
- (i) preparing scholarly papers and reports.
Example occupations
Anthropologist · Archaeologist · Criminologist · Ethnologist · Geographer · Sociologist
Sources: ILO ISCO-08 — details: Credits
ESCO occupational vocabulary
Each entry below is matched to this occupation in the published ESCO-O*NET Crosswalk (version 1, 2022). The match types are that crosswalk's; the wording is AI Changing Work's.
- anthropologistESCO 2632.1This occupation is broader
Anthropologists research all aspects of life pertaining to humans. They study the various civilisations that have existed along the time and their ways of organisation. They attempt to analyse the physical, societal, linguistic, political, economical, philosophical, and cultural aspects of different people. The aim of their studies is to understand and describe the past of humanity and solve topical societal problems. They explore different perspectives such as philosophical anthropology.
- archaeologistESCO 2632.2This occupation is broader
Archaeologists research and study past civilisations and settlements through collecting and inspecting material remains. They analyse and draw conclusions on a wide array of matters such as hierarchy systems, linguistics, culture, and politics based on the study of objects, structures, fossils, relics, and artifacts left behind by these peoples. Archaeologists utilise various interdisciplinary methods such as stratigraphy, typology, 3D analysis, mathematics, and modelling.
Source: European Commission, DG EMPL — ESCO API 2026-08-08 (bridge v1.2.1)
License: CC BY 4.0 (EU Reuse Notice)
ESCO reuse terms and the modification notice are in Credits.
France classification links (ROME)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and ROME 4.0 job profiles, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side. Links marked “provisional” were adopted on the judgments of two judges from the same model family (Claude) alone, or by an operator rule applied to their judgments, so they rest on weaker evidence than confirmed links.
| ROME code | ROME title (French) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| K2125 | Archéologue | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| K2135 | Ethnologue | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| K2143 | Anthropologue | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
Source: France Travail — Répertoire Opérationnel des Métiers et des Emplois (ROME 4.0), version 61, last updated 15 June 2026 (https://www.data.gouv.fr/datasets/repertoire-operationnel-des-metiers-et-des-emplois-rome). Licence Ouverte 2.0.
ROME codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET-SOC occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a France Travail correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: fr-direct v1)
Spain classification links (CNO-11)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and CNO-11 occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| CNO-11 code | CNO-11 title (Spanish) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 2821 | Sociólogos, geógrafos, antropólogos, arqueólogos y afines | This occupation is narrowerprovisional |
Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), National Classification of Occupations 2011 (CNO-11, Royal Decree 1591/2010) — www.ine.es · Licensed CC BY 4.0. CNO-11 codes and Spanish titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not an INE correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: es-direct v1)
Germany classification links (KldB)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and KldB occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| KldB code | KldB title (German) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 91234 | Berufe in der Archäologie - hoch komplexe Tätigkeiten | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| 91264 | Berufe in der Anthropologie und Ethnologie - hoch komplexe Tätigkeiten | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| 91233 | Berufe in der Archäologie - komplexe Spezialistentätigkeiten | Related, not a matchprovisional |
Source: © Statistik der Bundesagentur für Arbeit — Klassifikation der Berufe 2010 – überarbeitete Fassung 2020, https://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de. KldB codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own mapping (eigene Zuordnung) and are not a Bundesagentur für Arbeit correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: de-direct v1)
Japan classification links (JSCO)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and JSCO occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| JSCO code | JSCO title (Japanese) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 052 | 人文・社会科学系等研究者 | Related, not a match |
| 242 | 学芸員 | Related, not a match |
Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC), Japan Standard Occupational Classification (Dec. 2009, MIC Notification No. 555). JSCO codes and Japanese titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a MIC correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: jp-direct v1)
Sources, licenses and AI Changing Work's modification and translation notices for this page: Credits & sources