Cardiologists
Healthcare Practitioners and Technical Occupations- O*NET-SOC code
- 29-1212.00
Diagnose, treat, manage, and prevent diseases or conditions of the cardiovascular system. May further subspecialize in interventional procedures (e.g., balloon angioplasty and stent placement), echocardiography, or electrophysiology.
- Data source: BLSPublished: 2026-08
High· relative
LowFour relative bandsVery highGroup-level value
Scale, basis and source
Four relative bands (Low / Moderate / High / Very high)
831 detailed occupations in the BLS Employment Projections table. Assigned per National Employment Matrix (NEM) code, so occupations sharing a NEM code carry the same band
- Data source: ILOPublished: 2025
0.27–0.29· 2 ISCO-08 groups
Scale, basis and source
Generative AI exposure index, 0–1 as published
Published per ISCO-08 unit group. Linked to this occupation, wholly or in part, by applying U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (ISCO-08 to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to 2018 SOC) as published
- Data source: OpenAIPublished: 2023
0.231
0.000Range of values carried here0.844Scale, basis and source
What kind of figure this source publishes
The BLS category is a relative rank, not an absolute level, and it is not a first-hand measurement: it groups an occupation's percentile ranks across several published studies into four bands. It is not an employment or wage forecast, not a probability of adoption, and it does not separate automation from augmentation.
ILO value for each linked ISCO-08 group
- ISCO-08 2211Generalist Medical Practitioners0.29
- ISCO-08 2212Specialist Medical Practitioners0.27
Task-level exposure
Show 8 hidden tasks26 rated tasks · 18 tasks with β ≥ 0.5 (69.2%)
β = direct exposure (E1) + 0.5 × exposure when tools are available (E2), per the source repository's definition.
- Source unit: O*NET 27.2 tasks → O*NET 31.0 occupation code
- 1 rated task is not in the O*NET 31.0 task list; its score is kept as published for O*NET 27.2.
- Source
- OpenAI "GPTs are GPTs" exposure rubric
- Release
- gh-main-0471612
- License
- MIT License, Copyright (c) 2024 OpenAI
Values in this tab are predicted labels, not observations. Eloundou et al. (2023) published two rating regimes — human raters and GPT-4 — and the β shown here is derived from the GPT-4 rater basis alone; the same task can take a different value under the other regime. The unit and the meaning differ from the observed shares (%) in the other tabs, so do not place them on the same axis.
| Task (O*NET 27.2) | βE1 + 0.5 × E2 |
|---|---|
Advise patients and community members concerning diet, activity, hygiene, or disease prevention.O*NET Task ID 22690 | 0.5 |
Answer questions that patients have about their health and well-being.O*NET Task ID 22691 | 0.5 |
Calculate valve areas from blood flow velocity measurements.O*NET Task ID 22692 | 0.5 |
Compare measurements of heart wall thickness and chamber sizes to standards to identify abnormalities, using the results of an echocardiogram.O*NET Task ID 22693 | 0.5 |
Conduct electrocardiogram (EKG), phonocardiogram, echocardiogram, or other cardiovascular tests to record patients' cardiac activity, using specialized electronic test equipment, recording devices, or laboratory instruments.O*NET Task ID 22694 | 0.5 |
Conduct exercise electrocardiogram tests to monitor cardiovascular activity under stress.O*NET Task ID 22695 | 0.5 |
Conduct research to develop or test medications, treatments, or procedures that prevent or control disease or injury.O*NET Task ID 22696 | 0.5 |
Design and explain treatment plans, based on patient information such as medical history, reports, and examination results.O*NET Task ID 22698 | 0.5 |
Diagnose medical conditions of patients, using records, reports, test results, or examination information.O*NET Task ID 22700 | 0.5 |
Explain procedures and discuss test results or prescribed treatments with patients.O*NET Task ID 22701 | 0.5 |
Monitor patient progress following cardiac surgery.O*NET Task ID 22703 | 0.5 |
Monitor patients' conditions and progress, and reevaluate treatments, as necessary.O*NET Task ID 22704 | 0.5 |
Observe ultrasound display screen, and listen to signals to record vascular information, such as blood pressure, limb volume changes, oxygen saturation, and cerebral circulation.O*NET Task ID 22705 | 0.5 |
Obtain and record patient information, including patient identification, medical history, and examination results.O*NET Task ID 22706 | 0.5 |
Order medical tests, such as echocardiograms, electrocardiograms, and angiograms.O*NET Task ID 22708 | 0.5 |
Prescribe heart medication to treat or prevent heart problems.O*NET Task ID 22711 | 0.5 |
Recommend surgeons or surgical procedures.O*NET Task ID 22712 | 0.5 |
Talk to other physicians about patients to create a treatment plan.O*NET Task ID 22714 | 0.5 |
β = E1 + 0.5 × E2 · E1 = tasks where direct LLM access alone cuts time by at least 50%, E2 = tasks where software built on top of an LLM cuts time by at least 50%. Values take only 0 / 0.5 / 1.0.
Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page
All O*NET 31.0 task statements (25)
All O*NET 31.0 task statements for this occupation (English, as published; task type core or supplemental). Exposure values are not listed here; they are in the table above, next to each task statement as worded in the O*NET version each source used.
| Task (O*NET 31.0) | Type |
|---|---|
| Administer emergency cardiac care for life-threatening heart problems, such as cardiac arrest and heart attack. | — |
| Advise patients and community members concerning diet, activity, hygiene, or disease prevention. | — |
| Answer questions that patients have about their health and well-being. | — |
| Calculate valve areas from blood flow velocity measurements. | — |
| Compare measurements of heart wall thickness and chamber sizes to standards to identify abnormalities, using the results of an echocardiogram. | — |
| Conduct electrocardiogram (EKG), phonocardiogram, echocardiogram, or other cardiovascular tests to record patients' cardiac activity, using specialized electronic test equipment, recording devices, or laboratory instruments. | — |
| Conduct exercise electrocardiogram tests to monitor cardiovascular activity under stress. | — |
| Conduct research to develop or test medications, treatments, or procedures that prevent or control disease or injury. | — |
| Conduct tests of the pulmonary system, using a spirometer or other respiratory testing equipment. | — |
| Design and explain treatment plans, based on patient information such as medical history, reports, and examination results. | — |
| Diagnose cardiovascular conditions, using cardiac catheterization. | — |
| Diagnose medical conditions of patients, using records, reports, test results, or examination information. | — |
| Explain procedures and discuss test results or prescribed treatments with patients. | — |
| Inject contrast media into patients' blood vessels. | — |
| Monitor patients' conditions and progress, and reevaluate treatments, as necessary. | — |
| Observe ultrasound display screen, and listen to signals to record vascular information, such as blood pressure, limb volume changes, oxygen saturation, and cerebral circulation. | — |
| Obtain and record patient information, including patient identification, medical history, and examination results. | — |
| Operate diagnostic imaging equipment to produce contrast-enhanced radiographs of heart and cardiovascular system. | — |
| Order medical tests, such as echocardiograms, electrocardiograms, and angiograms. | — |
| Perform minimally invasive surgical procedures, such as implanting pacemakers and defibrillators. | — |
| Perform vascular procedures, such as balloon angioplasty and stents. | — |
| Prescribe heart medication to treat or prevent heart problems. | — |
| Recommend surgeons or surgical procedures. | — |
| Supervise or train cardiology technologists or students. | — |
| Talk to other physicians about patients to create a treatment plan. | — |
0.03/ 3· Robot exposure index
Scale, basis and source
Each physical task is graded 0–3 by the setting in which robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated could do it (0 none · 1 purpose-built robot settings such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line · 2 structured facilities such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port · 3 unstructured settings such as a private home or a construction site), and the grades are averaged by share of working time
Physical tasks among this occupation's O*NET 29.3 tasks
Anthropic estimated the grades and time shares with Claude Opus 5 using web search, as of 2026.
The robot exposure index is a different measure from the AI exposure figures on this site and cannot be added to or compared with them. It does not measure actual adoption or cost, and 0 also covers occupations with no physical tasks.
Tier of each physical task
Robot environment tiers (E0–E3)
E0 noneDetails
Rated not doable by robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated, even in a purpose-built setting
E1 purpose-built robot settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting built around the machine, such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line
E2 structured facilitiesDetails
Rated doable in a human work facility that an institution keeps to a working standard, such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port
E3 unstructured settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting that no institution keeps to a working standard, such as a private home or a construction site
Only tasks classified as physical are listed; other tasks have no tier in the source.
| Task (O*NET 29.3) | Robot environment tier |
|---|---|
| Administer emergency cardiac care for life-threatening heart problems, such as cardiac arrest and heart attack. | E0 none |
| Conduct electrocardiogram (EKG), phonocardiogram, echocardiogram, or other cardiovascular tests to record patients' cardiac activity, using specialized electronic test equipment, recording devices, or laboratory instruments. | E0 none |
| Conduct research to develop or test medications, treatments, or procedures that prevent or control disease or injury. | E0 none |
| Diagnose cardiovascular conditions, using cardiac catheterization. | E0 none |
| Inject contrast media into patients' blood vessels. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Observe ultrasound display screen, and listen to signals to record vascular information, such as blood pressure, limb volume changes, oxygen saturation, and cerebral circulation. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Operate diagnostic imaging equipment to produce contrast-enhanced radiographs of heart and cardiovascular system. | E0 none |
| Perform minimally invasive surgical procedures, such as implanting pacemakers and defibrillators. | E0 none |
| Perform vascular procedures, such as balloon angioplasty and stents. | E0 none |
Occupation information
Employment outlook (BLS)
- Employment, 2025
- 19K
- Projected employment, 2035
- 19K
- Change (2025–35)
- +4.8%
- Median annual wage, 2025
- $496,010
- Typical education needed for entry
- Doctoral or professional degree
Korea classification links (KSCO)
Links from the current release of the Korea Occupation Direct Crosswalk v1.1, made by AI Changing Work. Relation values are read from the O*NET-SOC occupation side.
| KSCO code | KSCO title | Relation | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| 24111 | 내과 전문 의사 | This occupation is narrower | confirmed |
Relation and status definitions(kr-direct v1.1)
ILO occupational description
AI Changing Work links the ISCO-08 unit groups below to this occupation by applying the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (2018 SOC to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to ISCO-08) as published, without case-by-case selection; each link may be whole or partial.
- ISCO-08 2211Generalist Medical Practitioners
- ISCO-08 2212Specialist Medical Practitioners
Sources: ILO ISCO-08 — details: Credits
ESCO occupational vocabulary
Each entry below is matched to this occupation in the published ESCO-O*NET Crosswalk (version 1, 2022). The match types are that crosswalk's; the wording is AI Changing Work's.
- specialised doctorESCO 2212.1This occupation is narrower
Specialised doctors prevent, diagnose and treat diseases depending on their medical or surgical specialty.
Source: European Commission, DG EMPL — ESCO API 2026-08-08 (bridge v1.2.1)
License: CC BY 4.0 (EU Reuse Notice)
ESCO reuse terms and the modification notice are in Credits.
France classification links (ROME)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and ROME 4.0 job profiles, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side. Links marked “provisional” were adopted on the judgments of two judges from the same model family (Claude) alone, or by an operator rule applied to their judgments, so they rest on weaker evidence than confirmed links.
| ROME code | ROME title (French) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| J1140 | Cardiologue | Same scope |
| J1142 | Angiologue | Related, not a match |
| J1120 | Médecin phlébologue | Related, not a matchprovisional |
Source: France Travail — Répertoire Opérationnel des Métiers et des Emplois (ROME 4.0), version 61, last updated 15 June 2026 (https://www.data.gouv.fr/datasets/repertoire-operationnel-des-metiers-et-des-emplois-rome). Licence Ouverte 2.0.
ROME codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET-SOC occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a France Travail correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: fr-direct v1)
Spain classification links (CNO-11)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and CNO-11 occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| CNO-11 code | CNO-11 title (Spanish) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 2112 | Otros médicos especialistas | This occupation is narrowerprovisional |
Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), National Classification of Occupations 2011 (CNO-11, Royal Decree 1591/2010) — www.ine.es · Licensed CC BY 4.0. CNO-11 codes and Spanish titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not an INE correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: es-direct v1)
Germany classification links (KldB)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and KldB occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| KldB code | KldB title (German) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 81424 | Fachärzte/-ärztinnen in der Inneren Medizin - hoch komplexe Tätigkeiten | This occupation is narrowerprovisional |
Source: © Statistik der Bundesagentur für Arbeit — Klassifikation der Berufe 2010 – überarbeitete Fassung 2020, https://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de. KldB codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own mapping (eigene Zuordnung) and are not a Bundesagentur für Arbeit correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: de-direct v1)
Japan classification links (JSCO)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and JSCO occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| JSCO code | JSCO title (Japanese) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 121 | 医師 | This occupation is narrower |
Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC), Japan Standard Occupational Classification (Dec. 2009, MIC Notification No. 555). JSCO codes and Japanese titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a MIC correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: jp-direct v1)
Sources, licenses and AI Changing Work's modification and translation notices for this page: Credits & sources