First-Line Supervisors of Firefighting and Prevention Workers

O*NET-SOC code: 33-1021.00

Directly supervise and coordinate activities of workers engaged in firefighting and fire prevention and control.

Data source: BLSPublished: 2026-08
Low· relative
LowFour relative bandsVery high
Group-level value
Scale, basis and source
Four relative bands (Low / Moderate / High / Very high)
831 detailed occupations in the BLS Employment Projections table. Assigned per National Employment Matrix (NEM) code, so occupations sharing a NEM code carry the same band
Source dataset (XLSX download)
Data source: AnthropicPublished: 2026-03
0.000
0.000Range of values carried here0.745
Scale, basis and source
Observed exposure index, 0–1 as published
Mapped onto O*NET tasks
Published per SOC 2018 occupation; every O*NET occupation with the same SOC 2018 code carries this value
Source dataset (CSV download)
Data source: ILOPublished: 2025
0.18–0.28· 3 ISCO-08 groups
Scale, basis and source
Generative AI exposure index, 0–1 as published
Published per ISCO-08 unit group. Linked to this occupation, wholly or in part, by applying U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (ISCO-08 to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to 2018 SOC) as published
Source dataset (PDF download)

What kind of figure this source publishes

The BLS category is a relative rank, not an absolute level, and it is not a first-hand measurement: it groups an occupation's percentile ranks across several published studies into four bands. It is not an employment or wage forecast, not a probability of adoption, and it does not separate automation from augmentation.

ILO value for each linked ISCO-08 group

ISCO-08 3112Civil Engineering Technicians0.28
ISCO-08 3119Physical and Engineering Science Technicians Not Elsewhere Classified0.26
ISCO-08 5411Fire Fighters0.18

Task-level exposure

Show 11 hidden tasks

30 rated tasks · 19 tasks with β ≥ 0.5 (63.3%)

β = direct exposure (E1) + 0.5 × exposure when tools are available (E2), per the source repository's definition.

Source unit: O*NET 27.2 tasks → O*NET 31.0 occupation code
All rated tasks are in the O*NET 31.0 task list.

Source: OpenAI "GPTs are GPTs" exposure rubric
Release: gh-main-0471612
License: MIT License, Copyright (c) 2024 OpenAI

Values in this tab are predicted labels, not observations. Eloundou et al. (2023) published two rating regimes — human raters and GPT-4 — and the β shown here is derived from the GPT-4 rater basis alone; the same task can take a different value under the other regime. The unit and the meaning differ from the observed shares (%) in the other tabs, so do not place them on the same axis.

Task (O*NET 27.2)	βE1 + 0.5 × E2
Communicate fire details to superiors, subordinates, or interagency dispatch centers, using two-way radios. O*NET Task ID 22913	1.0
Perform maintenance and minor repairs on firefighting equipment, including vehicles, and write and submit proposals to modify, replace, and repair equipment. O*NET Task ID 22919	1.0
Maintain required maps and records. O*NET Task ID 22923	1.0
Recommend personnel actions related to disciplinary procedures, performance, leaves of absence, and grievances. O*NET Task ID 22928	1.0
Perform administrative duties, such as compiling and maintaining records, completing forms, preparing reports, or composing correspondence. O*NET Task ID 22929	1.0
Study and interpret fire safety codes to establish procedures for issuing permits to handle hazardous or flammable substances. O*NET Task ID 22934	1.0
Maintain knowledge of fire laws and fire prevention techniques and tactics. O*NET Task ID 22937	1.0
Assess nature and extent of fire, condition of building, danger to adjacent buildings, and water supply status to determine crew or company requirements. O*NET Task ID 22912	0.5
Direct the training of firefighters, assigning of instructors to training classes, and providing of supervisors with reports on training progress and status. O*NET Task ID 22918	0.5
Schedule employee work assignments and set work priorities. O*NET Task ID 22920	0.5
Monitor fire suppression expenditures to ensure that they are necessary and reasonable. O*NET Task ID 22921	0.5
Participate in creating fire safety guidelines and evacuation schemes for nonresidential buildings. O*NET Task ID 22922	0.5
Direct investigation of cases of suspected arson, hazards, and false alarms and submit reports outlining findings. O*NET Task ID 22930	0.5
Recommend equipment modifications or new equipment purchases. O*NET Task ID 22931	0.5
Supervise and participate in the inspection of properties to ensure that they are in compliance with applicable fire codes, ordinances, laws, regulations, and standards. O*NET Task ID 22932	0.5
Inspect and test new and existing fire protection systems, fire detection systems, and fire safety equipment to ensure that they are operating properly. O*NET Task ID 22933	0.5
Analyze burn conditions and results, and prepare postburn reports. O*NET Task ID 22935	0.5
Evaluate size, location, and condition of fires. O*NET Task ID 22936	0.5
Recruit or hire firefighting personnel. O*NET Task ID 22939	0.5
Show 9 more tasks ▾Show less ▴

β = E1 + 0.5 × E2 · E1 = tasks where direct LLM access alone cuts time by at least 50%, E2 = tasks where software built on top of an LLM cuts time by at least 50%. Values take only 0 / 0.5 / 1.0.

Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page

All O*NET 31.0 task statements (30)

All O*NET 31.0 task statements for this occupation (English, as published; task type core or supplemental). Exposure values are not listed here; they are in the table above, next to each task statement as worded in the O*NET version each source used.

Task (O*NET 31.0)	Type
Assign firefighters to jobs at strategic locations to facilitate rescue of persons and maximize application of extinguishing agents.	Core
Provide emergency medical services as required, and perform light to heavy rescue functions at emergencies.	Core
Assess nature and extent of fire, condition of building, danger to adjacent buildings, and water supply status to determine crew or company requirements.	Core
Communicate fire details to superiors, subordinates, or interagency dispatch centers, using two-way radios.	Core
Serve as a working leader of an engine, hand, helicopter, or prescribed fire crew of three or more firefighters.	Core
Instruct and drill fire department personnel in assigned duties, including firefighting, medical care, hazardous materials response, fire prevention, and related subjects.	Core
Maintain fire suppression equipment in good condition, checking equipment periodically to ensure that it is ready for use.	Core
Evaluate the performance of assigned firefighting personnel.	Core
Direct the training of firefighters, assigning of instructors to training classes, and providing of supervisors with reports on training progress and status.	Core
Perform maintenance and minor repairs on firefighting equipment, including vehicles, and write and submit proposals to modify, replace, and repair equipment.	Core
Schedule employee work assignments and set work priorities.	Core
Monitor fire suppression expenditures to ensure that they are necessary and reasonable.	Core
Participate in creating fire safety guidelines and evacuation schemes for nonresidential buildings.	Core
Maintain required maps and records.	Core
Inspect stations, uniforms, equipment, or recreation areas to ensure compliance with safety standards, taking corrective action as necessary.	Core
Evaluate fire station procedures to ensure efficiency and enforcement of departmental regulations.	Core
Direct firefighters in station maintenance duties, and participate in these duties.	Core
Recommend personnel actions related to disciplinary procedures, performance, leaves of absence, and grievances.	Core
Perform administrative duties, such as compiling and maintaining records, completing forms, preparing reports, or composing correspondence.	Core
Direct investigation of cases of suspected arson, hazards, and false alarms and submit reports outlining findings.	Core
Recommend equipment modifications or new equipment purchases.	Core
Inspect and test new and existing fire protection systems, fire detection systems, and fire safety equipment to ensure that they are operating properly.	Core
Evaluate size, location, and condition of fires.	Core
Maintain knowledge of fire laws and fire prevention techniques and tactics.	Core
Recruit or hire firefighting personnel.	Core
Drive crew carriers to transport firefighters to fire sites.	Supplemental
Supervise and participate in the inspection of properties to ensure that they are in compliance with applicable fire codes, ordinances, laws, regulations, and standards.	Supplemental
Study and interpret fire safety codes to establish procedures for issuing permits to handle hazardous or flammable substances.	Supplemental
Analyze burn conditions and results, and prepare postburn reports.	Supplemental
Plan, direct, and supervise prescribed burn projects.	Supplemental

Anthropic, "What work can robots do?"2026-09

0.20/ 3· Robot exposure index

0 none3 unstructured settings

Scale, basis and source

Each physical task is graded 0–3 by the setting in which robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated could do it (0 none · 1 purpose-built robot settings such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line · 2 structured facilities such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port · 3 unstructured settings such as a private home or a construction site), and the grades are averaged by share of working time

Physical tasks among this occupation's O*NET 29.3 tasks

Anthropic estimated the grades and time shares with Claude Opus 5 using web search, as of 2026.

Source dataset

The robot exposure index is a different measure from the AI exposure figures on this site and cannot be added to or compared with them. It does not measure actual adoption or cost, and 0 also covers occupations with no physical tasks.

Tier of each physical task

Robot environment tiers (E0–E3)

E0 noneDetails
Rated not doable by robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated, even in a purpose-built setting
E1 purpose-built robot settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting built around the machine, such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line
E2 structured facilitiesDetails
Rated doable in a human work facility that an institution keeps to a working standard, such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port
E3 unstructured settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting that no institution keeps to a working standard, such as a private home or a construction site

Only tasks classified as physical are listed; other tasks have no tier in the source.

Task (O*NET 29.3)	Robot environment tier
Provide emergency medical services as required, and perform light to heavy rescue functions at emergencies.	E0 none
Serve as a working leader of an engine, hand, helicopter, or prescribed fire crew of three or more firefighters.	E0 none
Instruct and drill fire department personnel in assigned duties, including firefighting, medical care, hazardous materials response, fire prevention, and related subjects.	E0 none
Maintain fire suppression equipment in good condition, checking equipment periodically to ensure that it is ready for use.	E0 none
Perform maintenance and minor repairs on firefighting equipment, including vehicles, and write and submit proposals to modify, replace, and repair equipment.	E0 none
Drive crew carriers to transport firefighters to fire sites.	E2 structured facilities
Inspect stations, uniforms, equipment, or recreation areas to ensure compliance with safety standards, taking corrective action as necessary.	E0 none
Direct firefighters in station maintenance duties, and participate in these duties.	E2 structured facilities
Supervise and participate in the inspection of properties to ensure that they are in compliance with applicable fire codes, ordinances, laws, regulations, and standards.	E0 none
Inspect and test new and existing fire protection systems, fire detection systems, and fire safety equipment to ensure that they are operating properly.	E0 none
Evaluate size, location, and condition of fires.	E1 purpose-built robot settings

Employment outlook (BLS)

Employment, 2025: 102K
Projected employment, 2035: 105K
Change (2025–35): +3.7%
Median annual wage, 2025: $93,530
Typical education needed for entry: Postsecondary nondegree award

lowest $30,890median wage across 825 detailed occupations, BLS EP 2025–35highest $559,030

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections 2025–35 — Employment by detailed occupation, 2025 and projected 2035

Korea classification links (KSCO)

Links from the current release of the Korea Occupation Direct Crosswalk v1.1, made by AI Changing Work. Relation values are read from the O*NET-SOC occupation side.

KSCO code	KSCO title	Relation	Status
41120	소방관	This occupation is narrower	confirmed
13133	소방 관리자	Overlapping, not the same	confirmed

Relation and status definitions(kr-direct v1.1)

ILO occupational description

AI Changing Work links the ISCO-08 unit groups below to this occupation by applying the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (2018 SOC to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to ISCO-08) as published, without case-by-case selection; each link may be whole or partial.

ISCO-08 3112Civil Engineering Technicians
ISCO-08 3119Physical and Engineering Science Technicians Not Elsewhere Classified
ISCO-08 5411Fire Fighters

Sources: ILO ISCO-08 — details: Credits

ESCO occupational vocabulary

Each entry below is matched to this occupation in the published ESCO-O*NET Crosswalk (version 1, 2022). The match types are that crosswalk's; the wording is AI Changing Work's.

chief fire officerESCO 1349.8Overlapping, not the same
Chief fire officers supervise a fire department. They coordinate the operations of the department, and supervise and lead the fire and rescue staff during firefighting and rescue activities to ensure the safety of the staff and limitation of risks. They perform administrative duties to ensure record maintenance, and implement policies to improve the department's operations.
fire commissionerESCO 1112.4Overlapping, not the same
Fire commissioners oversee the activity of the fire department making sure the services supplied are effective and the necessary equipment is provided. They develop and manage the business policies ensuring the legislation in the field is followed. Fire commissioners perform safety inspections and promotes fire prevention education.

Source: European Commission, DG EMPL — ESCO API 2026-08-08 (bridge v1.2.1)

License: CC BY 4.0 (EU Reuse Notice)

View original

ESCO reuse terms and the modification notice are in Credits.

France classification links (ROME)

AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and ROME 4.0 job profiles, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side. Links marked “provisional” were adopted on the judgments of two judges from the same model family (Claude) alone, or by an operator rule applied to their judgments, so they rest on weaker evidence than confirmed links.

ROME code	ROME title (French)	Relation
K1744	Chef / Cheffe de centre d'incendie et de secours	This occupation is broaderprovisional
K1702	Responsable de sécurité civile et de secours	Related, not a matchprovisional
K1745	Pompier / Pompière	Related, not a matchprovisional

Source: France Travail — Répertoire Opérationnel des Métiers et des Emplois (ROME 4.0), version 61, last updated 15 June 2026 (https://www.data.gouv.fr/datasets/repertoire-operationnel-des-metiers-et-des-emplois-rome). Licence Ouverte 2.0.

ROME codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET-SOC occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a France Travail correspondence.

(AI Changing Work link release: fr-direct v1)

Spain classification links (CNO-11)

AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and CNO-11 occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.

CNO-11 code	CNO-11 title (Spanish)	Relation
5931	Bomberos (excepto forestales)	This occupation is narrowerprovisional
1329	Directores de otras empresas de servicios profesionales no clasificados bajo otros epígrafes	Related, not a matchprovisional
5932	Bomberos forestales	Related, not a matchprovisional

Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), National Classification of Occupations 2011 (CNO-11, Royal Decree 1591/2010) — www.ine.es · Licensed CC BY 4.0. CNO-11 codes and Spanish titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not an INE correspondence.

(AI Changing Work link release: es-direct v1)

Germany classification links (KldB)

AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and KldB occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.

KldB code	KldB title (German)	Relation
53133	Berufe im Brandschutz - komplexe Spezialistentätigkeiten	Overlapping, not the same
53193	Aufsichtskräfte - Objekt-, Personen-, Brandschutz, Arbeitssicherheit	Related, not a match
53194	Führungskräfte - Objekt-, Personen-, Brandschutz, Arbeitssicherheit	Related, not a match

Source: © Statistik der Bundesagentur für Arbeit — Klassifikation der Berufe 2010 – überarbeitete Fassung 2020, https://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de. KldB codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own mapping (eigene Zuordnung) and are not a Bundesagentur für Arbeit correspondence.

(AI Changing Work link release: de-direct v1)

Japan classification links (JSCO)

AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and JSCO occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.

JSCO code	JSCO title (Japanese)	Relation
452	消防員	This occupation is narrower

Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC), Japan Standard Occupational Classification (Dec. 2009, MIC Notification No. 555). JSCO codes and Japanese titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a MIC correspondence.

(AI Changing Work link release: jp-direct v1)

Sources, licenses and AI Changing Work's modification and translation notices for this page: Credits & sources