Maintenance and Repair Workers, General
Installation, Maintenance, and Repair Occupations- O*NET-SOC code
- 49-9071.00
Perform work involving the skills of two or more maintenance or craft occupations to keep machines, mechanical equipment, or the structure of a building in repair. Duties may involve pipe fitting; HVAC maintenance; insulating; welding; machining; carpentry; repairing electrical or mechanical equipment; installing, aligning, and balancing new equipment; and repairing buildings, floors, or stairs.
- Data source: BLSPublished: 2026-08
Low· relative
LowFour relative bandsVery highGroup-level value
Scale, basis and source
Four relative bands (Low / Moderate / High / Very high)
831 detailed occupations in the BLS Employment Projections table. Assigned per National Employment Matrix (NEM) code, so occupations sharing a NEM code carry the same band
- Data source: AnthropicPublished: 2026-03
0.000
0.000Range of values carried here0.745Scale, basis and source
Observed exposure index, 0–1 as published
Mapped onto O*NET tasks
Published per SOC 2018 occupation; every O*NET occupation with the same SOC 2018 code carries this value
- Data source: ILOPublished: 2025
0.11
0.09Range of values carried here0.70Group-level value
Scale, basis and source
Generative AI exposure index, 0–1 as published
Published per ISCO-08 unit group. Linked to this occupation, wholly or in part, by applying U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (ISCO-08 to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to 2018 SOC) as published
What kind of figure this source publishes
The BLS category is a relative rank, not an absolute level, and it is not a first-hand measurement: it groups an occupation's percentile ranks across several published studies into four bands. It is not an employment or wage forecast, not a probability of adoption, and it does not separate automation from augmentation.
Task-level exposure
Show 27 hidden tasks30 rated tasks · 6 tasks with β ≥ 0.5 (20.0%)
β = direct exposure (E1) + 0.5 × exposure when tools are available (E2), per the source repository's definition.
- Source unit: O*NET 27.2 tasks → O*NET 31.0 occupation code
- 3 rated tasks are not in the O*NET 31.0 task list; their scores are kept as published for O*NET 27.2.
- Source
- OpenAI "GPTs are GPTs" exposure rubric
- Release
- gh-main-0471612
- License
- MIT License, Copyright (c) 2024 OpenAI
| Task (O*NET 20.1) | Claude.aiRaw / share % |
|---|---|
Diagnose mechanical problems and determine how to correct them, checking blueprints, repair manuals, or parts catalogs, as necessary.49-9071.00 | 0.003247.0 |
Adjust functional parts of devices or control instruments, using hand tools, levels, plumb bobs, or straightedges.49-9071.00 | 0.002130.3 |
Test and treat water supply.49-9071.00 | 0.001622.7 |
Values in this tab are predicted labels, not observations. Eloundou et al. (2023) published two rating regimes — human raters and GPT-4 — and the β shown here is derived from the GPT-4 rater basis alone; the same task can take a different value under the other regime. The unit and the meaning differ from the observed shares (%) in the other tabs, so do not place them on the same axis.
| Task (O*NET 27.2) | βE1 + 0.5 × E2 |
|---|---|
Record type and cost of maintenance or repair work.O*NET Task ID 3025 | 1.0 |
Diagnose mechanical problems and determine how to correct them, checking blueprints, repair manuals, or parts catalogs, as necessary.O*NET Task ID 3023 | 0.5 |
Plan and lay out repair work, using diagrams, drawings, blueprints, maintenance manuals, or schematic diagrams.O*NET Task ID 3028 | 0.5 |
Order parts, supplies, or equipment from catalogs or suppliers.O*NET Task ID 20674 | 0.5 |
Estimate costs to repair machinery, equipment, or building structures.O*NET Task ID 20678 | 0.5 |
Design new equipment to aid in the repair or maintenance of machines, mechanical equipment, or building structures.O*NET Task ID 20679 | 0.5 |
β = E1 + 0.5 × E2 · E1 = tasks where direct LLM access alone cuts time by at least 50%, E2 = tasks where software built on top of an LLM cuts time by at least 50%. Values take only 0 / 0.5 / 1.0.
Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Anthropic Economic Index, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page
All O*NET 31.0 task statements (27)
All O*NET 31.0 task statements for this occupation (English, as published; task type core or supplemental). Exposure values are not listed here; they are in the table above, next to each task statement as worded in the O*NET version each source used.
| Task (O*NET 31.0) | Type |
|---|---|
| Assemble, install, or repair wiring, electrical or electronic components, pipe systems, plumbing, machinery, or equipment. | Core |
| Diagnose mechanical problems and determine how to correct them, checking blueprints, repair manuals, or parts catalogs, as necessary. | Core |
| Inspect, operate, or test machinery or equipment to diagnose machine malfunctions. | Core |
| Record type and cost of maintenance or repair work. | Core |
| Clean or lubricate shafts, bearings, gears, or other parts of machinery. | Core |
| Plan and lay out repair work, using diagrams, drawings, blueprints, maintenance manuals, or schematic diagrams. | Core |
| Adjust functional parts of devices or control instruments, using hand tools, levels, plumb bobs, or straightedges. | Core |
| Paint or repair roofs, windows, doors, floors, woodwork, plaster, drywall, or other parts of building structures. | Core |
| Align and balance new equipment after installation. | Core |
| Set up and operate machine tools to repair or fabricate machine parts, jigs, fixtures, or tools. | Core |
| Fabricate or repair counters, benches, partitions, or other wooden structures, such as sheds or outbuildings. | Core |
| Install equipment to improve the energy or operational efficiency of residential or commercial buildings. | Core |
| Dismantle machines, equipment, or devices to access and remove defective parts, using hoists, cranes, hand tools, or power tools. | Core |
| Perform routine maintenance, such as inspecting drives, motors, or belts, checking fluid levels, replacing filters, or doing other preventive maintenance actions. | Core |
| Repair machines, equipment, or structures, using tools such as hammers, hoists, saws, drills, wrenches, or equipment such as precision measuring instruments or electrical or electronic testing devices. | Core |
| Maintain or repair specialized equipment or machinery located in cafeterias, laundries, hospitals, stores, offices, or factories. | Core |
| Order parts, supplies, or equipment from catalogs or suppliers. | Core |
| Perform general cleaning of buildings or properties. | Core |
| Train or manage maintenance personnel or subcontractors. | Core |
| Estimate costs to repair machinery, equipment, or building structures. | Core |
| Design new equipment to aid in the repair or maintenance of machines, mechanical equipment, or building structures. | Core |
| Operate cutting torches or welding equipment to cut or join metal parts. | Supplemental |
| Inspect used parts to determine changes in dimensional requirements, using rules, calipers, micrometers, or other measuring instruments. | Supplemental |
| Assemble boilers at installation sites, using tools such as levels, plumb bobs, hammers, torches, or other hand tools. | Supplemental |
| Perform routine maintenance on boilers, such as replacing burners or hoses, installing replacement parts, or reinforcing structural weaknesses to ensure optimal boiler efficiency. | Supplemental |
| Position, attach, or blow insulating materials to prevent energy losses from buildings, pipes, or other structures or objects. | Supplemental |
| Provide groundskeeping services, such as landscaping or snow removal. | Supplemental |
0.35/ 3· Robot exposure index
Scale, basis and source
Each physical task is graded 0–3 by the setting in which robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated could do it (0 none · 1 purpose-built robot settings such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line · 2 structured facilities such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port · 3 unstructured settings such as a private home or a construction site), and the grades are averaged by share of working time
Physical tasks among this occupation's O*NET 29.3 tasks
Anthropic estimated the grades and time shares with Claude Opus 5 using web search, as of 2026.
The robot exposure index is a different measure from the AI exposure figures on this site and cannot be added to or compared with them. It does not measure actual adoption or cost, and 0 also covers occupations with no physical tasks.
Tier of each physical task
Robot environment tiers (E0–E3)
E0 noneDetails
Rated not doable by robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated, even in a purpose-built setting
E1 purpose-built robot settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting built around the machine, such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line
E2 structured facilitiesDetails
Rated doable in a human work facility that an institution keeps to a working standard, such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port
E3 unstructured settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting that no institution keeps to a working standard, such as a private home or a construction site
Only tasks classified as physical are listed; other tasks have no tier in the source.
| Task (O*NET 29.3) | Robot environment tier |
|---|---|
| Assemble, install, or repair wiring, electrical or electronic components, pipe systems, plumbing, machinery, or equipment. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Diagnose mechanical problems and determine how to correct them, checking blueprints, repair manuals, or parts catalogs, as necessary. | E0 none |
| Inspect, operate, or test machinery or equipment to diagnose machine malfunctions. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Clean or lubricate shafts, bearings, gears, or other parts of machinery. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Adjust functional parts of devices or control instruments, using hand tools, levels, plumb bobs, or straightedges. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Paint or repair roofs, windows, doors, floors, woodwork, plaster, drywall, or other parts of building structures. | E0 none |
| Align and balance new equipment after installation. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Set up and operate machine tools to repair or fabricate machine parts, jigs, fixtures, or tools. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Fabricate or repair counters, benches, partitions, or other wooden structures, such as sheds or outbuildings. | E0 none |
| Install equipment to improve the energy or operational efficiency of residential or commercial buildings. | E0 none |
| Dismantle machines, equipment, or devices to access and remove defective parts, using hoists, cranes, hand tools, or power tools. | E0 none |
| Perform routine maintenance, such as inspecting drives, motors, or belts, checking fluid levels, replacing filters, or doing other preventive maintenance actions. | E0 none |
| Repair machines, equipment, or structures, using tools such as hammers, hoists, saws, drills, wrenches, or equipment such as precision measuring instruments or electrical or electronic testing devices. | E0 none |
| Maintain or repair specialized equipment or machinery located in cafeterias, laundries, hospitals, stores, offices, or factories. | E0 none |
| Perform general cleaning of buildings or properties. | E0 none |
| Operate cutting torches or welding equipment to cut or join metal parts. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Inspect used parts to determine changes in dimensional requirements, using rules, calipers, micrometers, or other measuring instruments. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Assemble boilers at installation sites, using tools such as levels, plumb bobs, hammers, torches, or other hand tools. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Perform routine maintenance on boilers, such as replacing burners or hoses, installing replacement parts, or reinforcing structural weaknesses to ensure optimal boiler efficiency. | E0 none |
| Position, attach, or blow insulating materials to prevent energy losses from buildings, pipes, or other structures or objects. | E0 none |
| Provide groundskeeping services, such as landscaping or snow removal. | E2 structured facilities |
Occupation information
Employment outlook (BLS)
- Employment, 2025
- 1.6M
- Projected employment, 2035
- 1.7M
- Change (2025–35)
- +4.2%
- Median annual wage, 2025
- $49,590
- Typical education needed for entry
- High school diploma or equivalent
Korea classification links (KSCO)
Links from the current release of the Korea Occupation Direct Crosswalk v1.1, made by AI Changing Work. Relation values are read from the O*NET-SOC occupation side.
| KSCO code | KSCO title | Relation | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| 78391 | 건물 수리원 | This occupation is broader | confirmed |
| 86201 | 건물 전기 및 전자설비 조작원 | Related, not a match | confirmed |
Relation and status definitions(kr-direct v1.1)
ILO occupational description
AI Changing Work links the ISCO-08 unit groups below to this occupation by applying the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (2018 SOC to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to ISCO-08) as published, without case-by-case selection; each link may be whole or partial.
- ISCO-08 9622Odd Job Persons
The definition, tasks and examples below are the ILO's description of that unit group, not of this occupation.
Odd job persons clean, paint and maintain buildings, grounds and facilities, and undertake simple repairs.
Tasks
- (a) repairing broken windows, screens, doors, fences, barbecues, picnic tables, shelves, cupboards and other items;
- (b) replacing defective items such as light bulbs;
- (c) repairing and painting interior and exterior surfaces such as walls, ceilings and fences;
- (d) adjusting doors and windows;
- (e) replacing tap washers;
- (f) putting up handrails and grab rails;
- (g) unloading coal or wood and putting it into cellars of private households or establishments.
Example occupations
Handyperson · Hotel useful · Odd-job person
Sources: ILO ISCO-08 — details: Credits
ESCO occupational vocabulary
Each entry below is matched to this occupation in the published ESCO-O*NET Crosswalk (version 1, 2022). The match types are that crosswalk's; the wording is AI Changing Work's.
- handymanESCO 9622.1Same scope
Handymen perform various maintenance and repair activities for buildings, grounds and other facilities. They repair and renovate structures and components, fences, gates and roofs, assemble furniture and perform plumbing and electrical activities. They check heating and ventilation systems, air quality and humidity in the building.
- building caretakerESCO 5153.1Overlapping, not the same
Building caretakers maintain and monitor the condition and security of buildings. They clean, assist with minor repairs and ensure that amenities such as heating and hot water are available to the residents. Building caretakers are responsible for the quality of buildings and also serve as a contact person for residents.
Source: European Commission, DG EMPL — ESCO API 2026-08-08 (bridge v1.2.1)
License: CC BY 4.0 (EU Reuse Notice)
ESCO reuse terms and the modification notice are in Credits.
France classification links (ROME)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and ROME 4.0 job profiles, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side. Links marked “provisional” were adopted on the judgments of two judges from the same model family (Claude) alone, or by an operator rule applied to their judgments, so they rest on weaker evidence than confirmed links.
| ROME code | ROME title (French) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| I1203 | Agent / Agente d'entretien du bâtiment | Same scopeprovisional |
| I1204 | Agent / Agente d'entretien des piscines | This occupation is broader |
| I1207 | Agent / Agente de maintenance de mobilier urbain et publicitaire | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| I1210 | Agent de maintenance qualifié / Agente de maintenance qualifiée en camping | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| I1212 | Opérateur / Opératrice d'installation ou maintenance industrielle | Related, not a matchprovisional |
Source: France Travail — Répertoire Opérationnel des Métiers et des Emplois (ROME 4.0), version 61, last updated 15 June 2026 (https://www.data.gouv.fr/datasets/repertoire-operationnel-des-metiers-et-des-emplois-rome). Licence Ouverte 2.0.
ROME codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET-SOC occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a France Travail correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: fr-direct v1)
Spain classification links (CNO-11)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and CNO-11 occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| CNO-11 code | CNO-11 title (Spanish) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 7191 | Mantenedores de edificios | Same scope |
| 7403 | Mecánicos y ajustadores de maquinaria agrícola e industrial | Related, not a match |
Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), National Classification of Occupations 2011 (CNO-11, Royal Decree 1591/2010) — www.ine.es · Licensed CC BY 4.0. CNO-11 codes and Spanish titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not an INE correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: es-direct v1)
Germany classification links (KldB)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and KldB occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| KldB code | KldB title (German) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 34102 | Berufe in der Gebäudetechnik (ohne Spezialisierung) - fachlich ausgerichtete Tätigkeiten | This occupation is broader |
| 25102 | Berufe in der Maschinenbau- und Betriebstechnik (ohne Spezialisierung) - fachlich ausgerichtete Tätigkeiten | Related, not a match |
| 34112 | Platz- und Gerätewarte/-wartinnen - fachlich ausgerichtete Tätigkeiten | Related, not a matchprovisional |
Source: © Statistik der Bundesagentur für Arbeit — Klassifikation der Berufe 2010 – überarbeitete Fassung 2020, https://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de. KldB codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own mapping (eigene Zuordnung) and are not a Bundesagentur für Arbeit correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: de-direct v1)
Japan classification links (JSCO)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and JSCO occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| JSCO code | JSCO title (Japanese) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 551 | はん用・生産用・業務用機械器具整備・修理従事者 | Overlapping, not the same |
| 649 | その他の定置・建設機械運転従事者 | Related, not a match |
Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC), Japan Standard Occupational Classification (Dec. 2009, MIC Notification No. 555). JSCO codes and Japanese titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a MIC correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: jp-direct v1)
Sources, licenses and AI Changing Work's modification and translation notices for this page: Credits & sources