First-Line Supervisors of Production and Operating Workers
Production Occupations- O*NET-SOC code
- 51-1011.00
Directly supervise and coordinate the activities of production and operating workers, such as inspectors, precision workers, machine setters and operators, assemblers, fabricators, and plant and system operators. Excludes team or work leaders.
- Data source: BLSPublished: 2026-08
High· relative
LowFour relative bandsVery highGroup-level value
Scale, basis and source
Four relative bands (Low / Moderate / High / Very high)
831 detailed occupations in the BLS Employment Projections table. Assigned per National Employment Matrix (NEM) code, so occupations sharing a NEM code carry the same band
- Data source: AnthropicPublished: 2026-03
0.000
0.000Range of values carried here0.745Scale, basis and source
Observed exposure index, 0–1 as published
Mapped onto O*NET tasks
Published per SOC 2018 occupation; every O*NET occupation with the same SOC 2018 code carries this value
- Data source: ILOPublished: 2025
0.27–0.35· 3 ISCO-08 groups
Scale, basis and source
Generative AI exposure index, 0–1 as published
Published per ISCO-08 unit group. Linked to this occupation, wholly or in part, by applying U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (ISCO-08 to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to 2018 SOC) as published
What kind of figure this source publishes
The BLS category is a relative rank, not an absolute level, and it is not a first-hand measurement: it groups an occupation's percentile ranks across several published studies into four bands. It is not an employment or wage forecast, not a probability of adoption, and it does not separate automation from augmentation.
ILO value for each linked ISCO-08 group
- ISCO-08 3122Manufacturing Supervisors0.35
- ISCO-08 3131Power Production Plant Operators0.28
- ISCO-08 3132Incinerator and Water Treatment Plant Operators0.27
Task-level exposure
Show 7 hidden tasks20 rated tasks · 13 tasks with β ≥ 0.5 (65.0%)
β = direct exposure (E1) + 0.5 × exposure when tools are available (E2), per the source repository's definition.
- Source unit: O*NET 27.2 tasks → O*NET 31.0 occupation code
- All rated tasks are in the O*NET 31.0 task list.
- Source
- OpenAI "GPTs are GPTs" exposure rubric
- Release
- gh-main-0471612
- License
- MIT License, Copyright (c) 2024 OpenAI
Values in this tab are predicted labels, not observations. Eloundou et al. (2023) published two rating regimes — human raters and GPT-4 — and the β shown here is derived from the GPT-4 rater basis alone; the same task can take a different value under the other regime. The unit and the meaning differ from the observed shares (%) in the other tabs, so do not place them on the same axis.
| Task (O*NET 27.2) | βE1 + 0.5 × E2 |
|---|---|
Interpret specifications, blueprints, job orders, and company policies and procedures for workers.O*NET Task ID 8459 | 1.0 |
Calculate labor and equipment requirements and production specifications, using standard formulas.O*NET Task ID 8466 | 1.0 |
Keep records of employees' attendance and hours worked.O*NET Task ID 20155 | 1.0 |
Read and analyze charts, work orders, production schedules, and other records and reports to determine production requirements and to evaluate current production estimates and outputs.O*NET Task ID 8452 | 0.5 |
Confer with other supervisors to coordinate operations and activities within or between departments.O*NET Task ID 8453 | 0.5 |
Plan and establish work schedules, assignments, and production sequences to meet production goals.O*NET Task ID 8454 | 0.5 |
Maintain operations data, such as time, production, and cost records, and prepare management reports of production results.O*NET Task ID 8460 | 0.5 |
Recommend or implement measures to motivate employees and to improve production methods, equipment performance, product quality, or efficiency.O*NET Task ID 8461 | 0.5 |
Determine standards, budgets, production goals, and rates, based on company policies, equipment and labor availability, and workloads.O*NET Task ID 8462 | 0.5 |
Requisition materials, supplies, equipment parts, or repair services.O*NET Task ID 8463 | 0.5 |
Plan and develop new products and production processes.O*NET Task ID 8467 | 0.5 |
Recommend or execute personnel actions, such as hirings, evaluations, or promotions.O*NET Task ID 20156 | 0.5 |
Evaluate employee performance.O*NET Task ID 21207 | 0.5 |
β = E1 + 0.5 × E2 · E1 = tasks where direct LLM access alone cuts time by at least 50%, E2 = tasks where software built on top of an LLM cuts time by at least 50%. Values take only 0 / 0.5 / 1.0.
Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page
All O*NET 31.0 task statements (20)
All O*NET 31.0 task statements for this occupation (English, as published; task type core or supplemental). Exposure values are not listed here; they are in the table above, next to each task statement as worded in the O*NET version each source used.
| Task (O*NET 31.0) | Type |
|---|---|
| Enforce safety and sanitation regulations. | Core |
| Direct and coordinate the activities of employees engaged in the production or processing of goods, such as inspectors, machine setters, or fabricators. | Core |
| Read and analyze charts, work orders, production schedules, and other records and reports to determine production requirements and to evaluate current production estimates and outputs. | Core |
| Confer with other supervisors to coordinate operations and activities within or between departments. | Core |
| Plan and establish work schedules, assignments, and production sequences to meet production goals. | Core |
| Inspect materials, products, or equipment to detect defects or malfunctions. | Core |
| Observe work and monitor gauges, dials, and other indicators to ensure that operators conform to production or processing standards. | Core |
| Confer with management or subordinates to resolve worker problems, complaints, or grievances. | Core |
| Interpret specifications, blueprints, job orders, and company policies and procedures for workers. | Core |
| Maintain operations data, such as time, production, and cost records, and prepare management reports of production results. | Core |
| Recommend or implement measures to motivate employees and to improve production methods, equipment performance, product quality, or efficiency. | Core |
| Determine standards, budgets, production goals, and rates, based on company policies, equipment and labor availability, and workloads. | Core |
| Requisition materials, supplies, equipment parts, or repair services. | Core |
| Set up and adjust machines and equipment. | Core |
| Calculate labor and equipment requirements and production specifications, using standard formulas. | Core |
| Plan and develop new products and production processes. | Core |
| Conduct employee training in equipment operations or work and safety procedures, or assign employee training to experienced workers. | Core |
| Keep records of employees' attendance and hours worked. | Core |
| Recommend or execute personnel actions, such as hirings, evaluations, or promotions. | Core |
| Evaluate employee performance. | Core |
0.10/ 3· Robot exposure index
Scale, basis and source
Each physical task is graded 0–3 by the setting in which robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated could do it (0 none · 1 purpose-built robot settings such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line · 2 structured facilities such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port · 3 unstructured settings such as a private home or a construction site), and the grades are averaged by share of working time
Physical tasks among this occupation's O*NET 29.3 tasks
Anthropic estimated the grades and time shares with Claude Opus 5 using web search, as of 2026.
The robot exposure index is a different measure from the AI exposure figures on this site and cannot be added to or compared with them. It does not measure actual adoption or cost, and 0 also covers occupations with no physical tasks.
Tier of each physical task
Robot environment tiers (E0–E3)
E0 noneDetails
Rated not doable by robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated, even in a purpose-built setting
E1 purpose-built robot settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting built around the machine, such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line
E2 structured facilitiesDetails
Rated doable in a human work facility that an institution keeps to a working standard, such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port
E3 unstructured settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting that no institution keeps to a working standard, such as a private home or a construction site
Only tasks classified as physical are listed; other tasks have no tier in the source.
| Task (O*NET 29.3) | Robot environment tier |
|---|---|
| Inspect materials, products, or equipment to detect defects or malfunctions. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Set up and adjust machines and equipment. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
Occupation information
Employment outlook (BLS)
- Employment, 2025
- 680K
- Projected employment, 2035
- 692K
- Change (2025–35)
- +1.8%
- Median annual wage, 2025
- $74,450
- Typical education needed for entry
- High school diploma or equivalent
Korea classification links (KSCO)
Links from the current release of the Korea Occupation Direct Crosswalk v1.1, made by AI Changing Work. Relation values are read from the O*NET-SOC occupation side.
| KSCO code | KSCO title | Relation | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| 14139 | 그 외 제품 생산 관련 관리자 | Related, not a match | confirmed |
Relation and status definitions(kr-direct v1.1)
ILO occupational description
AI Changing Work links the ISCO-08 unit groups below to this occupation by applying the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (2018 SOC to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to ISCO-08) as published, without case-by-case selection; each link may be whole or partial.
- ISCO-08 3122Manufacturing Supervisors
- ISCO-08 3131Power Production Plant Operators
- ISCO-08 3132Incinerator and Water Treatment Plant Operators
Sources: ILO ISCO-08 — details: Credits
ESCO occupational vocabulary
Each entry below is matched to this occupation in the published ESCO-O*NET Crosswalk (version 1, 2022). The match types are that crosswalk's; the wording is AI Changing Work's.
- production supervisorESCO 3122.4Same scope
Production supervisors coordinate, plan and direct manufacturing and production processes. They are responsible for reviewing production schedules or orders as well as dealing with staff in these production areas.
- aircraft assembly supervisorESCO 3122.3.1This occupation is broader
Aircraft assembly supervisors coordinate the employees involved in aircraft manufacturing and schedule their activities. They prepare production reports and recommend measures to reduce the cost and improve productivity such as hiring, ordering new equipment and implementing new production methods. They train employees in company policies, job duties and safety measures. They oversee the supplies and communicate with other departments to avoid unnecessary interruptions of the production process.
- animal feed supervisorESCO 3122.4.1This occupation is broader
Animal feed supervisors supervise the manufacturing process of animal feeds. They control quality, take samples for labs, follow up on lab results and take measures according to the results.
- container equipment assembly supervisorESCO 3122.3.2This occupation is broader
Container equipment assembly supervisors monitor the assembly process of containers such as boilers or pressure vessels. They train and coach the workers involved in the assembly to achieve production goals.
- dairy processing technicianESCO 3122.1This occupation is broader
Dairy processing technicians supervise and coordinate production processes, operations, and maintenance workers in milk, cheese, ice cream and/or other dairy production plants. They assist food technologists in improving processes, developing new food products and establishing procedures and standards for production and packaging.
- electrical equipment production supervisorESCO 3122.4.4This occupation is broader
Electrical equipment production supervisors coordinate, plan and direct the production process of electrical equipment. They manage labourers working on the production line, oversee the quality of the assembled goods, and perform cost and resource management.
- electronics production supervisorESCO 3122.4.5This occupation is broader
Electronics production supervisors coordinate, plan and direct the electronics production process. They manage labourers working on the production line, oversee the quality of the assembled goods, and perform cost and resource management.
- footwear assembly supervisorESCO 3122.3.3This occupation is broader
Footwear assembly supervisors check and coordinate activities of operators in the lasting room. They are in charge of coordinating lasting room activity with the previous and following activities of the production chain. They examine uppers and soles to be lasted and give instructions to produce them. These supervisors are in charge of supplying the lasting room with uppers, lasts, shanks, counters and small handling tools, and they are also in charge of the quality control of the lasting.
- footwear production supervisorESCO 3122.4.6This occupation is broader
Footwear production supervisors monitor and coordinate day-to-day production activities of a footwear manufacturing plant. They oversee quality control to ensure that the end product is in alignment with production specifications, and manage the footwear staff. The work also involves negotiations with suppliers as well as taking care of the production plan and production costs.
- green coffee coordinatorESCO 3122.4.7This occupation is broader
Green coffee coordinators organise and manage the operations performed by workers in coffee plants and plan the functioning of machines that blend various types of green coffee beans.
- leather goods production supervisorESCO 3122.4.8This occupation is broader
Leather goods production supervisors monitor and coordinate day-to-day production activities of a leather goods manufacturing plant. They oversee quality control as well as manage the leather goods production staff. The work also involves organising the work flow as well as taking care of production plan and costs.
- leather wet processing department managerESCO 1321.1.1.6.2This occupation is broader
Leather wet processing department managers plan and organise the work, the staff and equipment of the department involving the washing of the raw hides or skins. They remove unwanted elements, they weigh and prepare it for tanning. They coordinate supply of chemicals and raw materials. They perform elaboration of manufacturing recipes and monitor quality.
+12 more
Source: European Commission, DG EMPL — ESCO API 2026-08-08 (bridge v1.2.1)
License: CC BY 4.0 (EU Reuse Notice)
ESCO reuse terms and the modification notice are in Credits.
France classification links (ROME)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and ROME 4.0 job profiles, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side. Links marked “provisional” were adopted on the judgments of two judges from the same model family (Claude) alone, or by an operator rule applied to their judgments, so they rest on weaker evidence than confirmed links.
| ROME code | ROME title (French) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| D1111 | Chef / Cheffe de laboratoire en charcuterie | This occupation is broader |
| E1313 | Agent / Agente d'encadrement en industrie graphique | This occupation is broader |
| H2106 | Technicien / Technicienne de fabrication en industrie alimentaire | This occupation is broader |
| H2204 | Agent / Agente d'encadrement en industrie du bois | This occupation is broader |
| H2501 | Chef / Cheffe d'atelier production électricité-électronique | This occupation is broader |
| H2503 | Responsable d'îlot de production | This occupation is broader |
| H2504 | Chef / Cheffe d'équipe en industrie | This occupation is broader |
| H2515 | Chef / Cheffe d'atelier en industrie de transformation | This occupation is broader |
| B1609 | Responsable d'atelier en bijouterie ou joaillerie | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| B1808 | Premier / Première d'atelier | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| D1229 | Responsable de pressing | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| E1309 | Responsable d'atelier de façonnage routage | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| H2219 | Agent / Agente d'encadrement en ameublement | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| H2424 | Chef / Cheffe de ligne chromo en industrie textile | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| H2505 | Chef / Cheffe d'équipe et d'atelier textile | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| H2506 | Chef / Cheffe de production en industrie agroalimentaire | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| H2511 | Responsable d'atelier de blanchisserie industrielle | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| H2512 | Responsable d'atelier de fabrication de produits non-tissés | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| H2513 | Chef / Cheffe d'équipe et d'atelier cuir et peaux | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| H2607 | Chef / Cheffe d'atelier de bobinage électrique | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| H2915 | Chef soudeur / Cheffe soudeuse | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| H3304 | Chef / Cheffe de ligne conditionnement | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| A1446 | Maître / Maîtresse de chai | Related, not a match |
| E1209 | Responsable de laboratoire photographique | Related, not a match |
| H2109 | Pilote d'installation automatisée en industrie alimentaire | Related, not a match |
| H2217 | Responsable de scierie | Related, not a match |
| H2705 | Pilote de ligne de production de composants et de cellules pour batteries de véhicules électriques | Related, not a match |
| H3105 | Technicien / Technicienne de production en industrie papetière | Related, not a match |
| K1215 | Moniteur / Monitrice d'atelier en milieu de travail protégé | Related, not a match |
| D1108 | Chef boulanger / Cheffe boulangère | Related, not a matchprovisional |
| H2218 | Responsable de production en industrie du bois | Related, not a matchprovisional |
Source: France Travail — Répertoire Opérationnel des Métiers et des Emplois (ROME 4.0), version 61, last updated 15 June 2026 (https://www.data.gouv.fr/datasets/repertoire-operationnel-des-metiers-et-des-emplois-rome). Licence Ouverte 2.0.
ROME codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET-SOC occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a France Travail correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: fr-direct v1)
Spain classification links (CNO-11)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and CNO-11 occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| CNO-11 code | CNO-11 title (Spanish) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 3203 | Supervisores de industrias alimenticias y del tabaco | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| 3204 | Supervisores de industrias química y farmacéutica | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| 3205 | Supervisores de industrias de transformación de plásticos, caucho y resinas naturales | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| 3206 | Supervisores de industrias de la madera y pastero papeleras | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| 3207 | Supervisores de la producción en industrias de artes gráficas y en la fabricación de productos de papel | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| 3209 | Supervisores de otras industrias manufactureras | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), National Classification of Occupations 2011 (CNO-11, Royal Decree 1591/2010) — www.ine.es · Licensed CC BY 4.0. CNO-11 codes and Spanish titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not an INE correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: es-direct v1)
Germany classification links (KldB)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and KldB occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| KldB code | KldB title (German) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 22193 | Aufsichtskräfte - Kunststoff- und Kautschukherstellung und -verarbeitung | This occupation is broader |
| 24293 | Aufsichtskräfte - Metallbearbeitung | This occupation is broader |
| 25193 | Aufsichtskräfte - Maschinenbau- und Betriebstechnik | This occupation is broader |
| 21293 | Aufsichtskräfte - Naturstein- und Mineralaufbereitung und -verarbeitung und Baustoffherstellung | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| 21393 | Aufsichtskräfte - Industrielle Glasherstellung und -verarbeitung | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| 21493 | Aufsichtskräfte - Industrielle Keramikherstellung und -verarbeitung | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| 22293 | Aufsichtskräfte - Farb- und Lacktechnik | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| 22393 | Aufsichtskräfte - Holzbe- und -verarbeitung | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| 23193 | Aufsichtskräfte - Papier- und Verpackungstechnik | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| 23293 | Aufsichtskräfte - Technische Mediengestaltung | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| 23493 | Aufsichtskräfte - Drucktechnik und -weiterverarbeitung, Buchbinderei | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| 24193 | Aufsichtskräfte - Metallerzeugung | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| 24393 | Aufsichtskräfte - Metalloberflächenbehandlung | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| 24493 | Aufsichtskräfte - Metallbau und Schweißtechnik | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| 24593 | Aufsichtskräfte - Feinwerk- und Werkzeugtechnik | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| 26193 | Aufsichtskräfte - Mechatronik und Automatisierungstechnik | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| 26293 | Aufsichtskräfte - Energietechnik | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| 27293 | Aufsichtskräfte - Technisches Zeichnen, Konstruktion und Modellbau | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| 27393 | Aufsichtskräfte - Technische Produktionsplanung und -steuerung | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| 28193 | Aufsichtskräfte - Textiltechnik und -produktion | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| 28393 | Aufsichtskräfte - Leder-, Pelzherstellung und -verarbeitung | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| 29193 | Aufsichtskräfte - Getränkeherstellung | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| 29293 | Aufsichtskräfte - Lebensmittel- und Genussmittelherstellung | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| 93393 | Aufsichtskräfte - Kunsthandwerk und bildende Kunst | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| 93493 | Aufsichtskräfte - Kunsthandwerkliche Keramik- und Glasgestaltung | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| 93593 | Aufsichtskräfte - Kunsthandwerkliche Metallgestaltung | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| 23413 | Berufe in der Drucktechnik - komplexe Spezialistentätigkeiten | Related, not a match |
| 28103 | Berufe in der Textiltechnik (ohne Spezialisierung) - komplexe Spezialistentätigkeiten | Related, not a matchprovisional |
| 29273 | Berufe in der Tabakwarenherstellung - komplexe Spezialistentätigkeiten | Related, not a matchprovisional |
| 41493 | Aufsichtskräfte - Physik | Related, not a matchprovisional |
| 82594 | Führungskräfte - Medizin-, Orthopädie- und Rehatechnik | Related, not a matchprovisional |
| 93293 | Aufsichtskräfte - Innenarchitektur, visuelles Marketing, Raumausstattung | Related, not a matchprovisional |
Source: © Statistik der Bundesagentur für Arbeit — Klassifikation der Berufe 2010 – überarbeitete Fassung 2020, https://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de. KldB codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own mapping (eigene Zuordnung) and are not a Bundesagentur für Arbeit correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: de-direct v1)
Japan classification links (JSCO)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and JSCO occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| JSCO code | JSCO title (Japanese) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 533 | 食料品製造従事者 | Related, not a matchprovisional |
| 541 | はん用・生産用・業務用機械器具組立従事者 | Related, not a matchprovisional |
| 542 | 電気機械器具組立従事者 | Related, not a matchprovisional |
Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC), Japan Standard Occupational Classification (Dec. 2009, MIC Notification No. 555). JSCO codes and Japanese titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a MIC correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: jp-direct v1)
Sources, licenses and AI Changing Work's modification and translation notices for this page: Credits & sources