First-Line Supervisors of Production and Operating Workers

Production Occupations
O*NET-SOC code
51-1011.00

Directly supervise and coordinate the activities of production and operating workers, such as inspectors, precision workers, machine setters and operators, assemblers, fabricators, and plant and system operators. Excludes team or work leaders.

  • Data source: BLSPublished: 2026-08

    High· relative

    LowFour relative bandsVery high

    Group-level value

    Scale, basis and source

    Four relative bands (Low / Moderate / High / Very high)

    831 detailed occupations in the BLS Employment Projections table. Assigned per National Employment Matrix (NEM) code, so occupations sharing a NEM code carry the same band

    Source dataset (XLSX download)

  • Data source: AnthropicPublished: 2026-03

    0.000

    0.000Range of values carried here0.745
    Scale, basis and source

    Observed exposure index, 0–1 as published

    Mapped onto O*NET tasks

    Published per SOC 2018 occupation; every O*NET occupation with the same SOC 2018 code carries this value

    Source dataset (CSV download)

  • Data source: ILOPublished: 2025

    0.27–0.35· 3 ISCO-08 groups

    Scale, basis and source

    Generative AI exposure index, 0–1 as published

    Published per ISCO-08 unit group. Linked to this occupation, wholly or in part, by applying U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (ISCO-08 to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to 2018 SOC) as published

    Source dataset (PDF download)

What kind of figure this source publishes

The BLS category is a relative rank, not an absolute level, and it is not a first-hand measurement: it groups an occupation's percentile ranks across several published studies into four bands. It is not an employment or wage forecast, not a probability of adoption, and it does not separate automation from augmentation.

ILO value for each linked ISCO-08 group
  • ISCO-08 3122Manufacturing Supervisors0.35
  • ISCO-08 3131Power Production Plant Operators0.28
  • ISCO-08 3132Incinerator and Water Treatment Plant Operators0.27

Task-level exposure

Show 18 hidden tasks

20 rated tasks · 13 tasks with β ≥ 0.5 (65.0%)

β = direct exposure (E1) + 0.5 × exposure when tools are available (E2), per the source repository's definition.

  • Source unit: O*NET 27.2 tasks → O*NET 31.0 occupation code
  • All rated tasks are in the O*NET 31.0 task list.
Source
OpenAI "GPTs are GPTs" exposure rubric
Release
gh-main-0471612
License
MIT License, Copyright (c) 2024 OpenAI
Task (O*NET 20.1)Claude.aiRaw / share %APIRaw / share %
Plan and develop new products and production processes.

51-1011.00

0.0022100.00.0017100.0

Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Anthropic Economic Index, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page

All O*NET 31.0 task statements (20)

All O*NET 31.0 task statements for this occupation (English, as published; task type core or supplemental). Exposure values are not listed here; they are in the table above, next to each task statement as worded in the O*NET version each source used.

Task (O*NET 31.0)Type
Enforce safety and sanitation regulations.Core
Direct and coordinate the activities of employees engaged in the production or processing of goods, such as inspectors, machine setters, or fabricators.Core
Read and analyze charts, work orders, production schedules, and other records and reports to determine production requirements and to evaluate current production estimates and outputs.Core
Confer with other supervisors to coordinate operations and activities within or between departments.Core
Plan and establish work schedules, assignments, and production sequences to meet production goals.Core
Inspect materials, products, or equipment to detect defects or malfunctions.Core
Observe work and monitor gauges, dials, and other indicators to ensure that operators conform to production or processing standards.Core
Confer with management or subordinates to resolve worker problems, complaints, or grievances.Core
Interpret specifications, blueprints, job orders, and company policies and procedures for workers.Core
Maintain operations data, such as time, production, and cost records, and prepare management reports of production results.Core
Recommend or implement measures to motivate employees and to improve production methods, equipment performance, product quality, or efficiency.Core
Determine standards, budgets, production goals, and rates, based on company policies, equipment and labor availability, and workloads.Core
Requisition materials, supplies, equipment parts, or repair services.Core
Set up and adjust machines and equipment.Core
Calculate labor and equipment requirements and production specifications, using standard formulas.Core
Plan and develop new products and production processes.Core
Conduct employee training in equipment operations or work and safety procedures, or assign employee training to experienced workers.Core
Keep records of employees' attendance and hours worked.Core
Recommend or execute personnel actions, such as hirings, evaluations, or promotions.Core
Evaluate employee performance.Core

Occupation information

Employment outlook (BLS)

Employment, 2025
680K
Projected employment, 2035
692K
Change (2025–35)
+1.8%
Median annual wage, 2025
$74,450
Typical education needed for entry
High school diploma or equivalent
lowest $30,890median wage across 825 detailed occupations, BLS EP 2025–35highest $559,030

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections 2025–35 — Employment by detailed occupation, 2025 and projected 2035

Korea classification links (KSCO)

Links from the current release of the Korea Occupation Direct Crosswalk v1.1, made by AI Changing Work. Relation values are read from the O*NET-SOC occupation side.

KSCO codeKSCO titleRelationStatus
14139그 외 제품 생산 관련 관리자Related, not a matchconfirmed

Relation and status definitions(kr-direct v1.1)

ILO occupational description

AI Changing Work links the ISCO-08 unit groups below to this occupation by applying the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (2018 SOC to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to ISCO-08) as published, without case-by-case selection; each link may be whole or partial.

  • ISCO-08 3122Manufacturing Supervisors
  • ISCO-08 3131Power Production Plant Operators
  • ISCO-08 3132Incinerator and Water Treatment Plant Operators

Sources: ILO ISCO-08 — details: Credits

ESCO occupational vocabulary

Each entry below is matched to this occupation in the published ESCO-O*NET Crosswalk (version 1, 2022). The match types are that crosswalk's; the wording is AI Changing Work's.

  • production supervisorESCO 3122.4Same scope

    Production supervisors coordinate, plan and direct manufacturing and production processes. They are responsible for reviewing production schedules or orders as well as dealing with staff in these production areas.

  • aircraft assembly supervisorESCO 3122.3.1This occupation is broader

    Aircraft assembly supervisors coordinate the employees involved in aircraft manufacturing and schedule their activities. They prepare production reports and recommend measures to reduce the cost and improve productivity such as hiring, ordering new equipment and implementing new production methods. They train employees in company policies, job duties and safety measures. They oversee the supplies and communicate with other departments to avoid unnecessary interruptions of the production process.

  • animal feed supervisorESCO 3122.4.1This occupation is broader

    Animal feed supervisors supervise the manufacturing process of animal feeds. They control quality, take samples for labs, follow up on lab results and take measures according to the results.

  • container equipment assembly supervisorESCO 3122.3.2This occupation is broader

    Container equipment assembly supervisors monitor the assembly process of containers such as boilers or pressure vessels. They train and coach the workers involved in the assembly to achieve production goals.

  • dairy processing technicianESCO 3122.1This occupation is broader

    Dairy processing technicians supervise and coordinate production processes, operations, and maintenance workers in milk, cheese, ice cream and/or other dairy production plants. They assist food technologists in improving processes, developing new food products and establishing procedures and standards for production and packaging.

  • electrical equipment production supervisorESCO 3122.4.4This occupation is broader

    Electrical equipment production supervisors coordinate, plan and direct the production process of electrical equipment. They manage labourers working on the production line, oversee the quality of the assembled goods, and perform cost and resource management.

  • electronics production supervisorESCO 3122.4.5This occupation is broader

    Electronics production supervisors coordinate, plan and direct the electronics production process. They manage labourers working on the production line, oversee the quality of the assembled goods, and perform cost and resource management.

  • footwear assembly supervisorESCO 3122.3.3This occupation is broader

    Footwear assembly supervisors check and coordinate activities of operators in the lasting room. They are in charge of coordinating lasting room activity with the previous and following activities of the production chain. They examine uppers and soles to be lasted and give instructions to produce them. These supervisors are in charge of supplying the lasting room with uppers, lasts, shanks, counters and small handling tools, and they are also in charge of the quality control of the lasting.

  • footwear production supervisorESCO 3122.4.6This occupation is broader

    Footwear production supervisors monitor and coordinate day-to-day production activities of a footwear manufacturing plant. They oversee quality control to ensure that the end product is in alignment with production specifications, and manage the footwear staff. The work also involves negotiations with suppliers as well as taking care of the production plan and production costs.

  • green coffee coordinatorESCO 3122.4.7This occupation is broader

    Green coffee coordinators organise and manage the operations performed by workers in coffee plants and plan the functioning of machines that blend various types of green coffee beans.

  • leather goods production supervisorESCO 3122.4.8This occupation is broader

    Leather goods production supervisors monitor and coordinate day-to-day production activities of a leather goods manufacturing plant. They oversee quality control as well as manage the leather goods production staff. The work also involves organising the work flow as well as taking care of production plan and costs.

  • leather wet processing department managerESCO 1321.1.1.6.2This occupation is broader

    Leather wet processing department managers plan and organise the work, the staff and equipment of the department involving the washing of the raw hides or skins. They remove unwanted elements, they weigh and prepare it for tanning. They coordinate supply of chemicals and raw materials. They perform elaboration of manufacturing recipes and monitor quality.

+12 more

Source: European Commission, DG EMPL — ESCO API 2026-08-08 (bridge v1.2.1)

License: CC BY 4.0 (EU Reuse Notice)

View original

ESCO reuse terms and the modification notice are in Credits.

France classification links (ROME)

AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and ROME 4.0 job profiles, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side. Links marked “provisional” were adopted on the judgments of two judges from the same model family (Claude) alone, or by an operator rule applied to their judgments, so they rest on weaker evidence than confirmed links.

ROME codeROME title (French)Relation
D1111Chef / Cheffe de laboratoire en charcuterieThis occupation is broader
E1313Agent / Agente d'encadrement en industrie graphiqueThis occupation is broader
H2106Technicien / Technicienne de fabrication en industrie alimentaireThis occupation is broader
H2204Agent / Agente d'encadrement en industrie du boisThis occupation is broader
H2501Chef / Cheffe d'atelier production électricité-électroniqueThis occupation is broader
H2503Responsable d'îlot de productionThis occupation is broader
H2504Chef / Cheffe d'équipe en industrieThis occupation is broader
H2515Chef / Cheffe d'atelier en industrie de transformationThis occupation is broader
B1609Responsable d'atelier en bijouterie ou joaillerieThis occupation is broaderprovisional
B1808Premier / Première d'atelierThis occupation is broaderprovisional
D1229Responsable de pressingThis occupation is broaderprovisional
E1309Responsable d'atelier de façonnage routageThis occupation is broaderprovisional
H2219Agent / Agente d'encadrement en ameublementThis occupation is broaderprovisional
H2424Chef / Cheffe de ligne chromo en industrie textileThis occupation is broaderprovisional
H2505Chef / Cheffe d'équipe et d'atelier textileThis occupation is broaderprovisional
H2506Chef / Cheffe de production en industrie agroalimentaireThis occupation is broaderprovisional
H2511Responsable d'atelier de blanchisserie industrielleThis occupation is broaderprovisional
H2512Responsable d'atelier de fabrication de produits non-tissésThis occupation is broaderprovisional
H2513Chef / Cheffe d'équipe et d'atelier cuir et peauxThis occupation is broaderprovisional
H2607Chef / Cheffe d'atelier de bobinage électriqueThis occupation is broaderprovisional
H2915Chef soudeur / Cheffe soudeuseThis occupation is broaderprovisional
H3304Chef / Cheffe de ligne conditionnementThis occupation is broaderprovisional
A1446Maître / Maîtresse de chaiRelated, not a match
E1209Responsable de laboratoire photographiqueRelated, not a match
H2109Pilote d'installation automatisée en industrie alimentaireRelated, not a match
H2217Responsable de scierieRelated, not a match
H2705Pilote de ligne de production de composants et de cellules pour batteries de véhicules électriquesRelated, not a match
H3105Technicien / Technicienne de production en industrie papetièreRelated, not a match
K1215Moniteur / Monitrice d'atelier en milieu de travail protégéRelated, not a match
D1108Chef boulanger / Cheffe boulangèreRelated, not a matchprovisional
H2218Responsable de production en industrie du boisRelated, not a matchprovisional

Source: France Travail — Répertoire Opérationnel des Métiers et des Emplois (ROME 4.0), version 61, last updated 15 June 2026 (https://www.data.gouv.fr/datasets/repertoire-operationnel-des-metiers-et-des-emplois-rome). Licence Ouverte 2.0.

ROME codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET-SOC occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a France Travail correspondence.

(AI Changing Work link release: fr-direct v1)

Spain classification links (CNO-11)

AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and CNO-11 occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.

CNO-11 codeCNO-11 title (Spanish)Relation
3203Supervisores de industrias alimenticias y del tabacoThis occupation is broaderprovisional
3204Supervisores de industrias química y farmacéuticaThis occupation is broaderprovisional
3205Supervisores de industrias de transformación de plásticos, caucho y resinas naturalesThis occupation is broaderprovisional
3206Supervisores de industrias de la madera y pastero papelerasThis occupation is broaderprovisional
3207Supervisores de la producción en industrias de artes gráficas y en la fabricación de productos de papelThis occupation is broaderprovisional
3209Supervisores de otras industrias manufacturerasThis occupation is broaderprovisional

Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), National Classification of Occupations 2011 (CNO-11, Royal Decree 1591/2010) — www.ine.es · Licensed CC BY 4.0. CNO-11 codes and Spanish titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not an INE correspondence.

(AI Changing Work link release: es-direct v1)

Germany classification links (KldB)

AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and KldB occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.

KldB codeKldB title (German)Relation
22193Aufsichtskräfte - Kunststoff- und Kautschukherstellung und -verarbeitungThis occupation is broader
24293Aufsichtskräfte - MetallbearbeitungThis occupation is broader
25193Aufsichtskräfte - Maschinenbau- und BetriebstechnikThis occupation is broader
21293Aufsichtskräfte - Naturstein- und Mineralaufbereitung und -verarbeitung und BaustoffherstellungThis occupation is broaderprovisional
21393Aufsichtskräfte - Industrielle Glasherstellung und -verarbeitungThis occupation is broaderprovisional
21493Aufsichtskräfte - Industrielle Keramikherstellung und -verarbeitungThis occupation is broaderprovisional
22293Aufsichtskräfte - Farb- und LacktechnikThis occupation is broaderprovisional
22393Aufsichtskräfte - Holzbe- und -verarbeitungThis occupation is broaderprovisional
23193Aufsichtskräfte - Papier- und VerpackungstechnikThis occupation is broaderprovisional
23293Aufsichtskräfte - Technische MediengestaltungThis occupation is broaderprovisional
23493Aufsichtskräfte - Drucktechnik und -weiterverarbeitung, BuchbindereiThis occupation is broaderprovisional
24193Aufsichtskräfte - MetallerzeugungThis occupation is broaderprovisional
24393Aufsichtskräfte - MetalloberflächenbehandlungThis occupation is broaderprovisional
24493Aufsichtskräfte - Metallbau und SchweißtechnikThis occupation is broaderprovisional
24593Aufsichtskräfte - Feinwerk- und WerkzeugtechnikThis occupation is broaderprovisional
26193Aufsichtskräfte - Mechatronik und AutomatisierungstechnikThis occupation is broaderprovisional
26293Aufsichtskräfte - EnergietechnikThis occupation is broaderprovisional
27293Aufsichtskräfte - Technisches Zeichnen, Konstruktion und ModellbauThis occupation is broaderprovisional
27393Aufsichtskräfte - Technische Produktionsplanung und -steuerungThis occupation is broaderprovisional
28193Aufsichtskräfte - Textiltechnik und -produktionThis occupation is broaderprovisional
28393Aufsichtskräfte - Leder-, Pelzherstellung und -verarbeitungThis occupation is broaderprovisional
29193Aufsichtskräfte - GetränkeherstellungThis occupation is broaderprovisional
29293Aufsichtskräfte - Lebensmittel- und GenussmittelherstellungThis occupation is broaderprovisional
93393Aufsichtskräfte - Kunsthandwerk und bildende KunstThis occupation is broaderprovisional
93493Aufsichtskräfte - Kunsthandwerkliche Keramik- und GlasgestaltungThis occupation is broaderprovisional
93593Aufsichtskräfte - Kunsthandwerkliche MetallgestaltungThis occupation is broaderprovisional
23413Berufe in der Drucktechnik - komplexe SpezialistentätigkeitenRelated, not a match
28103Berufe in der Textiltechnik (ohne Spezialisierung) - komplexe SpezialistentätigkeitenRelated, not a matchprovisional
29273Berufe in der Tabakwarenherstellung - komplexe SpezialistentätigkeitenRelated, not a matchprovisional
41493Aufsichtskräfte - PhysikRelated, not a matchprovisional
82594Führungskräfte - Medizin-, Orthopädie- und RehatechnikRelated, not a matchprovisional
93293Aufsichtskräfte - Innenarchitektur, visuelles Marketing, RaumausstattungRelated, not a matchprovisional

Source: © Statistik der Bundesagentur für Arbeit — Klassifikation der Berufe 2010 – überarbeitete Fassung 2020, https://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de. KldB codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own mapping (eigene Zuordnung) and are not a Bundesagentur für Arbeit correspondence.

(AI Changing Work link release: de-direct v1)

Japan classification links (JSCO)

AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and JSCO occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.

JSCO codeJSCO title (Japanese)Relation
533食料品製造従事者Related, not a matchprovisional
541はん用・生産用・業務用機械器具組立従事者Related, not a matchprovisional
542電気機械器具組立従事者Related, not a matchprovisional

Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC), Japan Standard Occupational Classification (Dec. 2009, MIC Notification No. 555). JSCO codes and Japanese titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a MIC correspondence.

(AI Changing Work link release: jp-direct v1)

Sources, licenses and AI Changing Work's modification and translation notices for this page: Credits & sources