Airline Pilots, Copilots, and Flight Engineers
Transportation & Material MovingAI exposure
- Data source: BLSPublished: 2026-08
Moderate· relative
LowFour relative bandsVery highGroup-level value
Scale, basis and source
Four relative bands (Low / Moderate / High / Very high)
831 detailed occupations in the BLS Employment Projections table. Assigned per National Employment Matrix (NEM) code, so occupations sharing a NEM code carry the same band
- Data source: AnthropicPublished: 2026-03
0.000
0.000Range of values carried here0.745Scale, basis and source
- Data source: ILOPublished: 2025
0.27
0.09Range of values carried here0.70Group-level value
Scale, basis and source
Generative AI exposure index, 0–1 as published
ISCO-08 unit group — every occupation sharing the code gets this value
Computed by this site, not published by the ILO: of the 1,012 occupations this site links to the ILO dataset, 74% score at or above this value.
What kind of figure this source publishes
The BLS category is a relative rank, not an absolute level, and it is not a first-hand measurement: it groups an occupation's percentile ranks across several published studies into four bands. It is not an employment or wage forecast, not a probability of adoption, and it does not separate automation from augmentation.
Task-level exposure
Exposed tasks only| Task | APIRaw / share % |
|---|---|
Plan and formulate flight activities and test schedules and prepare flight evaluation reports.53-2011 | 0.0016100.0 |
| Not observed on any surface — 25 task(s) — These tasks have no row in the source for this release. The 0 in the share row is a display-stage composition ratio; absence is what the — in the raw row states. | |
Use instrumentation to guide flights when visibility is poor. | —0 |
Respond to and report in-flight emergencies and malfunctions. | —0 |
Work as part of a flight team with other crew members, especially during takeoffs and landings. | —0 |
Contact control towers for takeoff clearances, arrival instructions, and other information, using radio equipment. | —0 |
Steer aircraft along planned routes, using autopilot and flight management computers. | —0 |
Monitor gauges, warning devices, and control panels to verify aircraft performance and to regulate engine speed. | —0 |
Start engines, operate controls, and pilot airplanes to transport passengers, mail, or freight, adhering to flight plans, regulations, and procedures. | —0 |
Inspect aircraft for defects and malfunctions, according to pre-flight checklists. | —0 |
Check passenger and cargo distributions and fuel amounts to ensure that weight and balance specifications are met. | —0 |
Monitor engine operation, fuel consumption, and functioning of aircraft systems during flights. | —0 |
Confer with flight dispatchers and weather forecasters to keep abreast of flight conditions. | —0 |
Order changes in fuel supplies, loads, routes, or schedules to ensure safety of flights. | —0 |
Choose routes, altitudes, and speeds that will provide the fastest, safest, and smoothest flights. | —0 |
Direct activities of aircraft crews during flights. | —0 |
Brief crews about flight details, such as destinations, duties, and responsibilities. | —0 |
Record in log books information such as flight times, distances flown, and fuel consumption. | —0 |
Make announcements regarding flights, using public address systems. | —0 |
Coordinate flight activities with ground crews and air traffic control and inform crew members of flight and test procedures. | —0 |
File instrument flight plans with air traffic control to ensure that flights are coordinated with other air traffic. | —0 |
Perform minor maintenance work, or arrange for major maintenance. | —0 |
Instruct other pilots and student pilots in aircraft operations and the principles of flight. | —0 |
Conduct in-flight tests and evaluations at specified altitudes and in all types of weather to determine the receptivity and other characteristics of equipment and systems. | —0 |
Evaluate other pilots or pilot-license applicants for proficiency. | —0 |
Load smaller aircraft, handling passenger luggage and supervising refueling. | —0 |
Test and evaluate the performance of new aircraft. | —0 |
Values in this tab are predicted labels, not observations. Eloundou et al. (2023) published two rating regimes — human raters and GPT-4 — and the β shown here is derived from the GPT-4 rater basis alone; the same task can take a different value under the other regime. The unit and the meaning differ from the observed shares (%) in the other tabs, so do not place them on the same axis.
| Task | βE1 + 0.5 × E2 |
|---|---|
Record in log books information, such as flight times, distances flown, and fuel consumption.O*NET Task ID 10578 | 1.0 |
Make announcements regarding flights, using public address systems.O*NET Task ID 10579 | 1.0 |
Use instrumentation to guide flights when visibility is poor.O*NET Task ID 10562 | 0.5 |
Respond to and report in-flight emergencies and malfunctions.O*NET Task ID 10563 | 0.5 |
Contact control towers for takeoff clearances, arrival instructions, and other information, using radio equipment.O*NET Task ID 10565 | 0.5 |
Check passenger and cargo distributions and fuel amounts to ensure that weight and balance specifications are met.O*NET Task ID 10570 | 0.5 |
Monitor engine operation, fuel consumption, and functioning of aircraft systems during flights.O*NET Task ID 10571 | 0.5 |
Confer with flight dispatchers and weather forecasters to keep abreast of flight conditions.O*NET Task ID 10572 | 0.5 |
Coordinate flight activities with ground crews and air traffic control and inform crew members of flight and test procedures.O*NET Task ID 10573 | 0.5 |
Order changes in fuel supplies, loads, routes, or schedules to ensure safety of flights.O*NET Task ID 10574 | 0.5 |
Work as part of a flight team with other crew members, especially during takeoffs and landings.O*NET Task ID 10564 | 0.0 |
Steer aircraft along planned routes, using autopilot and flight management computers.O*NET Task ID 10566 | 0.0 |
Monitor gauges, warning devices, and control panels to verify aircraft performance and to regulate engine speed.O*NET Task ID 10567 | 0.0 |
Start engines, operate controls, and pilot airplanes to transport passengers, mail, or freight, adhering to flight plans, regulations, and procedures.O*NET Task ID 10568 | 0.0 |
Inspect aircraft for defects and malfunctions, according to pre-flight checklists.O*NET Task ID 10569 | 0.0 |
Direct activities of aircraft crews during flights.O*NET Task ID 10576 | 0.0 |
Perform minor maintenance work, or arrange for major maintenance.O*NET Task ID 10581 | 0.0 |
Instruct other pilots and student pilots in aircraft operations and the principles of flight.O*NET Task ID 10582 | 0.0 |
Conduct in-flight tests and evaluations at specified altitudes and in all types of weather to determine the receptivity and other characteristics of equipment and systems.O*NET Task ID 10583 | 0.0 |
Load smaller aircraft, handling passenger luggage and supervising refueling.O*NET Task ID 10585 | 0.0 |
β = E1 + 0.5 × E2 · E1 = tasks where direct LLM access alone cuts time by at least 50%, E2 = tasks where software built on top of an LLM cuts time by at least 50%. Values take only 0 / 0.5 / 1.0.
Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Anthropic Economic Index, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page