Plumbers
Construction, Maintenance & RepairAI exposure
- Data source: BLSPublished: '26.08
Moderate· relative
LowFour relative bandsVery highGroup-level value
Scale, basis and source
Four relative bands (Low / Moderate / High / Very high)
831 detailed occupations in the BLS Employment Projections table. Assigned per National Employment Matrix (NEM) code, so occupations sharing a NEM code carry the same band
- Data source: AnthropicPublished: '26.03
0.012
0.000Range of values carried here0.745Scale, basis and source
- Data source: ILOPublished: '25
0.18
0.09Range of values carried here0.70Group-level value
Scale, basis and source
Generative AI exposure index, 0–1 as published
ISCO-08 unit group — every occupation sharing the code gets this value
Computed by this site, not published by the ILO: of the 1,012 occupations this site links to the ILO dataset, 90% score at or above this value.
What kind of figure this source publishes
The BLS category is a relative rank, not an absolute level, and it is not a first-hand measurement: it groups an occupation's percentile ranks across several published studies into four bands. It is not an employment or wage forecast, not a probability of adoption, and it does not separate automation from augmentation.
Task-level exposure
Exposed tasks only| Task | Claude.aiRaw / share % | APIRaw / share % |
|---|---|---|
Maintain or repair plumbing by replacing defective washers, replacing or mending broken pipes, or opening clogged drains.47-2152 | 0.012327.4 | 0.00156.9 |
Prepare cost estimates for clients.47-2152 | 0.007917.6 | 0.002310.2 |
Plan pipe system layout, installation, or repair, according to specifications.47-2152 | 0.006414.3 | —0 |
Review blueprints, building codes, or specifications to determine work details or procedures.47-2152 | 0.005311.8 | 0.011953.7 |
Install pipe assemblies, fittings, valves, appliances such as dishwashers or water heaters, or fixtures such as sinks or toilets, using hand or power tools.47-2152 | 0.00378.2 | —0 |
Calculate costs or savings for water- or energy-efficient appliances or systems.47-2152 | 0.00368.0 | —0 |
Compile information on governmental incentive programs related to the installation of energy or water saving plumbing systems or devices.47-2152 | 0.00224.9 | 0.00177.9 |
Inspect structures to assess material or equipment needs, to establish the sequence of pipe installations, or to plan installation around obstructions such as electrical wiring.47-2152 | 0.00204.5 | 0.004721.3 |
Estimate time, material, or labor costs for use in project plans.47-2152 | 0.00153.3 | —0 |
| Not observed on any surface — 34 task(s) — These tasks have no row in the source for this release. The 0 in the share row is a display-stage composition ratio; absence is what the — in the raw row states. | ||
Cut, thread, or hammer pipes to specifications, using tools such as saws, cutting torches, pipe threaders, or pipe benders. | —0 | —0 |
Assemble or secure pipes, tubes, fittings, or related equipment, according to specifications, by welding, brazing, cementing, soldering, or threading joints. | —0 | —0 |
Attach pipes to walls, structures, or fixtures, such as radiators or tanks, using brackets, clamps, tools, or welding equipment. | —0 | —0 |
Inspect, examine, or test installed systems or pipe lines, using pressure gauge, hydrostatic testing, observation, or other methods. | —0 | —0 |
Measure and mark pipes for cutting or threading. | —0 | —0 |
Select pipe sizes, types, or related materials, such as supports, hangers, or hydraulic cylinders, according to specifications. | —0 | —0 |
Cut or bore holes in structures, such as bulkheads, decks, walls, or mains, prior to pipe installation, using hand or power tools. | —0 | —0 |
Remove and replace worn components. | —0 | —0 |
Lay out full scale drawings of pipe systems, supports, or related equipment, according to blueprints. | —0 | —0 |
Modify, clean, or maintain pipe systems, units, fittings, or related machines or equipment, using hand or power tools. | —0 | —0 |
Install automatic controls to regulate pipe systems. | —0 | —0 |
Shut off steam, water, or other gases or liquids from pipe sections, using valve keys or wrenches. | —0 | —0 |
Operate motorized pumps to remove water from flooded manholes, basements, or facility floors. | —0 | —0 |
Dip nonferrous piping materials in a mixture of molten tin and lead to obtain a coating that prevents erosion or galvanic or electrolytic action. | —0 | —0 |
Install fixtures, appliances, or equipment designed to reduce water or energy consumption. | —0 | —0 |
Install or test gray water systems, such as recycling, treatment, or irrigation systems. | —0 | —0 |
Install pipe systems to support alternative energy-fueled systems, such as geothermal heating and cooling systems. | —0 | —0 |
Inspect work sites for obstructions or holes that could cause structural weakness. | —0 | —0 |
Assemble pipe sections, tubing, or fittings, using couplings, clamps, screws, bolts, cement, plastic solvent, caulking, or soldering, brazing, or welding equipment. | —0 | —0 |
Fill pipes or plumbing fixtures with water or air and observe pressure gauges to detect and locate leaks. | —0 | —0 |
Locate and mark the position of pipe installations, connections, passage holes, or fixtures in structures, using measuring instruments such as rulers or levels. | —0 | —0 |
Measure, cut, thread, or bend pipe to required angle, using hand or power tools or machines such as pipe cutters, pipe-threading machines, or pipe-bending machines. | —0 | —0 |
Cut openings in structures to accommodate pipes or pipe fittings, using hand or power tools. | —0 | —0 |
Anchor steel supports from ceiling joists to hold pipes in place. | —0 | —0 |
Direct helpers engaged in pipe cutting, preassembly, or installation of plumbing systems or components. | —0 | —0 |
Install underground storm, sanitary, or water piping systems, extending piping as needed to connect fixtures and plumbing. | —0 | —0 |
Install green plumbing equipment, such as faucet flow restrictors, dual-flush or pressure-assisted flush toilets, or tankless hot water heaters. | —0 | —0 |
Keep records of work assignments. | —0 | —0 |
Weld small pipes or special piping, using specialized techniques, equipment, or materials, such as computer-assisted welding or microchip fabrication. | —0 | —0 |
Determine sizing requirements for solar hot water heating systems, taking into account factors such as site orientation, load calculations, or storage capacity requirements. | —0 | —0 |
Install alternative water sources, such as rainwater harvesting systems or graywater reuse systems. | —0 | —0 |
Install, test, or commission solar thermal or solar photovoltaic hot water heating systems. | —0 | —0 |
Perform domestic plumbing audits to identify ways in which customers might reduce consumption of water or energy. | —0 | —0 |
Recommend energy or water saving products, such as low-flow faucets or shower heads, water-saving toilets, or high-efficiency hot water heaters. | —0 | —0 |
Values in this tab are predicted labels, not observations. Eloundou et al. (2023) published two rating regimes — human raters and GPT-4 — and the β shown here is derived from the GPT-4 rater basis alone; the same task can take a different value under the other regime. The unit and the meaning differ from the observed shares (%) in the other tabs, so do not place them on the same axis.
| Task | βE1 + 0.5 × E2 |
|---|---|
Keep records of work assignments.O*NET Task ID 23470 | 1.0 |
Lay out full scale drawings of pipe systems, supports, or related equipment, according to blueprints.O*NET Task ID 23460 | 0.5 |
Review blueprints, building codes, or specifications to determine work details or procedures.O*NET Task ID 23475 | 0.5 |
Estimate time, material, or labor costs for use in project plans.O*NET Task ID 23477 | 0.5 |
Inspect work sites for obstructions or holes that could cause structural weakness.O*NET Task ID 23482 | 0.5 |
Cut, thread, or hammer pipes to specifications, using tools such as saws, cutting torches, pipe threaders, or pipe benders.O*NET Task ID 23459 | 0.0 |
Inspect, examine, or test installed systems or pipe lines, using pressure gauge, hydrostatic testing, observation, or other methods.O*NET Task ID 23461 | 0.0 |
Plan pipe system layout, installation, or repair, according to specifications.O*NET Task ID 23462 | 0.0 |
Attach pipes to walls, structures, or fixtures, such as radiators or tanks, using brackets, clamps, tools, or welding equipment.O*NET Task ID 23463 | 0.0 |
Modify, clean, or maintain pipe systems, units, fittings, or related machines or equipment, using hand or power tools.O*NET Task ID 23464 | 0.0 |
Select pipe sizes, types, or related materials, such as supports, hangers, or hydraulic cylinders, according to specifications.O*NET Task ID 23465 | 0.0 |
Assemble pipe sections, tubing, or fittings, using couplings, clamps, screws, bolts, cement, plastic solvent, caulking, or soldering, brazing, or welding equipment.O*NET Task ID 23466 | 0.0 |
Install pipe assemblies, fittings, valves, appliances such as dishwashers or water heaters, or fixtures such as sinks or toilets, using hand or power tools.O*NET Task ID 23467 | 0.0 |
Install automatic controls to regulate pipe systems.O*NET Task ID 23468 | 0.0 |
Shut off steam, water, or other gases or liquids from pipe sections, using valve keys or wrenches.O*NET Task ID 23469 | 0.0 |
Direct helpers engaged in pipe cutting, preassembly, or installation of plumbing systems or components.O*NET Task ID 23471 | 0.0 |
Fill pipes or plumbing fixtures with water or air and observe pressure gauges to detect and locate leaks.O*NET Task ID 23472 | 0.0 |
Maintain or repair plumbing by replacing defective washers, replacing or mending broken pipes, or opening clogged drains.O*NET Task ID 23473 | 0.0 |
Locate and mark the position of pipe installations, connections, passage holes, or fixtures in structures, using measuring instruments such as rulers or levels.O*NET Task ID 23474 | 0.0 |
Anchor steel supports from ceiling joists to hold pipes in place.O*NET Task ID 23476 | 0.0 |
Install underground storm, sanitary, or water piping systems, extending piping as needed to connect fixtures and plumbing.O*NET Task ID 23478 | 0.0 |
Inspect structures to assess material or equipment needs, to establish the sequence of pipe installations, or to plan installation around obstructions, such as electrical wiring.O*NET Task ID 23479 | 0.0 |
Install green plumbing equipment, such as faucet flow restrictors, dual-flush or pressure-assisted flush toilets, or tankless hot water heaters.O*NET Task ID 23480 | 0.0 |
Cut openings in structures to accommodate pipes or pipe fittings, using hand or power tools.O*NET Task ID 23481 | 0.0 |
Install fixtures, appliances, or equipment designed to reduce water or energy consumption.O*NET Task ID 23483 | 0.0 |
Install pipe systems to support alternative energy-fueled systems, such as geothermal heating or cooling systems.O*NET Task ID 23484 | 0.0 |
Weld small pipes or special piping, using specialized techniques, equipment, or materials, such as computer-assisted welding or microchip fabrication.O*NET Task ID 23485 | 0.0 |
Operate motorized pumps to remove water from flooded manholes, basements, or facility floors.O*NET Task ID 23486 | 0.0 |
Repair hydraulic or air pumps.O*NET Task ID 23487 | 0.0 |
Repair or remove and replace system components.O*NET Task ID 23488 | 0.0 |
β = E1 + 0.5 × E2 · E1 = tasks where direct LLM access alone cuts time by at least 50%, E2 = tasks where software built on top of an LLM cuts time by at least 50%. Values take only 0 / 0.5 / 1.0.
Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Anthropic Economic Index, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page